View source for Languages of Indonesia

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Languages of 
| country    = Indonesia
| image      = Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg
| caption    = The [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]] (7th century CE), found in [[South Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]], is the oldest surviving specimen of the Malay language, written in a form known as [[Old Malay]]. It later evolved into various dialects across the archipelago and influenced the development of modern Indonesian.
| official   = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| main       = {{hlist
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] 97%
| [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
| [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
| [[Madurese language|Madurese]]
| [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
| [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]]
| [[Buginese language|Buginese]]
| [[Balinese language|Balinese]]
| [[Batak languages|Batak (Toba, Karo, Mandailing, Simalungun, Angkola, Dairi)]]
| [[Cirebonese language|Cirebonese]]}}
| | regional   = {{hlist
| [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]
| [[Alor–Pantar languages|Alor languages (Abui, Adang, Klon, Kui, Kamang, Sawila, Teiwa)]]
| [[Ambonese Malay|Ambonese]]
| [[Aru languages|Aru languages (Dobel, Mariri, Barakai, Batuley, Kola, Manombai, dll.)]]
| [[Bahau language|Bahau]]
| [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Bajau]]
| [[Balinese Malay]]
| [[Banda Malay]]
| [[Banggai language|Banggai]]
| [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
| [[Bima language|Bima]]
| [[Buru language|Buru]]
| [[Muna–Buton languages|Butonese languages]]
| [[Dayak languages|Dayak languages (Ngaju, Ma'anyan, Kendayan, etc.)]]
| [[Gayo language|Gayo]]
| [[Gorap language|Gorap]]
| [[Gorontalic languages|Gorontalic languages (Gorontalo, Bololango, Buol, Kaidipang, Lolak, Suwawa)]]
| [[Helong language|Helong]]
| [[North Halmahera languages|Halmahera languages (Tobelo, Ternate, Tidore, Galela, Loloda)]]
| [[Iban language|Iban]]
| [[Kaili language|Kaili]]
| [[Kambera language|Kambera]]
| [[Kei language|Kei]]
| [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]]
| [[Komering language|Komering]]
| [[Kupang Malay]]
| [[Lampung language|Lampung]]
| [[Lamaholot language|Lamaholot]]
| [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]]
| [[Makassar Malay]]
| [[Malayic languages|Malayic languages (Jambi Malay, Palembang Malay, Kutai Malay, Pontianak Malay, Riau Malay, Sambas Malay)]]
| [[Manggarai language|Manggarai]]
| [[Manado Malay]]
| [[Mentawai language|Mentawai]]
| [[Minahasan languages|Minahasan languages (Tombulu, Tondano, Tonsea, Tonsawang, Tontemboan)]]
| [[Gorontalo-Mongondow languages|Mongondowic languages (Mongondow, Ponosakan)]]
| [[Muna language|Muna]]
| [[Larantuka Malay|Nagi]]
| [[Nias language|Nias]]
| [[North Moluccan Malay]]
| [[Orang Pulo language|Orang Pulo]]
| [[Papuan Malay]]
| [[Papuan languages|Papuan languages (Biak, Asmat, Tobati, Dani, Mee, Sentani, etc.)]]
| [[Rejang language|Rejang]]
| [[Rote language|Rote]]
| [[Sabah Malay]]
| [[Sangiric languages|Sangiric languages (Sangir, Talaud, Bantik, Ratahan)]]
| [[Sasak language|Sasak]]
| [[Savu language|Savu]]
| [[Serui Malay|Serui]]
| [[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]]
| [[Tae' language|Tae']]
| [[Kei–Tanimbar languages|Tanimbar languages]]
| [[Tausug language|Tausūg (Suluk)]]
| [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
| [[Tidong language|Tidong]]
| [[Tolaki language|Tolaki]]
| [[Toraja-Sa'dan language|Toraja-Sa'dan]]
| [[Uab Meto language|Uab Meto]]}}
| foreign    = {{hlist
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| [[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese languages]]
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [[Japanese language| Japanese]]}}
| sign       = [[Indonesian Sign Language]]
| keyboard   = [[QWERTY]]
| keyboard image = [[File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|200px]] 
|vernacular=[[Indonesian slang|Colloquial Indonesian (Bahasa Gaul)]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Culture of Indonesia}}

[[Indonesia]] is home to over 700 living [[languages]] spoken across its extensive archipelago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/|website= Kemdikbud.com|title= Bahasa dan Peta Bahasa|publisher= Kemdikbud|access-date= 18 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue2009">{{Citation |last=Lewis |first=M. Paul |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ |year=2009 |edition=16th |publisher=SIL International |access-date=17 November 2009}}</ref> This significant linguistic variety constitutes approximately 10% of the world’s total languages,{{sfn|Florey|2010|pp=121-140}} positioning Indonesia as the second most linguistically diverse nation globally, following [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Countries Have the Most Languages? |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/countries-most-languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820110531/https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/countries-most-languages |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=Ethnologue |date=22 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The majority of these languages belong to the [[Austronesian language]] family, prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], and [[Buginese language|Buginese]]. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly [[Western New Guinea|Papua]] and the [[Maluku Islands]], are home to over 270 [[Papuan languages]], which are distinct from the Austronesian family and represent a unique linguistic heritage.{{sfn|Simons|Fennig|2018}} The language most widely spoken as a native language is [[Javanese language|Javanese]], primarily by the [[Javanese people]] in the [[Central Java|central]] and [[East Java|eastern]] parts of [[Java]] Island, as well as across many other islands due to migration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Javanese-language |title= Javanese language |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 2010 |website= britannica.com |publisher= Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date= 17 March 2021}}</ref>

