View source for List of republics

{{Short description|History of governments with elected representatives}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Republicanism sidebar}}
This is a '''list of republics'''. For [[ancient history|antiquity]] (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their [[form of government]]) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a ''republic'' is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the [[United Nations]]), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

==List by period==
===Antiquity===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! width=120px|State
! Dates of existence (BCE) 
! Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Mahajanapadas]]<ref>Vikas Nain, "Second Urbanization in the Chronology of Indian History", ''International Journal of Academic Research and Development'' '''3''' (2) (March 2018), pp. 538–542 esp. 539.</ref>
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 345
|Sixteen [[Realm|kingdoms]] or [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]s that existed in [[ancient India]] from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the [[History of India#Second urbanisation (c. 600 – 200 BCE)|second urbanisation]] period.
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavikas]]{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 468
| The leading confederate tribe of the [[Vajjika League]] Mahajanapada; the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]] was the republic's capital.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Videha|Vaidehas]]{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 468
| One of the confederate tribes of the [[Vajjika League]] Mahajanapada; the city of [[Mithila (ancient city)|Mithilā]] was the republic's capital.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Nāya]]s{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159-168}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 468
| One of the confederate tribes of the [[Vajjika League]] Mahajanapada; the city of [[Kuṇḍagāma]] was the republic's capital.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159-168}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Malla (tribe)|Mallakas]]{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 468
| One of the confederate tribes of the [[Vajjika League]] Mahajanapada; the Mallakas were divided into two republics with the cities of [[Kusinārā]] and [[Pāvā]] as their respective capitals.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=81-84}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]]s{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=182-206}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Koliya]]s{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=207-217}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Moriya (tribe)|Moriya]]s{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=219-224}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Buli (tribe)|Bulaya]]s{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=225-227}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Bhagga]]s{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=227-231}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Kālāma]]s{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}
| c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Roman Republic]]
| 509–27
| 
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Classical Athens]]
| 508–322
| Various Greek city-states under [[Classical Athenian]] influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see [[synoecism]]s), and in some instances were even under the influence of [[Sparta]] without succumbing to [[oligarchy]].
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[Ancient Carthage]]
| 480–146
| In 308&nbsp;BC, an attempted coup to restore the monarch to full power failed, which led to Carthage retaining its republican government.<ref name=Lintott>[[Andrew Lintott]], ''Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Classical City: 750-330 BC'', Routledge, 2014, p. 66.</ref>
|}

===Middle Ages===
{{Div col}}
*[[Chersonesus|Khersonite State]] (422 BCE – 1299 CE){{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
*{{flagicon|Republic of San Marino}} '''[[San Marino|Republic of San Marino]]''' (since 301, constitutional since 1600)
*[[Monemvasia|Monemvasía State]] (588–1252) 
*[[Qarmatians]] (899–1067)
*[[Gotland]] (?–1285)
*[[Frisian freedom]] ([[Upstalsboom|Upstalsboom League]], c. 12th century–15th century)
*[[File:Flag of The Icelandic Commonwealth.png|20px]] [[Icelandic Commonwealth]] (930–1262)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Couto Misto.svg}} [[Couto Misto]] (c. 1000 – 1868)
*[[Taifa of Córdoba]] (1031–1070)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Florence.svg}} [[Republic of Florence]] (1115–1537)
*{{flagicon image|Bandera de Siena.png}} [[Republic of Siena]] (1125–1557)
*{{flagicon image|Banner of the Novgorod Republic (c. 1385).svg}} [[Novgorod Republic]] (1136–1478)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waytorussia.net/CentralRussia/Novgorod/History.html |title=Brief history of Novgorod |access-date=26 December 2007 |publisher=waytorussia.net}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg}} [[Commune of Rome]] (1144–1193)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Lucca.svg}} [[Republic of Lucca|Most Serene Republic of Lucca]] (1160–1805)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg}} [[Haudenosaunee]] (c. 13th century–1794)
*[[Republic of Massa]] (1225–1336)
* [[Republic of Sassari]] (1275–1323)
*{{flagicon image|Early Swiss cross.svg}} [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] (1291–1798)
*[[Republic of Poljica]] (1322–1806)
* [[Senarica#History|Republic of Senarica]] (1343–1797)
*[[File:Символ господарства Псковского.png|20px]] [[Pskov Republic]] (1348–1510)
*[[Dithmarschen]] (c. 1400 – 1559)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Cospaia.svg}} [[Republic of Cospaia]] (1440–1826)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ambrosian Republic.png}} [[Golden Ambrosian Republic]] (1447–1450)
{{Div col end}}

====Maritime republics====
A [[maritime republic]] was a [[Thalassocracy|thalassocratic]] [[city-state]] during the [[Middle Ages]] in which the merchant class had considerable power.
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg}} [[Most Serene Republic of Venice]] (697–1797)
*[[Republic of Gaeta]] (839–1140)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Amalfi.svg}} [[Republic of Amalfi]] (839–1131)
*[[Pechina|Bajjāna]] (886–922)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Ancona (c. 1177-1532).svg}} [[Republic of Ancona]] (c. 1000 – 1532)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Pisa.svg}} [[Republic of Pisa]] (c. 1000 – 1406, 1494–1509)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Genoa.svg}} [[Most Serene Republic of Genoa]] (c. 1100 – 1797)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Noli.svg}} [[Republic of Noli]] (1192–1797)
*{{flagicon image|St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.png}} [[Republic of Ragusa]] (1358–1808)
{{Div col end}}