Languages in Indonesia are classified into nine categories: [[national language]], locally used [[indigenous languages]], regional lingua francas, [[Foreign language|foreign]] and [[Additional language|additional languages]], [[Heritage language|heritage languages]], languages in the religious domain, [[English as a lingua franca]], and [[sign languages]].{{sfn|Zein|2020|pp=27-63}}<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/ |access-date=11 November 2018 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |language=en}}</ref>

== National language ==
{{Main|Indonesian language}}
[[File:Youthpledge.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Youth Pledge]], a pledge made by Indonesian youth on October 28, 1928, defining the identity of the Indonesian nation. On the last pledge, there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a ''unifying language'' throughout the archipelago.]]
The official language of Indonesia is [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Article 36 of The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia |wslink=Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia}}</ref> (locally known as ''bahasa Indonesia''), a [[Standard language|standardised form]] of [[Malay language|Malay]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sneddon |first=James |title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society |publisher=University of South Wales Press |year=2003 |location=Sydney}}</ref> which serves as the [[lingua franca]] of the archipelago. According to the 2020 census, over 97% of Indonesians are fluent in Indonesian.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2023/01/27/ffb5939b4393e5b1146a9b91/the-result-of-long-form-population-census-2020.html|title=Long Form Census 2020|work=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|language=id}}</ref> The vocabulary of Indonesian borrows heavily from regional languages of Indonesia, such as [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] and [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], as well as from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Portuguese Language|Portuguese]], [[Arabic]] and more recently [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yee |first=Danny |date=2013 |title=Review of ''The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society'' |url=http://dannyreviews.com/h/Indonesian_Language.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729003635/http://dannyreviews.com/h/Indonesian_Language.html |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=20 January 2018 |website=Danny Yee's Book Reviews |type=Book review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khaidir Anwar |year=1976 |title=Minangkabau, Background of the main pioneers of modern standard Malay in Indonesia |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1976_num_12_1_1296 |journal=Archipel |volume=12 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.3406/arch.1976.1296 |via=Persée}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivana Amerl |date=May 2006 |title=Halo Bos! English Borrowings in Indonesian |url=http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/May2006/38-Indonesian-English-false-friends.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729050607/http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/May2006/38-Indonesian-English-false-friends.htm |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=20 January 2018 |website=MED Magazine}}</ref> The Indonesian language is primarily used in commerce, administration, education and the media, and thus nearly every Indonesian speaks the language to varying degrees of proficiency.{{sfn|Zein|2020|p=18}} Most Indonesians [[multilingual|speak other languages]], such as [[Javanese language|Javanese]], as their first language.<ref name="Ethnologue2009" /> This makes [[plurilingualism]] a norm in Indonesia.{{sfn|Zein|2020|p=18}}

== Indigenous languages and regional lingua francas ==
[[File:Indonesia Ethnic Groups Map - EN.svg|thumb|360px|left|The major ethno-linguistic groups within Indonesia]]
Indonesia recognizes only a single national language, and indigenous languages are recognized at the regional level, although policies vary from one region to another. For example, in the [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], the [[Javanese language]] is the region's official language along with [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Peraturan Daerah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 2 Tahun 2021 |url=https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Peraturan_Daerah_Daerah_Istimewa_Yogyakarta_Nomor_2_Tahun_2021 |language=id |mode=cs1 |via=Wikisource bahasa Indonesia}}</ref> Javanese is the most spoken indigenous language, with native speakers constituting 31.8% of the total population of Indonesia (as of 2010).<ref name="BPS">{{Cite book |last=Badan Pusat Statistik |url=http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf |title=Kewarganegaraan Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduk 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |isbn=978-979-064-417-5 |location=Jakarta |language=id |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194534/http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Javanese speakers are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of Java, and there are also sizable numbers in most provinces. The next most widely spoken regional languages in the country are [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], local [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]] and [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]. A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|p=256}}

There are hundreds of indigenous languages spoken in Indonesia. Most of them are locally used indigenous languages,{{sfn|Zein|2020|pp=39-40}} a category of languages referring to those spoken at the local, regional level, spoken by a small number of people, ranging from a few to a few thousands of people. These include small languages such as Benggoi, Mombum and Towei.{{sfn|Simons|Fennig|2018}}{{pn|date=May 2020}} Other languages are spoken at the regional level to connect various ethnicities. For this reason, these languages are known as regional lingua francas (RLFs). According to Subhan Zein, there are at least 43 RLFs in Indonesia, categorized into two types: Malayic RLFs and Non-Malayic RLFs. The former refers to a group of regional lingua francas that are thought of as indigenised varieties of Malay or Indonesian. These include such languages as [[Ambon Malay]], [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]] and [[Papuan Malay]]. The latter refers to regional lingua francas that are not associated with Malay or Indonesian, including [[Biak language|Biak]], [[Iban language|Iban]] and [[Onin language|Onin]].{{sfn|Zein|2020|pp=34-41}}{{sfn|Simons|Fennig|2018}}{{pn|date=May 2020}}{{efn|Zein's definition of "Malayic" RLFs should not be confused with the genealogical [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] subgroup of [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]]. The genealogical Malayic subgroup also includes languages that are listed by Zein as "non-Malayic" RLFs, such as Iban and [[Musi language|Musi]].}}

==Foreign languages==
As early as the seventh century AD, the natives of the archipelago began an intense period of trade with people from [[China]], [[India]] and other countries. This was followed by a long period of colonization by the [[The Netherlands|Dutch]] and [[Portugal]] colonials. The outcome of these processes has been the development of a group of heritage languages spoken by [[Arab People|Arab]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Eurasian]] and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] descendants, among others. Chinese linguistic varieties such as [[Hokkien]], [[Hakka]], and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] are the most common heritage languages. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is also spoken among majority of Indians in the country. A small number of heritage language speakers speak [[Arabic]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]].{{sfn|Zein|2020|pp=41-43}}

===Dutch===
{{Further|Dutch language#Asia}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Demonstratieauto van de Dienst der Volksgezondheid ca. 1925 TMnr 60012956.jpg|thumb|The use of Dutch, Javanese and Malay in Java, Dutch East Indies]]
Despite the Dutch presence in [[Indonesia]] for almost 350&nbsp;years (parts of Indonesia were ruled by the [[Dutch East India Company]] and the whole of modern Indonesia was in the [[Dutch East Indies]]) the Dutch language has no official status in Indonesia.{{snf|Baker|Jones|1998|p=302}} The small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZtDIhWzFeUC |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2006 |isbn=9783110184181 |editor-last=Ammon |editor-first=Ulrich |edition=2nd, revised and extended |volume=3 |page=2017 |editor-last2=Dittmar |editor-first2=Norbert |editor-last3=Mattheier |editor-first3=Klaus J. |editor-last4=Trudgill |editor-first4=Peter}}</ref> as certain [[law code]]s are still only available in Dutch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Booij |first=Geert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LT6E6YdAh-MC |title=The Phonology of Dutch |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-823869-X |series=Oxford Linguistics |page=2}}</ref>

===English===
English has historically been categorized as the first [[foreign language]] in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dardjowidjojo |first=S. |date=2000 |title=English teaching in Indonesia |journal=English Australia |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=22–30}}</ref> However, increasing exposure to English, the decreasing influence of native-speaker norms in the country and the prevalent use of English as a lingua franca in the broader context such as [[ASEAN]] means that the categorization has been put into question.{{sfn|Zein|2018|pp=21-40}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lowenberg |first=P. |date=1991 |title=English as an additional language in Indonesia |journal=World Englishes |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=127–138 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00146.x}}</ref> Scholars such as Lowenberg argue that English is best seen as an [[additional language]]. Meanwhile, Zein argues that English in Indonesia is best categorized as a [[lingua franca]],{{sfn|Zein|2018|pp=21-40}} an argument parallel with Kirkpatrick's contention on the use of [[English as a lingua franca]] in the broader ASEAN context.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirkpatrick |first=A. |title=English as a Lingua Franca in ASEAN: A Multilingual Model |date=2010 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=9789888028788 |location=Hong Kong}}</ref>

===Other languages===
Other languages, such as [[Arabic]], [[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], are non-native to Indonesia. These languages are included in the educational curriculum and may be categorized as either foreign or additional languages, depending on the instrumental function of the languages, length and types of exposure, as well as the wide-ranging motivations of the speakers or learners who use and or learn them.{{sfn|Zein|2020|pp=44-45}}

== Endangered languages ==
{{main|List of endangered languages in Indonesia}}
There are 726 languages spoken across the Indonesian archipelago in 2009 (dropped from 742 languages in 2007), the second largest multilingual population in the world after [[Languages of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]. Indonesian Papua, which is adjacent to Papua New Guinea, has the most languages in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2017 |title=Berapa Jumlah Bahasa Daerah di Indonesia? |trans-title=How many regional languages in Indonesia? |url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3620412/berapa-jumlah-bahasa-daerah-di-indonesia-saat-ini |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=Liputan6.com |language=id}}</ref> Based on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale classification used by [[Ethnologue]] (formerly the [[Summer Institute of Linguistics]]), 63 languages are dying (shown in red on the bar chart, subdivided into Moribund and Nearly Extinct, or Dormant), which is defined as "The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia - Status |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/status |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>

==Language policy==
Indonesia's national language policy is governed by various legal frameworks. Article 36C of the [[Constitution of Indonesia|1945 Constitution]] mandates that matters related to the national flag, language, emblem, and anthem must be regulated by law. This mandate led to the enactment of Law No. 24 of 2009 on the National Flag, Language, Emblem, and Anthem, which dedicates Chapter III (Articles 25–45) to the regulation of the Indonesian language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Language Protection in the National Language Policy Framework |url=https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/artikel-detail/797/pelindungan-bahasa-daerah-dalam-kerangka-kebijakan-nasional-kebahasaan |publisher=Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

In addition to regulating the national language, the government has implemented a Regional Language Revitalization Program (''Revitalisasi Bahasa Daerah (RBD)''), which aims to preserve and promote local languages by ensuring their transmission to younger generations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Four Pillars of Regional Language Revitalization |url=https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/artikel-detail/3647/empat-gajak-revitalisasi-bahasa-daerah |publisher=Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref> To support this initiative, the ministry has published Guidelines for Regional Language Revitalization (''Pedoman Model Revitalisasi Bahasa Daerah''), providing a structured approach for implementation across different regions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Language Revitalization Model Guidelines |url=https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/post/download_doc/249 |publisher=Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

Indonesia is home to 718 regional languages, many of which are classified as endangered or critically endangered.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Language Revitalization |url=https://balaibahasa-sumbar.kemdikbud.go.id/revitalisasi-bahasa-daerah/ |publisher=Balai Bahasa Sumbar |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref> The revitalization efforts are part of a broader strategy to maintain linguistic diversity while reinforcing the role of Indonesian as the national language.