====Free imperial cities====
A [[free imperial city]] was a self-ruling city member of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] that was represented in the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]].
{{Div col}}
*[[File:DEU Worms COA.svg|20px]] [[Worms, Germany#Middle Ages|Free Imperial City of Worms]] (c. 11th century–1789)
*[[File:Wappen Goslar.svg|20px]] [[Goslar#History|Free Imperial City of Goslar]] (1081–1802)
*{{Coat of arms|Aachen|text=[[Free Imperial City of Aachen]]}} (1166–1801)
*[[File:DEU Ulm COA.svg|20px]] [[Free Imperial City of Ulm]] (''de jure'': 1290–1803; ''de facto'': 1184–1803)
*[[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Free Imperial City of Besançon.svg|20px]] [[Free Imperial City of Besançon]] (1184–1654)
*{{Coat of arms|Hamburg|text=[[Hamburg#Medieval Hamburg|Free Imperial City of Hamburg]]}} (1189–1806;)
*[[File:Wappen Konstanz.svg|20px]] [[Konstanz|Free Imperial City of Konstanz]] (1192–1548)
*[[File:DEU Wetzlar COA.svg|20px]] [[Wetzlar#Free Imperial City|Free Imperial City of Wetzlar]] (c. 12th century–1803)
*[[File:DEU Friedberg (Hessen) COA.svg|20px]] [[Friedberg, Hesse#History|Free Imperial City of Friedberg]] (1211–1806)
*[[File:DEU Nördlingen COA.svg|20px]] [[Nördlingen#Middle Ages|Free Imperial City of Nördlingen]] (1215–1803)
*[[File:DEU Nürnberg COA (klein).svg|20px]] [[Free Imperial City of Nuremberg]] (1219–1806)
*[[File:Wappenschild der Stadt Nordhausen.svg|20px]] [[Free Imperial City of Nordhausen]] (1220–1802)
*[[File:Wappen Pfullendorf.svg|20px]] [[Pfullendorf|Free Imperial City of Pfullendorf]] (1220–1803)
*[[File:Wappen Lübeck.svg|20px]] [[Free City of Lübeck|Free Imperial City of Lübeck]] (1226–1811)
*[[File:CHE Rheinfelden COA.svg|20px]] [[Rheinfelden (Aargau)#History|Free Imperial City of Rheinfelden]] (1225–1330)
*[[File:Image-Blason Colmar 68.svg|20px]] [[Colmar#History|Free Imperial City of Colmar]] (1226–1679)
*[[File:DEU Esslingen am Neckar COA.svg|20px]] [[Esslingen am Neckar#Middle Ages|Free Imperial City of Esslingen]] (1229–1802/3)
*[[File:DEU Offenburg COA.svg|20px]] [[Offenburg|Free Imperial City of Offenburg]] (c. 1240–1803)
*[[File:Wappen Stadt Reutlingen.svg|20px]] [[Reutlingen#History|Free Imperial City of Reutlingen]] (1240–1803)
*[[File:DEU Bopfingen COA.svg|20px]] [[Bopfingen|Free Imperial City of Bopfingen]] (1241–1802)
*[[File:Mainz Arms.svg|20px|alt=]] [[Mainz#Christian Mainz|Free Imperial City of Mainz]] (1241–1462)
*[[File:Wappen Regensburg.svg|20px]] [[Regensburg#History|Free Imperial City of Regensburg]] (1245–1486; 1496–1803)
*[[File:DEU Schweinfurt COA.svg|20px]] [[Schweinfurt|Free Imperial City of Schweinfurt]] (1245–1803)
*[[File:DEU Bad Windsheim COA.svg|20px]] [[Windesheim, Germany|Free Imperial City of Windsheim]] (1248–1802)
*[[File:DEU Bad Buchau COA.svg|20px]] [[Bad Buchau#History|Free Imperial City of Buchau]] (c. 1250–1803)
*[[File:Esc Muehlhausen-Thueringen.png|20px]] [[Mühlhausen#Middle Ages|Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen]] (1251–1803)
*[[File:FRA Strasbourg (lesser arms) COA.svg|20px]] [[History of Strasbourg#Imperial City|Free Imperial City of Strasbourg]] (1262–1681)
*[[File:Wappen Memmingen.svg|20px]] [[Memmingen#History|Free Imperial City of Memmigen]] (1268–1802)
*[[File:Wappen Rottweil.svg|20px]] [[Rottweil#Middles Ages|Free Imperial City of Rottweil]] (1268–1802)
*[[File:DEU Überlingen COA.svg|20px]] [[Überlingen|Free Imperial City of Überlingen]] (1268–1803)
*[[File:DEU Schwäbisch Gmünd COA.svg|20px]] [[Schwäbisch Gmünd#History|Free Imperial City of Gmünd]] (1268–1802)
*[[File:DEU Rothenburg ob der Tauber COA.svg|20px]] [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber#Middle Ages|Free Imperial City of Rothenburg]] (1274–1803)
*[[File:DEU Friedrichshafen COA.svg|20px]] [[Friedrichshafen|Free Imperial City of Buchhorn]] (1275–1803)
*[[File:DEU Lindau COA.svg|20px]] [[Lindau#History|Free Imperial City of Lindau]] (1275–1802)
*[[File:DEU Weil der Stadt COA.svg|20px]] [[Weil der Stadt|Free Imperial City of Weil]] (1275–1803)
*[[File:DEU Augsburg COA.svg|20px]] [[Augsburg|Free Imperial City of Augsburg]] (1276–1803)
*[[File:Wappen Ravensburg.svg|20px]] [[Ravensburg#History|Free Imperial City of Ravensburg]] (1276–1803)
*[[File:Wappen Schwaebisch Hall.svg|20px]] [[Schwäbisch Hall#Middle ages|Free Imperial City of Hall]] (1280–1802)
*[[File:Wappen Biberach.svg|20px]] [[Biberach an der Riss#History|Free Imperial City of Biberach an der Riß]] (1281–1803)
*[[File:DEU Kaufbeuren COA.svg|20px]] [[Kaufbeuren|Free Imperial City of Kaufbeuren]] (1286–1803)
*[[File:Wappen Wangen im Allgäu.svg|20px]] [[Wangen im Allgäu|Free Imperial City of Wangen]] (1286–1802)
*[[File:Wappen Koeln.svg|20px]] [[Cologne#History|Free Imperial City of Cologne]] (1288–1801)
*[[File:DEU Kempten (Allgäu) COA.svg|20px]] [[Free Imperial City of Kempten]] (1289–1802/3)
*[[File:Coat of arms of Dortmund.svg|20px]] [[Dortmund#Middle Ages and early modern period|Free Imperial City of Dortmund]] (1293–1803)
*[[File:DEU Leutkirch im Allgäu COA.svg|20px]] [[Leutkirch im Allgäu|Free Imperial City of Leutkirch]] (1293–1803)
*[[File:DEU Speyer COA.svg|20px]] [[Speyer#History|Free Imperial City of Speyer]] (1294–1792)
*[[File:DEU Weißenburg COA.svg|20px]] [[Weißenburg im Nordgau|Free Imperial City of Weißenburg]] (1296–1802)
*[[File:DEU Zell am Harmersbach COA.svg|20px]] [[Zell am Harmersbach|Free Imperial City of Zell am Harmersbach]] (c. 14th century–1803)
*[[File:Wappen Bad Wimpfen.svg|20px]] [[Bad Wimpfen#Growth of trade|Free Imperial City of Wimpfen]] (c. 1300–1803)
*[[File:Wappen von Donauwörth.svg|20px]] [[Donauwörth#History|Free Imperial City of Donauwörth]] (1308–1607)
*[[File:Blason Mulhouse.svg|20px]] [[Mulhouse#History|Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen]] (1347–1798)
*[[File:DEU Dinkelsbühl COA.svg|20px]] [[Dinkelsbühl#History|Free Imperial City of Dinkelsbühl]] (1351–1802)
*[[File:DEU Aalen COA.svg|20px]] [[Aalen|Free Imperial City of Aalen]] (1360–1803)
*[[File:DEU Gengenbach COA.svg|20px]] [[Gengenbach|Free Imperial City of Gengenbach]] (1360–1803)
*[[File:DEU Isny im Allgäu COA.svg|20px]] [[Isny im Allgäu|Free Imperial City of Isny]] (1365–1803)
*[[File:Wappen Bremen Nur Schild.svg|20px]] [[Bremen#History|Free Imperial City of Bremen]] (''de jure'': 1654–1811; ''de facto'': 1366–1811)
*[[File:Wappen Heilbronn.svg|20px]] [[Heilbronn|Free Imperial City of Heilbronn]] (1371–1802)
*[[File:DEU Frankfurt am Main COA.svg|20px]] [[Free Imperial City of Frankfurt]] (1372–1806)
*[[File:DEU Giengen an der Brenz COA.svg|20px]] [[Giengen|Free Imperial City of Giengen]] (1391–1803)
*[[File:Diessenhofen-blazon.svg|20px]] [[Diessenhofen|Free Imperial City of Diessenhofen]] (1415–1460)
*[[File:Wappen Gersau.svg|20px]] [[Gersau|Republic of Gersau]] (1433–1798)
*[[File:DEU Soest COA.svg|20px]] [[Soest, Germany#History|Free Imperial City of Soest]] (1449–1616)
{{Div col end}}

===Early modernity===
{{Div col}}
*[[Zaporizhian Sich]] (1552–1775)
*{{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (1569–1795)
*{{flag|Dutch Republic}} (1581–1795)
*[[Saint-Malo#History|Saint-Malo]] (1590–1594)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Salé (1624-1668).svg}} [[Republic of Salé]] (1619–1668)
*{{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Catalan Republic (1641)]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg}} [[Cossack Hetmanate]] (1649–1764)
*{{flagicon|England}} [[Commonwealth of England]] (1649–1660)
*{{flagicon|Regency of Algiers}} [[Regency of Algiers]] (1659–1830)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Plantet |first1=Eugène |title=Correspondance des deys d'Alger avec la Cour de France, 1579-1833 |date=1889 |publisher=F. Alcan |location=Paris |pages=90–92 |url=https://www.cnplet.dz/images/bibliotheque/Autres/Correspondance-des-Deys-d-Alger-avec-la-Cour-de-France-Tome-1.pdf |language=fr}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Jolly-roger.svg}} [[Republic of Pirates]] (1706–1718)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Corsica.svg}} [[Corsican Republic]] (1755–1769)<ref name="Carrington, Dorothy 1769 pp 481-503">[[Carrington, Dorothy]], "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)," ''The English Historical Review'', July 1973, pp 481–503</ref>
*[[Republic of Paulava]] (1769–1795)
*'''{{flag|United States of America}}''' (since 1776, constitutional since 1789)
*{{flagicon image|Lanfang Republic Reconstructed Flag.svg}} [[Lanfang Republic]] (1777–1884)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Vermont Republic.svg}} [[Vermont Republic]] (1777–1791)<ref name="Van de Water 1974">{{cite book |last=Van de Water |first=Frederic Franklyn |title=The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791 |year=1974 |publisher=The Countryman Press |isbn=0-914378-02-3 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|First French Republic}} [[French First Republic]] (1792–1804)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Republic of Swellendam]] (1795)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Republic of Graaff-Reinet]] (1795–1796)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Creek Nation.svg}} [[State of Muskogee]] (1799–1803)
{{Div col end}}

====Sister republics====
A [[sister republic]] was a [[client state]] of [[France]] established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the [[French First Republic]] during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]].