==Languages by speakers==
{{main|List of languages by number of native speakers in Indonesia|List of languages by total number of speakers in Indonesia}}

The population numbers given below are of [[native speakers]], excepting the figure for Indonesian, which counts its total speakers. The total population of the country was 237.6 million in 2010.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Largest languages in Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
!Language
!Number<br>(millions)
!% of total<br>population
!Branch
!Year surveyed
!Main areas where spoken
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] 
| 210
| {{percentage bar|80.42}}
| [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
| 2010
| Throughout Indonesia
|-
| [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
| 84.3
| {{percentage bar|32.28}}
| Javanese
| 2000 (census)
| Throughout [[Java Island]] and several provinces in [[Sumatra Island|Sumatra]] and [[Borneo Island|Kalimantan]] islands.
|-
| [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
| 42.0
| {{percentage bar|16.08}}
| Sundanese
| 2016
| [[West Java]], [[Banten]], [[Jakarta]]
|-
| [[Madurese language|Madurese]]
| 13.6
| {{percentage bar|5.21}}
| Madurese
| 2000 (census)
| [[Madura Island]] ([[East Java]])
|-
| [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
| 5.5
| {{percentage bar|2.11}}
| Malayic
| 2007
| [[West Sumatra]], [[Riau]], [[Jambi]], [[Bengkulu]], [[Jakarta]]
|-
| [[Buginese language|Buginese]]
| 5.0
| {{percentage bar|1.91}}
| [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]]
| 2000 (census)
| [[South Sulawesi]]
|-
| [[Palembang language|Palembang Malay]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bahasa Betawi: Sejarah dan Perkembangannya |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |year=2000 |editor-last=Muhadjir |location=Jakarta |pages=13}}</ref>
| 3.9
| {{percentage bar|1.49}}
| Malayic
| 2000 (census)
| [[South Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Banjar language|Banjarese]]
| 3.5
| {{percentage bar|1.34}}
| Malayic 
| 2000 (census)
| [[South Kalimantan]], [[East Kalimantan]], [[Central Kalimantan]]
|-
| [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]
| 3.5
| {{percentage bar|1.34}}
| [[Chamic languages|Chamic]] 
| 2000 (census)
| [[Aceh]]
|-
| [[Balinese language|Balinese]]
| 3.3
| {{percentage bar|1.26}}
| [[Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa languages|Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa]]
| 2000 (census)
| [[Bali]] Island and [[Lombok]] Island
|-
| [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
| 2.7
| {{percentage bar|1.03}}
| [[Malay-based creole languages|Malay-based creole]]
| 1993
| [[Jakarta]]
|-
| [[Sasak language|Sasak]]
| 2.1
| {{percentage bar|0.80}}
| Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa
| 1989
| [[Lombok]] Island ([[West Nusa Tenggara]])
|-
| [[Toba Batak language|Batak Toba]]
| 2.0
| {{percentage bar|0.77}}
| [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]
| 1991
| [[North Sumatra]], [[Riau]], [[Riau Islands]], [[Jakarta]]
|-
| [[Ambonese Malay]]
| 1.9
| {{percentage bar|0.73}}
| Malay-based creole 
| 1987
| [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]
|-
| [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]]
| 2.1
| {{percentage bar|0.80}}
| South Sulawesi 
| 2000 (census)
| [[South Sulawesi]]
|-
| [[Min Nan language|Min Nan]]
| 1.3
| {{percentage bar|0.50}}
| [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic (Min Nan)]]
| 2000
| [[North Sumatra]], [[Riau]], [[Riau Islands]], [[West Kalimantan]]
|-
| [[Batak Dairi language|Batak Dairi]]
| 1.2
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
| [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]
| 1991
| [[North Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Batak Simalungun language|Batak Simalungun]]
| 1.2
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
| [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]
| 2000 (census)
| [[North Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Mandailing language|Batak Mandailing]]
| 1.1
| {{percentage bar|0.42}}
| [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]
| 2000 (census)
| [[North Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Jambi Malay]]
| 1.0
| {{percentage bar|0.38}}
| Malayic 
| 2000 (census)
| [[Jambi]]
|-
| [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]
| 1.0
| {{percentage bar|0.38}}
| Philippine
| 2000 (census)
| [[Gorontalo (province)]]
|-
| [[Ngaju language|Ngaju Dayak]]
| 0.9
| {{percentage bar|0.34}}
| [[West Barito languages|West Barito]]
| 2003
| Central Kalimantan
|-
| [[Nias language|Nias]]
| 0.8
| {{percentage bar|0.31}}
| [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]
| 2000 (census)
| [[Nias Island]], [[North Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Batak Angkola language|Batak Angkola]]
| 0.7
| {{percentage bar|0.27}}
| [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]
| 1991
| [[North Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Manado Malay]]
| 0.8
| {{percentage bar|0.31}}
| Malay-based creole
| 2001
| [[North Sulawesi]]
|-
| [[North Moluccan Malay]]
| 0.7
| {{percentage bar|0.27}}
| Malay-based creole
| 2001
| [[North Maluku]]
|-
| [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]
| 0.6
| {{percentage bar|0.23}}
| Sinitic 
| 1982
| [[Bangka Belitung]], [[Riau Islands]] and [[West Kalimantan]]
|-
| [[Batak Karo language|Batak Karo]]
| 0.6
| {{percentage bar|0.23}}
| [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]
| 1991
| [[North Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Uab Meto]]
| 0.6
| {{percentage bar|0.23}}
| [[Timor-Babar languages|Timor-Babar]]
| 1997
| [[West Timor]] ([[East Nusa Tenggara]])
|-
| [[Bima language|Bima]]
| 0.5
| {{percentage bar|0.19}}
| Bima 
| 1989
| [[Sumbawa Island]] ([[West Nusa Tenggara]])
|-
| [[Manggarainese language|Manggarai]]
| 0.5
| {{percentage bar|0.19}}
| [[Sumba-Flores languages|Sumba-Flores]]
| 1989
| [[Flores|Flores Island]] ([[East Nusa Tenggara]])
|-
| [[Toraja-Sa’dan language|Toraja-Sa’dan]]
| 0.5
| {{percentage bar|0.19}}
| South Sulawesi
| 1990
| [[South Sulawesi]], [[West Sulawesi]]
|-
| [[Komering language|Komering]]
| 0.5
| {{percentage bar|0.19}}
| [[Lampungic languages|Lampungic]]
| 2000 (census)
| [[South Sumatra]]
|-
| [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
| 0.4
| {{percentage bar|0.15}}
| Timor-Babar
| 2004
| [[West Timor]] ([[East Nusa Tenggara]])
|-
| [[Rejang language (Sumatra)|Rejang]]
| 0.4
| {{percentage bar|0.15}}
| [[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]]
| 2000 (census)
| [[Bengkulu]]
|-
| [[Muna language|Muna]]
| 0.3
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
| [[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
| 1989
| [[Southeast Sulawesi]]
|-
| [[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]]
| 0.3
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
| Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa
| 1989
| [[Sumbawa Island]] ([[West Nusa Tenggara]])
|-
| [[Bangka Malay]]
| 0.3
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
| Malayic 
| 2000 (census)
| [[Bangka Island]] ([[Bangka Belitung]])
|-
| [[Osing dialect|Osing]]
| 0.3
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
| Javanese 
| 2000 (census)
| [[East Java]]
|-
| [[Gayo language|Gayo]]
| 0.3
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
| [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]
| 2000 (census)
| [[Aceh]]
|-
| [[Cantonese]]
| 0.3
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
| Sinitic (Yue)
| 2000
| [[North Sumatera]], [[Riau Islands]], [[Jakarta]]
|-
| [[Tolaki language|Tolaki]]
| 0.3
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
| [[Celebic languages|Celebic]]
| 1991
| [[Southeast Sulawesi]]
|-
| [[Tae’ language|Tae’]]
| 0.3
| {{percentage bar|0.11}}
| South Sulawesi
| 1992
| [[South Sulawesi]]
|-
|}

==Languages by family==
Several prominent languages spoken in Indonesia sorted by [[language family]] are:

*'''[[Austronesian languages]]''' – ([[Malayo-Polynesian]] branch). Most languages spoken in Indonesia belong to this family, which in return are related to languages spoken in [[Madagascar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]], [[New Zealand]], [[Hawaii]] and various [[Oceania]]n countries.
**[[Javanese language]], spoken in [[Yogyakarta]], [[Central Java]] and [[East Java]]. Speakers are also found in [[Lampung]] since Javanese migrants make up more than half of the province's population.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Daniswari |editor-first=Dini |publisher=Kompas Cyber Media |date=2022-05-12 |title=Mengapa di Lampung Banyak Orang Jawa? Halaman all |url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/05/12/142740878/mengapa-di-lampung-banyak-orang-jawa |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sushmita |first=Chelin Indra |date=2022-05-13 |title=Kenapa di Lampung Banyak Orang Jawa? |url=https://www.solopos.com/kenapa-di-lampung-banyak-orang-jawa-1315798 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Solopos.com |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiyardi |first=Rudy |publisher=Kompasiana.com |date=2021-03-18 |title=Kenapa di Lampung Banyak Penutur Bahasa Jawa? |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/rudywiryadi2002/60518f49e95df704324a42e3/bahasa-jawa |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> Also found throughout Indonesia and by migrants in [[Suriname]]. Most populous Austronesian language by number of first language speakers.
**[[Lampung language]], two distinct but closely related languages spoken in [[Lampung]], [[South Sumatra]] and [[Banten]].
***[[Komering language|Komering]], spoken in [[South Sumatera]] province.
**[[Rejang language (Indonesia)|Rejang language]], spoken in [[Bengkulu]] province.
**[[Malayo-Sumbawan languages]]:
***[[Malay language]], spoken throughout Indonesia. Also used as the national language (officially regulated and designated as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]). Officially recognized in [[Malaysia]] (as [[Bahasa Melayu Malaysia]]), [[Singapore]], and [[Brunei]].
***[[Acehnese language]], spoken in [[Aceh]], especially coastal part of [[Sumatra]] island.
***[[Minangkabau language]], spoken in [[West Sumatra]].
***[[Banjar language]], spoken in [[South Kalimantan|South]], [[East Kalimantan|East]], and [[Central Kalimantan]].
***[[Sundanese language]], spoken in [[West Java]], [[Banten]] and [[Jakarta]].
***[[Balinese language]], spoken in [[Bali]].
***[[Madurese language]], spoken in [[Madura]], [[Bawean]] and surrounding islands off the coast of [[Java]].
***[[Sasak language]], spoken in [[Lombok]], [[West Nusa Tenggara]].
**[[Barito languages]]:
*** [[Ma'anyan language]], closely related to the [[Malagasy language]] spoken in Madagascar.
**[[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages]]:
***[[Batak languages]], seven closely related languages spoken by the [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak people]] in the highlands of [[North Sumatra]].
***[[Nias language]], in [[Nias island]] off the western coast of [[North Sumatra]].
***[[Simeulue language]], in [[Simeulue]] island off the western coast of [[Aceh]].
***[[Gayo language]], in Gayo highlands in central [[Aceh]].
**[[South Sulawesi languages]]:
***[[Bugis language]], spoken by [[Bugis]] in central [[South Sulawesi]] and neighbouring provinces.
***[[Makassarese language]], spoken by [[Makassar]]ese in southern end of [[South Sulawesi]].
***[[Toraja language]], spoken by [[Toraja|Toraja people]] in northern highland of [[South Sulawesi]].
***[[Mandar language]], spoken in [[West Sulawesi]].
**[[Philippine languages]]:
*** [[Gorontalo language]], spoken in [[Gorontalo (province)|Gorontalo]] province.
*** [[Mongondow language]], spoken in western part of [[North Sulawesi]].
*** [[Minahasan languages]], spoken in eastern part of [[North Sulawesi]].
*** [[Tausug language|Suluk or Tausug language]], spoken in [[Nunukan Regency|northeastern part]], of [[North Kalimantan]].
*** [[Sangiric languages]], spoken in northern islands part of [[North Sulawesi]].
**[[Oceanic languages]]
*** [[Sarmi-Jayapura languages]], spoken in the northern part of [[Papua (province)|Papua]].
**[[Enggano language]] of Sumatra, unclassified
*'''[[West Papuan languages]]''', an indigenous language family found only in eastern Indonesia (northern [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] and western [[Papua (province)|Papua]]). No discernible relationship with other language families. Distinct from surrounding Austronesian languages.
**[[Ternate language]], spoken in [[Ternate]] and northern [[Halmahera]].
**[[Tidore language]], spoken in [[Tidore]] and western [[Halmahera]], closely related to the above Ternate language.
*'''[[Trans–New Guinea languages]]''', an indigenous language family found in eastern Indonesia ([[New Guinea]], [[Alor Archipelago|Alor]], [[Timor]] islands). Consisting of hundreds of languages, including the vernaculars of the [[Asmat people|Asmat]] and [[Dani people]].
* [[Mairasi languages]] (4)
* [[East Geelvink Bay languages|East Cenderawasih (Geelvink Bay) languages]] (10)
* [[Lakes Plain languages]] (19; upper [[Mamberamo River]])
* [[Tor–Kwerba languages]] (17)
* [[Nimboran languages]] (5)
* [[Sko languages|Skou languages]] ([[Skou language|Skou]])
* [[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border languages]] (15)
* [[Senagi languages]] (2) 
* [[Pauwasi languages]]