{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon image|LuikVlag.svg}} [[Republic of Liège]] (1789–1791)
*[[File:Flag of the Brabantine Revolution.svg|24px]] [[United Belgian States]] (1790)
*[[Rauracian Republic]] (1792–1793)
*{{flagicon image|Banner of the Electorate of Mainz.svg}} [[Republic of Mainz]] (1793)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Bouillon.svg}} [[Republic of Bouillon]] (1794–1795)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg}} [[Batavian Republic]] (1795–1806)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Alba.svg}} [[Republic of Alba]] (1796)
*[[Bolognese Republic]] (1796)
*[[Reggio Emilia#History|Republic of Reggio]] (1796)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Cispadane Republic.svg}} [[Cispadane Republic]] (1796–1797)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblica Transpadana.svg}} [[Transpadane Republic]] (1796–1797)
*[[Asti#History|Republic of Asti]] (1797)
*[[Republic of Bergamo]] (1797)
*[[Republic of Brescia]] (1797)
*{{flagicon image|It cremasca.gif}} [[Republic of Crema]] (1797)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblica Anconitana.svg}} [[Anconine Republic]] (1797–1798)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblica Cisalpina.svg}} [[Cisalpine Republic]] (1797–1802)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Cisrhenian Republic.svg}} [[Cisrhenian Republic]] (1797–1802)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Genoa.svg}} [[Ligurian Republic]] (1797–1805)
*[[Lemanic Republic]] (1798)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} [[Tiberina Republic]] (1798)
*{{flagicon image|Green harp flag of Ireland.svg}} [[Irish Republic (1798)|Republic of Connacht]] (1798)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblic of Alba.svg}} [[Piedmontese Republic]] (1798–1799)
*{{flag|Helvetic Republic}} (1798–1802)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblica Romana 1798.svg}} [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]] (1798–1799)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Pescara.svg}} [[Republic of Pescara]] (1799)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Parthenopaean Republic.svg}} [[Parthenopean Republic]] (1799)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Lucca (1799-1801).svg}} [[Republic of Lucca#End|Republic of Lucca]] (1799–1805)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblic of Alba.svg}} [[Subalpine Republic]] (1800–1802)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Italian Republic (1802).svg}} [[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]] (1802–1805)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Canton of Valais (1802–1815).svg}} [[Rhodanic Republic]] (1802–1810)
*{{flagicon image|Early Swiss cross.svg}} [[Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic)|Swiss Confederation]] (1803–1815)
*{{flagicon image|St. Blaise - National Flag of the Ragusan Republic.png}} [[Republic of Ragusa]] (1806–1808)
*{{flagicon image|Gdansk flag.svg}} [[Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)|Free City of Danzig]] (1807–1814)
{{Div col end}}

=== Modernity ===
====19th century====
'''Africa'''
{{Div col}}
*[[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Liberia]]''' (since 1847)
*[[File:Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Maryland]] (1853–1857)
*{{flag|Orange Free State}} (1854–1902)
*{{flagicon|Transvaal}} [[South African Republic]] (1856–1877; 1881–1902)
{{Div col end}}
'''North America'''
{{Div col}}
*[[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|24px]] [[State of Haiti|First Republic of Haiti]] (1806–1811)
*[[File:Flag of Haiti (1806–1811).svg|24px]] [[André Rigaud|State of Haiti]] (1810–1811)
*{{flagicon image|West Florida Flag.svg}} [[Republic of West Florida]] (1810)
*[[File:East Florida Patriot Flag.svg|24px]] [[Republic of East Florida]] (1812)
*[[File:Green Cross flag of Florida.svg|24px]] [[Republic of the Floridas]] (1817)
*[[File:Flag of Spanish Haiti.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Spanish Haiti]] (1821–1822)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Federal Republic of Central America.svg}} [[Federal Republic of Central America]] (1823–1841)
*[[File:Bandera de la Primera República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.svg|24px]] [[First Mexican Republic|First Mexican United States]] (1824–1835)
*[[Republic of Madawaska]] (1827)
*[[Republic of Indian Stream]] (1832–1835)
*[[File:Bandera de la República Central Mexicana.svg|24px]] [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] (1835–1846)
*{{flag|Republic of Texas}} (1836–1845)
*[[File:Flag of the Republic of Canada (variant).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Canada]] (1837–1838)
*[[File:Flag of Los Altos.svg|24px]] [[Los Altos (state)|State of Los Altos]] (1838–1840; 1848–1849)
*[[File:Flag of the Patriote movement (Lower Canada).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Lower Canada]] (1838)
*[[File:Flag of Costa Rica (1842-1848).svg|24px]] [[Free State of Costa Rica]] (1838–1847)
*[[File:Flag of Honduras (1866-1898).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Honduras]] (1838–1896)
*[[File:Flag of Nicaragua (1858-1889 and 1893-1896).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Nicaragua]] (1838–1896)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande (historical).svg}} [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] (1840)
*{{flag|Republic of Yucatán}} (1840–1843; 1846–1848)
*[[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Guatemala]]''' (since 1840)
*[[File:Flag of El Salvador (1875-1877).svg|24px]] [[Republic of El Salvador]] (1841–1896)
*[[File:Flag of the Dominican First Republic.svg|24px]] [[Dominican Restoration War|First Dominican Republic]] (1844–1861)
*{{flagicon image|1stBearFlag.svg}} [[California Republic]] (June–July 1846)
*[[File:Bandera de la Segunda República Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.svg|24px]] [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico|Second Mexican United States]] (1846–1863)
*[[File:Flag of Costa Rica (1848-1906).svg|24px]] [[First Costa Rican Republic]] (1848–1948)
*[[File:Bonnie Blue flag of the Confederate States of America.svg|24px]] [[State of Deseret]] (1849–1850)
*[[File:Flag of the Republic of Lower California.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Baja California]] (15 October 1853–January 1854)
*[[File:Flag of the Republic of Sonora.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Sonora]] (15 October 1853 – 8 May 1854)
*[[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Haiti|Second Republic of Haiti]]''' (since 1859)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861–1863).svg}} [[Confederate States of America]] (1860–1865)
*[[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|24px]] [[Second Republic (Dominican Republic)|Second Dominican Republic]] (1865–1916)
*[[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|24px]] '''[[United States of Mexico]]''' (since 1867)
*[[Republic of Manitobah]] (1867–1869)
*{{flagicon image|Zentralamerikanische Großrepublik 1898.svg}} [[Greater Republic of Central America|United States of Central America]] (1896–1898)
*[[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of El Salvador]]''' (since 1898)
*[[File:Flag of Honduras.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Honduras]]''' (since 1898)
*[[File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Nicaragua]]''' (since 1898)
{{Div col end}}
'''South America'''
{{Div col}}
*[[File:Flag of Paraguay.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Paraguay]]''' (since 1811)
*[[File:Flag of Venezuela (1811).svg|24px]] [[American Confederation of Venezuela]] (1811–1819)
*[[File:Flag of Argentina (1818).svg|24px]] [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] (1816–1831)
*[[File:Flag of Chile.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Chile]]''' (since 1818)
*[[File:Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Gran Colombia]] (1819–1831)
*[[File:Bandera de Guayaquil.svg|24px]] [[Free Province of Guayaquil]] (1820–1822)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Artigas.svg}} [[Republic of Entre Ríos]] (1820–1821)
*[[Republic of Tucumán]] (1820–1821)
*[[File:Flag of Peru (1825-1950).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Peru]] (1824–1836)
*[[File:Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Bolivia]] (1825–1836)
*[[File:Flag of Uruguay.svg|24px]] '''[[Oriental Republic of Uruguay]]''' (since 1828)
*[[File:Flag of Ecuador.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Ecuador]]''' (since 1830)
*[[File:Flag of Venezuela (1830-1836).svg|24px]] [[State of Venezuela]] (1830–1864)
*[[File:Flag of the Argentine Confederation.svg|24px]] [[Argentine Confederation]] (1831–1861)
*[[File:Flag of New Granada.svg|24px]] [[Republic of New Granada]] (1831–1858)
*[[File:Flag of South Peru.svg|24px]] [[Republic of South Peru]] (1836)
*[[File:Flag of Peru (1825-1950).svg|24px]] [[Republic of North Peru]] (1836)
*[[File:Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg|24px]] [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]] (1836–1839)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Piratini Republic.svg}} [[Riograndense Republic]] (1836–1845)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of República Juliana (1839).svg}} [[Juliana Republic]] (1839)
*[[File:Flag of Peru (state).svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Peru]]''' (since 1839)
*[[File:Flag of Bolivia (state).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Bolivia]] (1839–2009)
*[[File:Flag of the State of Buenos Aires.svg|24px]] [[State of Buenos Aires]] (1852–1861)
*[[File:Flag of New Granada.svg|24px]] [[Granadine Confederation]] (1858–1863)
*[[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|24px]] '''[[Argentine Republic]]''' (since 1861)
*[[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|24px]] [[United States of Colombia]] (1863–1886)
*[[File:Flag of Venezuela (1863–1905).svg|24px]] [[United States of Venezuela]] (1864–1953)
*[[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Colombia]]''' (since 1886)
*[[File:Flag of the Republic of Independent Guyana (1887-1904).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Independent Guiana]] (20 July 1886 – 1891)
*[[File:Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg|24px]] [[Republic of the United States of Brazil]] (1889–1930)
{{Div col end}}

'''Asia'''
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon image|Lanfang Republic Reconstructed Flag.svg}} [[Lanfang Republic]] (1777–1884)
*{{flagicon image|Seal of Ezo.svg}} [[Republic of Ezo]] (1868–1869)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Zheltuga Republic.svg}} [[Zheltuga Republic]] (1883–1886)
*{{flagicon image|Simplified Yellow Tiger Flag.svg}} [[Republic of Formosa]] (1895)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg}} [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]] (1897)
*{{flagicon image|Philippines Aguinaldo flag (obverse).svg}} [[First Philippine Republic]] (1898–1901)
{{Div col end}}