There are many additional small families and isolates among the [[Papuan languages]].

Below is a full list of [[Papuan languages|Papuan language families]] spoken in Indonesia, following Palmer, et al. (2018):<ref name="Palmer-LLNGA">{{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Bill |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7 |editor-last=Palmer |editor-first=Bill |series=The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |pages=1–20 |chapter=Language families of the New Guinea Area}}</ref>

{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
#'''[[Trans-New Guinea languages|Trans-New Guinea]]'''
##'''[[Ok languages|Ok-Oksapmin]]''' (also in Papua New Guinea)
##'''[[Dani languages|Dani]]'''
##'''[[Asmat–Kamoro languages|Asmat-Kamoro]]'''
##[[Mek languages|Mek]]
##[[Paniai Lakes languages|Paniai Lakes]]
##[[West Bomberai languages|West Bomberai]]
##[[Somahai languages|Somahai]]
##'''[[Anim languages|Anim]]''' (also in Papua New Guinea)
##'''[[Greater Awyu languages|Greater Awyu]]'''
##[[Kayagaric languages|Kayagaric]]
##[[Kolopom languages|Kolopom]]
##''[[Marori language|Marori]]''
#'''[[Timor–Alor–Pantar languages|Timor-Alor-Pantar]]'''
#'''[[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera]]'''
#''[[Tambora language|Tambora]]''†
#[[Nuclear South Bird's Head languages|Nuclear South Bird's Head]]
#[[Inanwatan–Duriankere languages|Inanwatan–Duriankere]]
#[[Konda–Yahadian languages|Konda–Yahadian]]
#[[Mantion–Meax languages|Nuclear East Bird's Head]]
#[[Hatam–Mansim languages|Hatam–Mansim]]
#[[West Bird's Head languages|West Bird's Head]]
#''[[Abun language|Abun]]''
#''[[Mpur language|Mpur]]''
#''[[Maybrat language|Maybrat]]''
#''[[Mor language (Papuan)|Mor]]''
#''[[Sumuri language|Tanah Merah]]''
#'''[[Tor–Kwerba languages|Tor-Kwerba]]'''
#'''[[Lakes Plain languages|Lakes Plain]]'''
#'''[[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border]]''' (also in Papua New Guinea)
#'''[[Skou languages|Sko]]''' (also in Papua New Guinea)
#'''[[East Geelvink Bay languages|East Cenderawasih Bay]]'''
#[[Yam languages|Yam]] (also in Papua New Guinea)
#[[Komolom languages|Komolom]]
#[[Yelmek-Maklew languages|Yelmek-Maklew]]
#[[Eastern Pauwasi languages|Eastern Pauwasi]] (also in Papua New Guinea)
#[[Western Pauwasi languages|Western Pauwasi]]
#[[Nimboran languages|Nimboran]]
#[[Sentani languages|Sentani]]
#[[Mairasi languages|Mairasi]]
#[[Kaure–Kosare languages|Kaure]]
#[[Lepki–Murkim languages|Lepki-Murkim]]
#[[Senagi languages|Senagi]] ([[Angor language|Angor]]-[[Dera language|Dera]]) (also in Papua New Guinea)
#[[Tofanma–Namla languages|Tofanma-Namla]]
#[[Yawa languages|Yapen]]
#''[[Abinomn language|Abinomn]]''
#''[[Burmeso language|Burmeso]]''
#''[[Elseng language|Elseng]]''
#''[[Kapauri language|Kapauri]]''
#''[[Kembra language|Kembra]]''
#''[[Keuw language|Keuw]]''
#''[[Kimki language|Kimki]]''
#''[[Massep language|Massep]]''
#''[[Mawes language|Mawes]]''
#''[[Molof language|Molof]]''
#''[[Usku language|Usku]]''
#''[[Yetfa language|Yetfa]]''
#[[Bayono–Awbono languages|Bayono-Awbono]]
#''[[Dem language|Dem]]''
#''[[Uhunduni language|Uhunduni]]''
{{colend}}