'''Europe'''
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Septinsular Republic.svg}} [[Septinsular Republic]] (1800–1815)
*[[File:Wappen Gersau.svg|20px]] [[Gersau|Republic of Gersau]] (1814–1818)
*{{flag|Republic of Genoa}} (1814–1815)
*{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland|Swiss Confederation]] (1814–1848)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States of the Ionian Islands.svg}} [[United States of the Ionian Islands]] (1815–1864)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Krakow.svg}} [[Free City of Krakow]] (1815–1846)
*[[File:Flag of Bremen.svg|20px]] [[Bremen#19th century|Free City of Bremen]] (1815–1871)
*[[File:Flag of Hamburg.svg|20px]] [[Hamburg#Modern times|Free City of Hamburg]] (1815–1871)
*[[File:Flag of the Free City of Lübeck.svg|20px]] [[Free City of Lübeck]] (1815–1871)
*[[File:Flag of the Free City of Frankfurt.svg|20px]] [[Free City of Frankfurt]] (1816–1866)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Moresnet.svg}} [[Neutral Moresnet]] (1816–1920)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[First Hellenic Republic]] (1828–1832)
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Second French Republic]] (1848–1852)
*[[File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg|24px]] '''[[Swiss Confederation]]''' (since 1848)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848-1849).svg}} [[Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune]] (1848–1849)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Roman Republic (19th century).svg}} [[Roman Republic (19th century)|Roman Republic]] (February–April 1849)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of San Marco.svg}} [[Republic of San Marco]] (March 1848–August 1849)
*{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Third French Republic]] (1871–1940)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the First Spanish Republic.svg}} [[First Spanish Republic]] (1873–1874)
*[[File:Bahnmarke bleibt an Backbord liegen.svg|24px]] [[Cantonalism|Cantons]] of [[Alcoy]], [[Algeciras]], [[Alicante]], [[Almansa]], [[Andújar]], [[Bailén]], [[Béjar]], [[Cadiz]], [[Camuñas]], [[Castellón de la Plana|Castellón]], [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Granada]], [[Gualchos]], [[Huelva]], [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]], [[Jumilla]], [[Loja, Granada|Loja]], [[Málaga]], [[Motril]], [[Murcia]], [[Orihuela]], [[Plasencia]], [[Salamanca]], [[San Fernando, Cádiz|San Fernando]], [[Sevilla]], [[Tarifa]], [[Torrevieja]], [[Valencia]] (1873) and [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] (1873–1874)
*[[Republic of Tamrash]] (1878–1886)
{{Div col end}}
'''Oceania'''
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Franceville.svg}} [[Franceville, New Hebrides|Independent Commune of Franceville]] (1889)<ref name="Wee, Small Republics 1895, p 1">{{citation | title=Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government | work=Hawaiian Gazette | date=1 November 1895 | page=1}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Hawaii|1894}} [[Republic of Hawai'i]] (1894–1898)
{{Div col end}}

====20th century====
'''Africa'''
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Tripolitanian Republic (Fictional).svg}} [[Tripolitanian Republic]] (16 November 1918 – 1922)
*{{flagicon|Rif}} [[The Republic of the Rif|Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif]] (18 September 1921 – 27 May 1926)
*{{flagicon|Egypt}} '''[[Egypt]]''' (since 1953)
*{{flagicon|Sudan}} '''[[Sudan]]''' (since 1956)
*{{flagicon|Tunisia}} '''[[Tunisia]]''' (since 1957)
*{{flagicon|Ghana}} '''[[Ghana]]''' (since 1960)
*{{flagicon|Benin}} '''[[Benin]]''' (since 1960)
*{{flagicon|Madagascar}} '''[[Madagascar]]''' (since 1960)
*{{flagicon|Mauritania}} '''[[Mauritania]]''' (since 1960)
*{{flagicon|Somalia}} '''[[Somalia]]''' (since 1960)
*{{flagicon|Cameroon}} '''[[Cameroon]]''' (since 1961)
*{{flagicon|South Africa}} '''[[South Africa]]''' (since 1961)
*{{flagicon|Nigeria}} '''[[Nigeria]]''' (since 1963)
*{{flagicon|Rwanda}} '''[[Rwanda]]''' (since 1962)
*{{flagicon|Algeria}} '''[[Algeria]]''' (since 1962)
*{{flag|Republic of Tanganyika}} (9 December 1962 – 26 April 1964)
*{{flagicon|Uganda}}'''[[Uganda]]''' (since 1963)
*{{flagicon|Kenya}}'''[[Kenya]]''' (since 1963)
*{{flagicon|Malawi}}'''[[Malawi]]''' (since 1964)
*{{flagicon|Zambia}}'''[[Zambia]]''' (since 1964)
*[[File:Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg|24px]] [[People's Republic of Zanzibar]] (12 January 1964 – 26 April 1964)
*{{flagicon|Tanzania}}'''[[Tanzania]]''' (since 26 April 1964)
*{{flagicon|Gambia}}'''[[Gambia]]''' (since 1965)
*{{flagicon|Botswana}}'''[[Botswana]]''' (since 1966)
*{{flagicon|Burundi}}'''[[Burundi]]''' (since 1966)
*{{flag|Biafra}} (30 May 1967 – 15 January 1970)
*{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}}'''[[Equatorial Guinea]]''' (since 1968)
*{{flagicon|Libya}}'''[[Libya]]''' (since 1969)
*{{flagicon|Central African Republic}}'''[[Central African Republic]]''' (since 1970)
*{{flag|Rhodesia}} (2 March 1970 – 11 December 1979)
*{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}}'''[[Sierra Leone]]''' (since 1971)
*{{flagicon|Ethiopia}}'''[[Ethiopia]]''' (since 1974)
*{{flagicon|Cape Verde}}'''[[Cape Verde]]''' (since 1975)
*{{flagicon|Mozambique}}'''[[Mozambique]]''' (since 1975)
*{{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}}'''[[São Tomé and Príncipe]]''' (since 1975)
*{{flagicon|Western Sahara}}'''[[Western Sahara]]''' (since 1976)
*{{flagicon|Seychelles}}'''[[Seychelles]]''' (since 1976)
*{{flag|Transkei}} (26 October 1976 – 27 April 1994)
*{{flag|Bophuthatswana}} (6 December 1977 – 28 April 1994)
*{{flag|Venda}} (13 September 1979 – 28 April 1994)
*{{flagicon|Zimbabwe}}'''[[Zimbabwe]]''' (since 1980)
*{{flag|Ciskei}} (4 December 1981 – 28 April 1994)
*{{flagicon|Namibia}}'''[[Namibia]]''' (since 1990)
*{{flagicon|Somaliland}}'''[[Somaliland]]''' (since 1991)
*{{flagicon|Mauritius}}'''[[Mauritius]]''' (since 1992)
{{Div col end}}
'''America'''
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon|Acre}} [[Republic of Acre]] (1st: 15 July 1899 – 15 March 1900; 2nd: November 1900–24 December 1900 3rd: 27 January 1903 – 11 November 1903)
*[[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Cuba]]''' (since 20 May 1902)
*[[File:Flag of Panama.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Panama]]''' (since 3 November 1903)
*[[File:Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg|24px]] [[Vargas Era|First United States of Brazil]] (16 July 1934 – 29 October 1945)
*[[File:Flag of Brazil (1889–1960).svg|24px]] [[Fourth Brazilian Republic|Second United States of Brazil]] (31 January 1946 – 31 March 1964)
*[[File:Flag of Costa Rica (state).svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Costa Rica|Second Republic of Costa Rica]]''' (since 7 November 1949)
*[[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|24px]] [[Third Republic (Dominican Republic)|Third Dominican Republic]] (1924–12 July 1965)
*[[File:State flag of Venezuela (1954–2006).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Venezuela]] (11 April 1953 – 15 December 1999)
*[[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|24px]] '''[[Dominican Republic|Fourth Dominican Republic]]''' (since 1 July 1966)
*[[File:Flag of Anguilla (1967–1969).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Anguilla]] (12 July 1967 – 19 March 1969)
*[[File:Flag of Guyana.svg|24px]] '''[[Co-operative Republic of Guyana]]''' (since 23 February 1970)
*[[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Suriname]]''' (since 25 November 1975)
*[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]]''' (since 1 August 1976)
*[[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|24px]] '''[[Commonwealth of Dominica]]''' (since 3 November 1978)
*[[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|24px]] '''[[Federative Republic of Brazil]]''' (since 15 March 1985)
*[[File:Flag of Venezuela (state).svg|24px]] '''[[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]]''' (since 15 December 1999)
{{Div col end}}
'''Asia'''
{{Div col}}
*[[Urjanchai Republic]] (1 December 1911 – 17 April 1914)
*{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Republic of China]] (since 1 January 1912, since 7 December 1949 only in [[Taiwan]])
*[[File:Flag of the Transcaucasian Federation.svg|24px]] [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]] (22 April 1918 – 28 May 1918)
*{{flag|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} (28 May 1918 – 2 December 1920)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan.png}} [[Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan]] (28 May 1918 – 28 April 1920)
*[[File:Flag of the South West Caucasian Republic.svg|24px]] [[Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus|Kars Republic]] (1 December 1918 – 19 April 1919)
*[[File:Flag of the Republic of Aras.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Aras]] (December 1918 – Mid-June 1919)
*[[File:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922).svg|24px]] [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] (28 April 1920 – 12 March 1922)
*[[File:Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922).svg|24px]] [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (2 December 1920 – 12 March 1922)
*{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[Republic of Mountainous Armenia]] (26 April 1921 – 13 July 1921)
*{{flagicon|Tannu Tuva}} [[Tuvan People's Republic]] (14 August 1921 – 11 October 1944)
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Republic of Turkey]]''' (since 29 October 1923)
*{{flag|Mongolian People's Republic}} (24 November 1924 – 13 February 1992)
*{{flag|Commonwealth of the Philippines}} (15 November 1935 – 4 July 1946)
*{{flagicon|Philippines|1943}} [[Second Philippine Republic]] (14 November 1943 – 11 June 1945)
*{{Flagicon|Lebanon}} '''[[Lebanese Republic]]''' (''de jure'': since 22 November 1943; ''de facto'': since 31 December 1946)
*{{flagicon|Indonesia}} '''[[Republic of Indonesia]]''' (since 17 August 1945)
*{{flagicon|Myanmar}} '''[[Republic of the Union of Myanmar]]''' (since 4 January 1948)
*{{flagicon|Philippines|1936}} [[Third Philippine Republic]] (4 July 1946 – 30 December 1965)
*{{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[State of Israel]]''' (since 14 May 1948)
*{{flag|Republic of Korea}} (since 15 August 1948)
*{{flagicon|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}} '''[[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]''' (since 9 September 1948)
*{{flag|North Vietnam}} (since 2 September 1945)
*{{flag|South Vietnam}} (26 October 1955 – 30 April 1975)
*{{flag|People's Republic of China}} (since 1 October 1949)
*{{flagicon|South Moluccas}} [[Republic of South Maluku]] (15 April 1950 – 12 April 1963)
*{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Republic of India]]''' (since 26 January 1950)
*{{flag|Pakistan}} (since 1956)
*{{flag|Iraq}} (since 1958)
*{{flag|Cyprus}} (since 1960)
*{{flag|Singapore}} (since 1965)
*{{flagicon|Philippines|1936}} [[Fourth Philippine Republic]] (30 December 1965–22/25 February 1986)
*{{flag|Yemen}} (since 1990)
*{{flag|Maldives}} (since 1968)
*{{flag|Bangladesh}} (since 1971)
*{{flag|Sri Lanka}} (since 1972)
*{{flag|Afghanistan|1987}} (1973–1992)<ref>Henry St. Amant Bradsher, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v0THAAAAIAAJ&q=Abdul+Qadir+Dagarwal ''Afghanistan and the Soviet Union''], Duke University Press, 1983.</ref>
*{{flag|Laos}} (since 1975)
*{{flag|Iran}} (since 1979)
*''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' (since 1983; disputed)
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Republic of the Philippines]]''' (since 22/25 February 1986)
*{{flag|Palestine}} (since 1988)
*{{flag|Armenia}} (since 1991)
*''{{flag|Republic of Artsakh}}'' (1991–2023)
*{{flag|Georgia}} (since 1991)
*''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'' (since 1991; disputed)
*''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'' (since 1992; disputed)
*{{flag|Mongolia}} (since 1992)
{{Div col end}}
'''Europe'''

{{Div col}}
*[[File:Flag of the Kruševo Republic.svg|24px]] [[Kruševo Republic]] (3 August 1903 – 13 August 1903)
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[First Portuguese Republic]] (5 October 1910 – 26 May 1926)
*[[File:Flag of TRWT.svg|24px]] [[Provisional Government of Western Thrace|Independent Government of Western Thrace]] (31 August 1913 – 25 October 1913)
*{{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Republic of Finland]]''' (since 6 December 1917)
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Republic]] (1917)
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] (25 January 1917 – 29 April 1918; 14 December 1918 – 18 March 1921)
*[[File:Flag of the Mountain Republic.svg|24px]] [[Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus]] (11 May 1917–January 1921)
*[[File:Flag of Crimean People's Republic 1917.svg|24px]] [[Crimean People's Republic]] (13 December 1917–January 1918)
*[[File:Flag of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.svg|24px]] [[Moldavian Democratic Republic]] (6 February 1918 – 10 December 1918)
*[[File:Flag of Kuban People's Republic.svg|24px]] [[Kuban People's Republic]] (16 February 1918 – 17 March 1920)
*[[File:Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg|24px]] [[Belarusian People's Republic]] (9 March 1918 – 1919)
*'''{{flag|Republic of Lithuania}}''' (since 16 February 1918)
*'''{{flag|Republic of Estonia}}''' (since 24 February 1918)
*[[File:Flag of Don Cossacks.svg|24px]] [[Don Republic]] (18 May 1918 – 1920)
*{{flag|Democratic Republic of Georgia}} (26 May 1918 – 25 April 1921)
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Republic of Zakopane|Commonwealth of Zakopane]] (13 October 1918 – 16 November 1918)
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] (18 October 1918 – 22 January 1919)
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Komancza Republic]] (4 November 1918 – 24 January 1919)
*[[File:POL Tarnobrzeg flag.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Tarnobrzeg]] (6 November 1918–Spring 1919)
*[[File:Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg|24px]] [[People's State of Bavaria]] (8 November 1918 – 6 April 1919)
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Republic of German-Austria]] (12 November 1918 – 10 September 1919)
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Second Polish Republic]] (16 November 1918 – 6 October 1939)
*'''{{flag|Republic of Latvia}}''' (since 18 November 1918)
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[First Czechoslovak Republic]] (28 October 1918 – 30 September 1938)
*[[File:Прапор Лемко-Русинської Республіки.svg|24px]] [[Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic]] (5 December 1918–March 1920)
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[First Austrian Republic]] (10 September 1919 – 1 May 1934)
*{{flagicon|Fiume}} [[Free State of Fiume]] (12 November 1920 – 22 February 1924)
*{{flagicon image|Flaga Litwy Środkowej.svg}} [[Republic of Central Lithuania]] (12 October 1920 – 24 March 1922)
*{{flag|Free City of Danzig}} (15 November 1920 – 2 September 1939)
*[[File:Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922).svg|24px]] [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (25 February 1921 – 12 March 1922)
*{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (1922–1991)
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Republic of Turkey]]''' (since 29 October 1923)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Second Hellenic Republic]] (1924–1935)
*{{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Catalan Republic (1931)|Catalan Republic]] (14 April 1931 – 17 April 1931)
*{{flagicon|Spain|1931}} [[Second Spanish Republic]] (''de facto'': 1931–1939; ''de jure'': 1931–1975)
*{{flag|Ireland}} (since 29 December 1949)
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]] (30 September 1938 – 15 March 1939)
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] (30 December 1938 – 18 March 1939)
*{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovak State]] (14 March 1939 – 4 April 1945)
*{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth French Republic]] (1946–1958)
*{{flag|Italian Republic}} (since 2 June 1946)
*{{flag|Albania}} (est. 1946)
*{{flag|Romania}} (est. 1947, communist government from 1948 to 1989)
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Fifth French Republic]] (since 1958)
*{{flagicon|Greece|1970}} [[Third Hellenic Republic]] (since 1974)
*{{flag|Malta}} (since 1974)
*''{{flag|Transnistria}}'' (since 1990; disputed)
{{Div col end}}

'''Oceania'''
{{Div col}}
*{{flag|Republic of West Papua}} (1961–1963)
*{{flagicon|Samoa}} '''[[Independent State of Samoa]]''' (since 1 January 1962)
*{{flagicon|Nauru}} '''[[Republic of Nauru]]''' (since 31 January 1968)
* [[File:Bandera Tanna Vanuatu.svg|24px]] [[Nation of Tanna]] (1974)
*[[File:Flag of Bougainville.svg|24px]] [[Republic of the North Solomons]] (1975–1976)
*{{flagicon|Palau}} '''[[Republic of Palau]]''' (since 2 April 1979)
*{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}} '''[[Republic of the Marshall Islands]]''' (since 1979)
*{{flagicon|Kiribati}} '''[[Republic of Kiribati]]''' (since 12 July 1979)
* [[File:Tafea Flag.svg|24px]] [[Tafea Nation]] (1980)
*{{flagicon|Vanuatu}} '''[[Republic of Vanuatu]]''' (since 30 July 1980)
*[[File:Flag of Vemerana.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Vemerana]] (1980)
*{{flagicon|Micronesia}} '''[[Federated States of Micronesia]]''' (since 3 November 1986)
*{{flagicon|Fiji}} '''[[Republic of Fiji]]''' (since 7 October 1987)
*[[File:Flag of Rotuma (1987-1988).svg|24px]] [[Republic of Rotuma]] (1987–1988)
{{Div col end}}

====21st century and later====
{{Div col}}
*[[File:Flag of East Timor.svg|24px]] '''[[Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste]]''' (since 20 May 2002)
*{{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} (26 January 2004 – 15 August 2021)
*''[[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|24px]] '''[[Republic of Kosovo]]''''' (since 17 February 2008)
*[[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|24px]] '''[[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]]''' (since 28 May 2008)
*[[File:Flag of Bolivia (state).svg|24px]] '''[[Plurinational State of Bolivia]]''' (since 7 February 2009)
*[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|24px]] '''[[State of Libya]]''' (since 17 February 2011)
*{{flagicon|South Sudan}} '''[[Republic of South Sudan]]''' (since 9 July 2011)
*{{flagicon|Barbados}} '''[[Republicanism in Barbados|Barbados]]''' (since 30 November 2021)
{{Div col end}}

==List by type==
In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.<ref name="OED">[http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50203498?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=republic&first=1&max_to_show=10 Republic], ''Oxford English Dictionary'', SECOND EDITION 1989</ref> For example, the [[Dominican Republic]] under [[Rafael Trujillo]] is considered a republic, as is the [[Republic of Iraq]] under [[Saddam Hussein]].