==Sign languages==
There are at least 2.5 million [[sign language]] users across the country, although official report only shows less than 50,000.{{sfn|Zein|2020|p=43}} Sign language users are often ridiculed and stigmatized.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palfreyman |first=Nick |title=Sign language varieties of Indonesia: A linguistic and sociolinguistic investigation (PhD thesis). |date=2015 |publisher=University of Central Lancashire |location=Lancashire, the UK}}</ref>

* [[Indonesian Sign Language]]
** [[Yogyakarta Sign Language]] 
** [[Jakarta Sign Language]]
* [[Kata Kolok]]

==Writing system==
{{main|List of writing systems of Indonesia}}

[[File:4th century Sanskrit Yupa inscriptions of Mulavarman, Kutei East Kalimantan, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|One of the Yupa inscriptions from Kutai, East Kalimantan, written in Sanskrit using the Tamil Grantha script.]]

Indonesian languages are generally not rendered in native-invented systems, but in scripts devised by speakers of other languages, that is, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Arabic]], and [[Latin]]. [[Malay language|Malay]], for example, has a long history as a written language and has been rendered in [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]], and [[Latin script|Latin]] scripts. [[Javanese language|Javanese]] has been written in the [[Pallava script]] of South India, as well as their derivative (known as [[Kawi script|Kawi]] and [[Javanese script|Javanese]]), in an Arabic alphabet called ''[[Pegon (language)|pegon]]'' that incorporates Javanese sounds, and in the Latin script.

Chinese characters have never been used to write Indonesian languages, although Indonesian place-names, personal names, and names of trade goods appear in reports and histories written for [[China]]'s imperial courts.{{sfn|Taylor|2003|p=29}}
[[File:Writing Systems of Indonesia.png|thumb|Tree diagram of various writing systems that are used in Indonesia]]