===Arab republics===
*{{flagicon|Tripolitania|variant=|size=|noredlink=}} [[Tripolitanian Republic]] (1918–1922)
*{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Arab Republic of Egypt]] (1953–present)
*{{flagicon|Western Sahara}} [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (1976–present)
*{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian Arab Republic]] (1961–present)
*{{flagicon|United Arab Republic}} [[United Arab Republic]] (1958–1971)
*{{flagicon|North Yemen}} [[Yemen Arab Republic]] (1962–1990)
*{{flagicon|Libya|1969}} [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Libyan Arab Republic|Libyan Arab Republic]] (1969–1977)

===Confederal republics===
[[confederation|Confederal republics]] are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as [[National security|defense]] and [[foreign policy]]:
*{{flagicon|Confederate States of America}} [[Confederate States of America]] (1861–1865)
*[[Senegambia Confederation]] (1982–1989)
*{{flagicon|USA|1777}} [[United States]] of America (under the [[Second Continental Congress]] and the [[Articles of Confederation]], 1776–1789)

===Crowned republics===
A [[crowned republic]], is a form of [[constitutional monarchy]] where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] (1707–present)<ref name="H G Wells">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKA2ZIkJaM0C&q=crowned%2520republic%2520united%2520kingdom&pg=PA405 |title=A Short History of the World |last=Wells |first=H. G. |date=2005-12-01 |publisher=Cosimo, Inc. |isbn=9781596055858}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Kingdom of Norway]] (1905–present)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKNWAAAAYAAJ&q=crowned+republic+norway |title=The American Political Science Review |last1=Willoughby |first1=Westel Woodbury |last2=Fairlie |first2=John Archibald |last3=Ogg |first3=Frederic Austin |date=1918 |publisher=American Political Science Association.}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=November 2018}}
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Commonwealth of Australia]] (1986–present)<ref name="H G Wells" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hc4p65yM_hYC&q=%2522Crowned%2520republic%2522&pg=PA105 |title=Choosing the Republic |last=Patmore |first=Glenn |date=2009 |publisher=University of New South Wales Press |isbn=9781742230153}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Realm of New Zealand]] (1947–present)<ref name="H G Wells" />
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]] (1952–present)
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]] (1982–present)<ref name="H G Wells" />
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Kingdom of Greece]] (1864–1967)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?rec=/metadata/a/f/b/metadata-01-0002588.tkl&do=279838_10.pdf&pageno=264&pagestart=1&width=662&height=963&maxpage=1104&lang=en |title=Ελλάς (Πολίτευμα) |year=1934 |website=anemi.lib.uoc.gr |publisher=Pyrsos Publishing |location=Athens |page=239 |language=Greek |trans-title=Greece (Form of Government) |access-date=2018-08-31 |quote=Through the Constitution of 1864, constitutional monarchy, or, as it had been described, "crowned democracy", or "democratic monarchy", was consolidated as the form of government in Greece.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn16.pdf |title=Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδος |year=1952 |website=hellenicparliament.gr |publisher=[[Hellenic Parliament]] |location=Athens |page=6 |language=Greek |trans-title=Constitution of Greece |access-date=2018-08-31 |quote=Article 21: The Form of Government of Greece is that of a Crowned Republic. All powers stem from the Nation and are exercised in accordance with the Constitution.}}</ref>
*{{flag|Union of South Africa}}<ref name="H G Wells" /> (1910–1961)
*{{flag|Malaya}} (1957–1963)
*{{flag|Malaysia}} (1963–present)
*{{flag|Thailand}} (1932–present)
{{Div col end}}

===Democratic republics===
{{Main|Democratic republic}}
Democratic republics are usually [[socialist]] states, although not all of them are necessarily socialist.
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (1948–present)
*{{flagicon|DR Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (1966–1971, 1997–present)
*{{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe}} [[Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe]] (1975–present)
*{{flagicon|East Timor}} [[Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste]] (1975–present)
*{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (1945–1975)
*{{flagicon|Western Sahara}} [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (1976–present)
*{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]] (1978–present)
*{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] (1991–present)
*{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] (2008–present)
*{{flagicon|East Germany}} [[German Democratic Republic]] (1949–1990)
*{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]] (1975–present)
*{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]] (1962–present)
*{{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] (1967–1990)
{{Div col end}}

===Federal republics===
{{Main|Federal republic}}
[[Federal republic]]s are [[federal state]]s in which the [[administrative division]]s (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.

{{Div col}}
*{{flagdeco|Venezuela|state}} [[Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]]<!--which period?-->
*{{flagdeco|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (since 1995)
*{{flagdeco|England}} [[Commonwealth of England]] (1649–1653)
*{{flagicon|Regency of Algiers}} [[Regency of Algiers]] (1659–1830)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abi-Mershed |first1=Osama |title=Apostles of Modernity: Saint-Simonians and the Civilizing Mission in Algeria |date=10 May 2010 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7472-7 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3rcctLKSdcC&dq=REGENCY+OF+algiers+beyliks+autonomous&pg=PA45}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovakia]]: <small>[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] (1969–1990), [[Czech and Slovak Federative Republic]] (1990–1992)</small>
*{{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1974}} [[Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] <small>(unitary republic 1974–1994; federal republic since 1994)</small>
*{{flagdeco|Cameroon|1961}} [[Federal Republic of Cameroon]] (1961–1972)
*{{flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Federal Republic of Somalia]] (since August 2012)
*{{flagdeco|Brazil}} [[Federative Republic of Brazil]] (since 15 November 1889)<ref>{{cite web | title=The Formation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889 | url=http://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/history110b/brarep.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110105628/http://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/history110b/brarep.html |archive-date=2016-11-10 | access-date=19 May 2008}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] (since 1949)
*{{flagdeco|Gran Colombia}} [[Gran Colombia]] <small>(Republic of Colombia) (1819–1886), known as [[Great Colombia]] from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day [[Ecuador]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Panama]].</small>
*{{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] (since 1956)
*{{flagdeco|Mexico|1823}} [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico]] (1846–1864)
*{{flagdeco|Mexico}} [[United Mexican States]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ |title=Mexico |access-date=2007-12-21 |year=2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> (since 1917)
*{{flagdeco|Nepal}} [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] (since 2007)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/content.php?nid=33139 |title=Nepal declared republican state – Gorkhapatra Sansthan – State Owned Newspaper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070726190528/http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/content.php?nid=33139 |archive-date=2007-07-26 }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Nigeria|goverment}} [[Federal Republic of Nigeria]] <small>(1963–66:[[Nigerian First Republic|1st Republic]], 1979–83: [[Nigerian Second Republic|2nd Republic]], 1993: [[Nigerian Third Republic|3rd Republic]], 1999–present: [[Nigerian Fourth Republic|4th Republic]])</small>
*{{flagdeco|Argentina}} [[Argentine Republic]] (since 1852)
*{{flagdeco|India}} [[Republic of India]] (since 26 January 1950)
*{{flagdeco|South Sudan}} [[Republic of South Sudan]] (since 9 July 2011)
*{{flagdeco|Sudan}} [[Republic of Sudan]] (since 1 January 1956)
*{{flagdeco|Austria}} [[Republic of Austria]]<!--which period?-->
*{{flagdeco|Russia}} [[Russian Federation]] <small>(since [[October Revolution|7 November 1917]]; up to 1991 it was named ''[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]''<ref name="RF">[[Supreme Soviet of Russia|Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR]] approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of December&nbsp;25, 1991 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529112856/http://humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/12047 "Name Change for the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"] // News of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. 1992. No. 2. Art. 62</ref>)<ref>[http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm Article 1 of the Russian Constitution]</ref></small>
*{{flagdeco|Serbia and Montenegro}} [[State Union of Serbia and Montenegro]] (2003–2006)
*{{flagdeco|Switzerland}} [[Swiss Confederation]] (1848–present), a federal republic but called the Swiss Confederation
*{{flagdeco|Soviet Union}} [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (1922–1991)
*{{flagdeco|United Provinces of Central America}} [[United Provinces of Central America]] (1823–1840)
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[United States]] of America<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |title=United States |access-date=2007-12-21 |year=2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> (since 1789)
*{{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[United States of Indonesia]] (1949–1950)
*{{flagdeco|Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]]: <small>[[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] (1946–1963), [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (1963–1992), [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (1992–2003)</small>
{{Div col end}}

===Islamic republics===
Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:
*{{flagdeco|Afghanistan|2013}} [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] (2004–2021)
*{{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] (since 1979)
*{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} [[Islamic Republic of Mauritania]] (1960–2017)
*{{flagdeco|Mauritania}} [[Islamic Republic of Mauritania]] (since 2017)
*{{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] (since 1956)

===People's republics===
{{Main|People's republic}}
[[People's republic]]s are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used by [[communist state]]s.

====Current people's republics====
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]<!--which period?--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-north/ |title=Korea, North |access-date=2007-12-21 |year=2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><!--which period?-->
*{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]]<!--which period?--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ |title=Algeria |access-date=2007-12-21 |year=2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] }}</ref><!--which period?-->
*{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]]<!--which period?--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/ |title=Laos |access-date=2007-12-21 |year=2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><!--which period?-->
*{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]]<!--which period?--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ |title=Bangladesh |access-date=2007-12-21 |year=2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><!--which period?-->
*{{flagicon|China}} [[People's Republic of China]]<!--which period?--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |title=China |access-date=2007-12-21 |year=2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref><!--which period?-->
{{Div col end}}

====Former people's republics====
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] (1946&ndash;1963)
*{{flagicon|Libya|1977}} [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] (1977–2011)
*{{flagicon|Mongolia|1940}} [[Mongolian People's Republic]] (1924&ndash;1992)
*{{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] (1967&ndash;1970)
*{{flagicon|Albania|1946}} [[People's Republic of Albania]] (1946&ndash;1976)
*{{flagicon|Angola}} [[People's Republic of Angola]] (1975&ndash;1992)
*{{flagicon|Benin|1975}} [[People's Republic of Benin]] (1975&ndash;1990)
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria|1946}} [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] (1946&ndash;1990)
*{{flagicon|Congo|1970}} [[People's Republic of the Congo]] (1970&ndash;1992)
*{{flagicon|Hungary|1949}} [[People's Republic of Hungary]] (1949&ndash;1989)
*{{flagicon|Mozambique|1975}} [[People's Republic of Mozambique]] (1975&ndash;1990)
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[People's Republic of Poland]] (1952&ndash;1989)
*{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1987}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] (1987&ndash;1991)
*{{flagicon|Romania|1948}} [[Romanian People's Republic]] (1947&ndash;1965)
{{Div col end}}

===Socialist republics===
These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.
{{Div col}}
*{{flagicon|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1920–1990)
*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan SSR}} [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1920–1991)
*{{flagicon|Byelorussian SSR}} [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1920–1991)
*{{flagicon|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] (1960–1990)
*{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]]<!--which period?-->
*{{flagicon|Libya|1977}} [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] (1977–2011)
*{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (1963–1992)
*{{flagicon|Albania|1946}} [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] (1976–1990)
*{{flagicon|Romania|1965}} [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] (1965–1989)
*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] (since 1976)
*{{flagicon|Ukrainian SSR}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (1919–1991)
*{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (1922–1991)
{{Div col end}}

===Unitary republics===
Unitary republics are [[unitary state]]s which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

{{Div col}}
*{{flagdeco|Afghanistan|2013}} [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] (2004–2021)
*{{flagdeco|Acre}} [[Republic of Acre]] (1st: 1899–1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
*{{flagdeco|Albania}} [[Republic of Albania]] (since 1946)
*{{flagdeco|Algeria}} [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]]
*{{flagdeco|Angola}} [[Republic of Angola]] (since 1975)
*{{flagdeco|Armenia}} [[Republic of Armenia]] (1st: 28 May 1918; Current: 25 December 1991)
*{{flagdeco|Azerbaijan}} [[Republic of Azerbaijan]] (1st: 28 May 1918; re-established: 18 October 1991)
*{{flagdeco|Bangladesh}} [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]]
*{{flagdeco|Barbados}} [[Barbados]] (since 30 November 2021)
*{{flagdeco|Benin}} Republic of [[Benin]]
*{{flagdeco|Bophuthatswana}} [[Republic of Bophuthatswana]] (1977–1994)
*{{flagdeco|Bolivia|state}} [[Plurinational State of Bolivia]]
*{{flagdeco|Botswana}} [[Republic of Botswana]] (since 1966)
*{{flagdeco|Bulgaria}} [[Republic of Bulgaria]] (since 1946)
*{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
*{{flagdeco|Burma}} [[Republic of the Union of Myanmar]] (Burma)
*{{flagdeco|Burundi}} [[Republic of Burundi]] (since 1966)
*{{flagdeco|Cameroon}} [[Republic of Cameroon]]
*{{flagdeco|Cape Verde}} [[Republic of Cape Verde]]
*{{flagdeco|Chad}} [[Republic of Chad]]
*{{flag|Central African Republic}} (1958–1976; restored 1979)
*{{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Republic of Chile]]
*{{flagdeco|China}} [[People's Republic of China]]
*{{flagdeco|Taiwan}} [[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]
*{{flagdeco|Ciskei}} [[Republic of Ciskei]] (1981–1994)
*{{flagdeco|Colombia}} [[Republic of Colombia]] (unitary republic since 1886)
*{{flagdeco|DR Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
*{{flagdeco|Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo]]
*{{flagdeco|Corsica}} [[Corsican Republic]] (1755–1769)
*[[Cospaia]] (1440–1826)
*{{flagdeco|Costa Rica|state}} [[Republic of Costa Rica]]
*{{flagdeco|Croatia}} [[Republic of Croatia]]
*{{flagdeco|Cuba}} [[Republic of Cuba]]
*{{flagdeco|Cyprus}} [[Republic of Cyprus]]
*{{flag|Czech Republic}}
*{{flagdeco|Dominica}} [[Commonwealth of Dominica]]
*{{flag|Dominican Republic}} (1821–1822, 1844–1861, 1865–present)
*{{flagdeco|Djibouti}} [[Republic of Djibouti]]
*{{flagdeco|Ecuador}} [[Republic of Ecuador]]
*{{flagdeco|Egypt}} [[Arab Republic of Egypt]] (since 1953)
*{{flagdeco|El Salvador}} [[Republic of El Salvador]] (1821–present)
*{{flagdeco|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Republic of Equatorial Guinea]]
*{{flagdeco|Eritrea}} [[State of Eritrea]]
*{{flagdeco|Estonia}} [[Republic of Estonia]] (since 1918)
*[[Republic of Ezo]] (1868–1869)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Franceville.svg}} [[Independent Commune of Franceville]] (1889)
*{{flagdeco|Fiji}} [[Republic of Fiji]] (since 1987)
*{{flagdeco|Finland}} [[Republic of Finland]] (since 1919)
*[[Finnish Democratic Republic]] (1 December 1939 to 12 March 1940)
*{{flagicon image|Simplified Yellow Tiger Flag.svg}} [[Republic of Formosa]] (1895)
*{{flagdeco|France}} [[French Republic]]
*{{flagdeco|Gabon}} [[Gabonese Republic]]
*{{flagdeco|Gambia}} [[Republic of the Gambia]] (since 1970)
*{{flag|Georgia}}
*{{flagdeco|Ghana}} [[Republic of Ghana]] (since 1960)
*{{flagdeco|Greece}} [[Hellenic Republic]] ([[First Hellenic Republic]] (1822–1832))
*{{flagdeco|Guatemala}} [[Republic of Guatemala]]
*{{flagdeco|Guinea}} [[Republic of Guinea]]
*{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Republic of Guinea-Bissau]]
*{{flagdeco|Guyana}} [[Co-operative Republic of Guyana]] (since 1970)
*{{flagdeco|Haiti}} [[Republic of Haiti]] (1806–1849; restored 1859)
*{{flagdeco|Hawaii}} [[Republic of Hawaii]] (1894–1898)
*{{flagdeco|Honduras}} [[Republic of Honduras]]<!--which period?-->
*{{flagdeco|Hungary}} [[Republic of Hungary]] (since 1946)
*{{flagdeco|Iceland}} [[Republic of Iceland]] (republic since 1944)
*{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Republic of Indonesia]] (unitary republic since August 1950)
*{{flag|Israel}} (since 14 May 1948)
*{{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Italian Republic]] (since 1946)
*{{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Italian Social Republic]] (1943–1945)
*{{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] (since 1979)
*{{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[Republic of Iraq]] (since 1958)
*{{flag|Ireland}} (since 1949)
*{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast}} [[Republic of Ivory Coast]]
*{{flagdeco|Kazakhstan}} [[Republic of Kazakhstan]]
*{{flagdeco|Kenya}} [[Republic of Kenya]] (since 1964)
*{{flagdeco|Kiribati}} [[Republic of Kiribati]] (since 1979)
*{{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Republic of Korea]] (since 1948)
*{{flagdeco|North Korea}} [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (since 1948)
*{{flagdeco|Kuwait}} [[Republic of Kuwait]] (1990)
*{{flagdeco|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Kyrgyz Republic]]
*{{flagdeco|Laos}} [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]] (since 1975)
*{{flagdeco|Latvia}} [[Republic of Latvia]]
*{{flagdeco|Lebanon}} [[Republic of Lebanon]] (22 November 1943)
*{{flagdeco|Liberia}} [[Republic of Liberia]]
*{{flagdeco|Libya|1977}} [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] (1969–2011)
*{{flagdeco|Lithuania}} [[Republic of Lithuania]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Russian Liberation People's Army.svg}} [[Lokot Republic]] (1941–1943)
*{{flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Republic of Madagascar]]
*{{flagdeco|Malawi}} [[Republic of Malawi]] (since 1966)
*{{flagdeco|Maldives}} [[Republic of Maldives]] (since 1968)
*{{flagdeco|Mali}} [[Republic of Mali]] (since 1960)
*{{flagdeco|Malta}} [[Republic of Malta]] (since 1974)
*{{flagdeco|Marshall Islands}} [[Republic of the Marshall Islands]] (since 1979)
*{{flagdeco|Mauritania}} [[Islamic Republic of Mauritania]]
*{{flagdeco|Mauritius}} [[Republic of Mauritius]] (since 1992)
*[[Menton]] and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]] (1848–1861)
*{{flagdeco|Moldova}} [[Republic of Moldova]]
*{{flagdeco|Mongolia}} [[State of Mongolia]] (since 1924)
*{{flagdeco|Montenegro}} [[Republic of Montenegro]] (since 2006)
*{{flagdeco|Mozambique}} [[Republic of Mozambique]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Creek Nation.svg}} [[State of Muskogee]] (1799–1803)
*{{flagdeco|Namibia}} [[Republic of Namibia]]
*{{flagdeco|Nauru}} [[Republic of Nauru]]
*{{flagdeco|Nicaragua}} [[Republic of Nicaragua]]
*{{flagdeco|Niger}} [[Republic of Niger]]
*{{flagdeco|North Macedonia}} [[Republic of North Macedonia]] (since 1991)
*{{flagdeco|Palau}} [[Republic of Palau]] (since 1981)
*{{flagdeco|Panama}} [[Republic of Panama]]
*{{flagdeco|Paraguay}} [[Republic of Paraguay]]
*{{flagdeco|Peru|state}} [[Republic of Peru]]
*{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Republic of the Philippines]] (since 1946)
*{{flagdeco|Poland}} [[Republic of Poland]]
*{{flagdeco|Portugal}} [[Portuguese Republic]] (since 1910)
*{{flagdeco|Rhodesia}} [[Republic of Rhodesia]] (1970–1979)
*{{flag|Romania}} (since 1947)
*{{flagdeco|Rwanda}} [[Republic of Rwanda]] (since 1961)
*{{flagdeco|Samoa}} [[Independent State of Samoa]] (since 1962)
*{{flagdeco|San Marino}} [[Most Serene Republic of San Marino]] (since 301)
*{{flagdeco|Sao Tome and Principe}} [[Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
*{{flagdeco|Senegal}} [[Republic of Senegal]]
*{{flagdeco|Serbia}} [[Republic of Serbia]]
*{{flagdeco|Seychelles}} [[Republic of Seychelles]]
*{{flagdeco|Sierra Leone}} [[Republic of Sierra Leone]] (since 1971)
*{{flagdeco|Singapore}} [[Republic of Singapore]] (since 1965)
*{{flagdeco|Slovakia|1938}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] (1939–1945)
*{{flagdeco|Slovenia}} [[Republic of Slovenia]]
*{{flagdeco|South Africa}} Republic of [[South Africa]] (since 1961)
*{{flagdeco|Spain|1931}} [[Republic of Spain]] (1931–1939)
*{{flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} [[Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka]] (since 1972)
*{{flagdeco|Suriname}} [[Republic of Suriname]]
*{{flagdeco|Syria}} [[Syrian Arab Republic]]
*{{flagdeco|Tajikistan}} [[Republic of Tajikistan]]
*{{flagdeco|Tanzania}} [[United Republic of Tanzania]]
*{{flagdeco|Texas}} [[Republic of Texas]] (1836–1845)
*{{flagdeco|Timor Leste}} [[Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste]]
*{{flagdeco|Togo}} [[Togolese Republic]]
*{{flagdeco|Transkei}} [[Republic of Transkei]] (1976–1994)
*{{flagdeco|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]] (since 1976)
*{{flagdeco|Tunisia}} [[Tunisian Republic]] (since 1957)
*{{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Republic of Turkey]] (since 1923)
*{{flagdeco|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmenistan]]
*{{flagdeco|Uganda}} [[Republic of Uganda]] (since 1963)
*{{flag|Ukraine}}
*{{flagdeco|Upper Volta}} [[Republic of Upper Volta]] (1958–1984)
*{{flagdeco|Uruguay}} [[Oriental Republic of Uruguay]]
*{{flagdeco|Uzbekistan}} [[Republic of Uzbekistan]]
*{{flagdeco|Vanuatu}} [[Republic of Vanuatu]]
*{{flagdeco|Venda}} [[Republic of Venda]] (1979–1994)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Vermont Republic.svg}} [[Vermont Republic]] (1777–1791)
*{{flagdeco|South Vietnam}} [[Republic of Vietnam]] (1955–1975)
*{{flagicon image|Bonnieblue.svg}} [[Republic of West Florida]] (1810)
*{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[Republic of Yemen]] (since 1962)
*{{flagdeco|Zambia}} [[Republic of Zambia]] (since 1964)
*{{flagdeco|Zimbabwe}} [[Republic of Zimbabwe]]
{{Div col end}}

===Republics of Russia===
{{See also|Republics of Russia}}
*{{flagicon|Adygea}} [[Republic of Adygea]]
*{{flagicon|Chechnya}} [[Republic of Chechnya]]
*{{flagicon|Dagestan}} [[Republic of Dagestan]]
*{{flagicon|Ingushetia}} [[Republic of Ingushetia]]
*{{flagicon|Kabardino-Balkaria}} [[Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria]]
*{{flagicon|Kalmykia}} [[Republic of Kalmykia]]
*[[File:Flag of North Ossetia.svg|border|22px|link=]] [[Republic of North Ossetia-Alania]]
*{{flagicon|Altai}} [[Republic of Altai]]
*{{flagicon|Bashkortostan}} [[Republic of Bashkortostan]]
*{{flagicon|Buryatia}} [[Republic of Buryatia]]
*{{flagicon|Chuvashia}} [[Republic of Chuvashia]]
*{{flagicon|Karelia}} [[Republic of Karelia]]
*{{flagicon|Khakassia}} [[Republic of Khakassia]]
*{{flagicon|Komi}} [[Republic of Komi]]
*{{flagicon|Mari El}} [[Republic of Mari El]]
*{{flagicon|Mordovia}} [[Republic of Mordovia]]
*{{flagicon|Yakutia}} [[Republic of Sakha|Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)]]
*{{flagicon|Tatarstan}} [[Republic of Tatarstan]]
*{{flagicon|Tuva}} [[Republic of Tuva]]
*{{flagicon|Udmurtia}} [[Republic of Udmurtia]]

===Disputed separatist republics===
*''{{flagdeco|Abkhazia}} [[Republic of Abkhazia]]''
*''{{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Republic of South Ossetia]]''
*''{{flagdeco|Gagauzia|1990}} [[Gagauz Republic]]'' (1990–1995)
*''{{flagdeco|Transnistria}} [[Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic]]''
*''[[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|24px]] [[Republic of Kosovo]]''
*''{{flagicon|Srpska}} [[Republika Srpska]]'' (1992–1995)
*''[[File:Dubrovnik Republic (1991-1992).svg|24px]] [[Dubrovnik Republic (1991)|Dubrovnik Republic]]'' (1991–1992)
*''[[File:State Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg|24px]]'' [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] (1991–1995)
*''{{flag|Republic of Artsakh}}'' (1991–2023)
*''{{Flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}}'' [[Kurdish Republic of Lachin]] (1992)
*''{{flagdeco|Northern Cyprus}} [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]''
*''{{flag|Donetsk People's Republic}}''
*''{{flag|Luhansk People's Republic}}''
*''{{flag|Republic of Crimea}}''
*''{{flag|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}}'' (1991–2000)
*''{{flagicon|Tatarstan}} [[Republic of Tatarstan]]'' (1992–1994)
*''{{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Catalan Republic (2017)|Catalan Republic]]'' (2017)

==See also==
* [[Republicanism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=E. W. |title=The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kfcobFRSMC |isbn=3-515-06951-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |pages=207–217|isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Republics}}

{{portalbar|politics}}

[[Category:Republics|*]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by system of government|Republics]]