===List of writing systems===

* [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] – The national and official writing system of Indonesia. [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], along with all of the country’s [[List of languages by total number of speakers in Indonesia|vernacular languages]], adopts [[Latin script]]. It is used in every branch of government and widely across all aspects of life in Indonesia, including education, entertainment, media, and more. Latin script ensures uniformity in communication across Indonesia’s many ethnic groups and languages.
* Traditional writing systems – Traditional writing systems or Nusantara scripts are used for cultural preservation. Nusantara scripts are taught in schools in some regions as a "Muatan Lokal" or local curriculum. Some local governments, like, [[Aceh]], [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]], [[Bali]], and others, promote their use in signage and education. Currently, Nusantara scripts that still in use are:
*# [[Balinese script|Balinese]] &ndash; A Brahmic-based script, used to write [[Balinese language|Balinese]] and [[Sasak language|Sasak]]. It is closely related to Javanese script. Balinese script is taught in some schools in [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]]. Variants of Balinese script are:
*#* Balinese script
*#* Sasak script
*# [[Javanese script|Javanese]] &ndash; A Brahmic-based script, used mainly to write [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and sometimes for [[Madurese language|Madurese]], Sundanese, Cirebonese, and [[Osing language|Osing]]. Javanese script is taught in some schools in [[Yogyakarta]], [[East Java|East]], and [[Central Java]].
*# [[Sundanese script|Sundanese]] &ndash; A Brahmic-based script, used by [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] to write the Sundanese language. Sundanese script is taught in some schools in [[Banten]] and [[West Java]].
*# [[Batak script|Batak]] &ndash; A Brahmic-based script, used by the [[Batak|Batak people]] to write [[Batak languages|Batak]] languages. Batak script is taught in some schools in [[North Sumatra]]. Variants of Batak scripts are:
*#* Batak Karo script
*#* Batak Mandailing script
*#* Batak Pakpak script
*#* Batak Simalungun script
*#* Batak Toba script
*# [[Ulu scripts|Ulu]] &ndash; A Brahmic-based script, used by southern Sumatran people to write Lampung, Bengkulu, Ogan, Rejang, Malay, Serawai, Kerinci, and other Malayic languages. Ulu script is taught in some schools in [[Jambi]], [[Bengkulu]], [[South Sumatra]], and [[Lampung]]. Variants of Ulu scripts are:
*#* [[Rencong script|Ulu/Rencong script]]
*#* [[Rejang script]] (used by the [[Rejangese people|Rejang people]] of [[Bengkulu]])
*#* [[:id:Aksara Incung|Incung script]] (used by the [[Kerinci people]] to write their [[Kerinci language|language]])
*#* [[:id:Aksara_Ogan|Ogan script]] (used by the Ogan people people to write their [[Ogan language|language]])
*#* [[:id:Surat_Lampung|Lampung script]] (used to write Lampung and [[Komering language|Komering]])
*#* Lembak script
*#* Lintang script
*#* Lebong script
*#* Serawai script
*#* Pasemah script
*# [[Lontara script|Lontara]] &ndash; A Brahmic-based script, used in southern Sulawesi mainly to write [[Buginese language|Buginese]] and [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]], and sometimes for [[Mandar language|Mandar]] and [[Luwu' language|Luwu]]. Lontara is also used to write [[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]], [[Bima language|Bima]], and [[Ende language (Indonesia)|Ende]] languages. Lontara script is taught in some schools in [[Sumbawa]], [[Flores]], [[West Sulawesi|West]], and [[South Sulawesi]]. Variants of Lontara scripts are:
*#* [[Lontara script]]
*#* [[Satera Jontal|Satera Jontal script]] (used to write Sumbawa)
*#* [[Mbojo script]] (used to write Bima)
*#* Lota Ende script (used to write Ende)
*# [[Jawi script|Jawi]] &ndash; An Arabic-based script, once widely used throughout Indonesia, now in decline but still used by Malays, [[Betawi people|Betawi]], [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Banjar people|Banjarese]], [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Osing people|Osing]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], and [[Madurese people|Madurese]]. Jawi script is taught in some schools in various regions, particularly in [[Aceh]], [[West Sumatra|West sumatra]], [[South Kalimantan]], [[Madura]], etc. Variants of Jawi scripts are:
*#* [[Jawi script]]
*#* [[Pegon script]] (used mainly to write Madurese, sometimes also for Sundanese, Javanese, and Osing languages)
*#* [[Buri Wolio|Buri Wolio script]] (used to write [[Wolio language|Wolio]])
*#* Serang script (used to write [[Buginese language|Buginese]] and [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]])
*# Cia-Cia script &ndash; A Hangul-based script, used to write [[Cia-Cia language|Cia-Cia]]. Cia-Cia is taught in some schools in [[Buton]].
* Foreign writing systems – Various foreign scripts that mainly used by the descendants of the respective ethnicities or by foreigners residing in Indonesia. These foreign scripts are not managed by the government of Indonesia; thus, the regulations, rules, syntax, grammar, etc., follow the writing systems of their countries of origin. Several foreign scripts in Indonesia are:
*# [[Chinese characters|Hanzi]] (used to write [[Mandarin Chinese|Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Hokkien]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], and [[Japanese language|Japanese]])
*# [[Kana]] (used to write Japanese)
*# [[Arabic script|Arabic]] (used to write [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]])
*# [[Devanagari]] (used to write [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]])
*# [[Tamil script|Tamil]] (used to write [[Tamil language|Tamil]])
*# [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (used to write [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]])
* Other writing systems:
*# Extinct or no longer used regularly:
*#* [[Kawi script|Kawi]] &ndash; The oldest known Brahmic writing system in Indonesia and the ancestor to all Brahmic based writing systems in Insular Southeast Asia.
*#* [[Buda script|Buda/Gunung]] &ndash; Historically used to write [[Old Javanese]] and [[Old Sundanese language|Old Sundanese]].
*#* Old Sundanese &ndash; Historically used to write Sundanese before being replaced by Latin, Pegon, and Sundanese scripts.
*#* [[Rejang script|Kaganga]] &ndash; Historically used to write [[Rejang language|Rejang]], an Austronesian language from Bengkulu.
*#* [[Makasar script|Jangang-Jangang]] &ndash; Historically used to write Makassarese before being replaced by Latin, Jawi, and Lontara scripts.
*#* [[Bilang-bilang|Bilang-Bilang]] &ndash; Only used for poetry in Buginese language.
*#* Toba Incung &ndash; Historically used to write Batak Toba language before being replaced by Latin and [[Batak script|Batak]] scripts.
*#* Bada/Badaic &ndash; Historically used to write [[Badaic languages|Badaic]] languages.
*# Controversial scripts:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aksara di Nusantara |url=https://aksaradinusantara.com/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Aksara di Nusantara |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aksara Nusantara {{!}} Wiki eduNitas, Kumpulan Ensiklopedia |url=https://wiki.edunitas.com/ind/114-10/Aksara-Nusantara_21676__eduNitas.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220324212746/https://wiki.edunitas.com/ind/114-10/Aksara-Nusantara_21676__eduNitas.html |archive-date=2022-03-24 |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=edunitas.com |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Menulis Tradisi: Aksara |url=https://writingtradition.blogspot.com/p/selamat-datang.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Menulis Tradisi}}</ref>
*#* Malesung &ndash; Historically used to write [[Minahasan languages|Minahasan]] languages.
*#* Nggahi Mbojo &ndash; Historically used to write [[Bima language|Bima]] before being replaced by Latin and Lontara scripts.
*#* Minang/Tamboalam &ndash; Historically used to write [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] before being replaced by Latin and Jawi scripts.
*#* Mongondow/Basahan &ndash; Historically used to write [[Mongondow language|Mongondow]] before being replaced by Latin script.
*#* Bonda, Tidung, and Mentawai (scripts that have little evidence and need more research).
*#* Gayo, Palembang, Kanung, Sangir, Cirebon, Alifuru, and Iban/Dunging (scripts that have very little to no evidence that these scripts ever used historically).

== Sample text ==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2020}}
The following texts are translations of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in the languages of Indonesia.
* English
{{cquote|''All people are born free and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should associate with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.''}}

* Indonesian (''Bahasa Indonesia'')
{{cquote|''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.''}}

* Javanese (''Basa Jawa or ꦧꦱꦗꦮ'')
{{cquote|''ꦱꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦩꦤꦸꦁꦱꦏꦭꦲꦶꦫꦏꦺꦩꦂꦢꦶꦏꦭꦤ꧀ꦢꦂꦧꦺꦩꦂꦠꦧꦠ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦲꦏ꧀ꦲꦏ꧀ꦏꦁꦥꦝ꧉ꦏꦧꦺꦃꦥꦶꦤꦫꦶꦔꦤ꧀ꦲꦏꦭ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦭ꧀ꦧꦸꦱꦂꦠꦏꦲꦗꦧ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦴꦤꦺꦥꦱꦿꦮꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦩꦼꦩꦶꦠꦿꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦗꦶꦭꦤ꧀ꦭꦶꦪꦤꦺꦠꦤ꧀ꦱꦃꦔꦸꦒꦺꦩꦶꦗꦶꦮꦥꦱꦺꦢꦸꦭꦸꦫꦤ꧀꧉。''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Javanese (Javanese) |url=https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_jav_java.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=OHCHR |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608024221/https://www.unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_jav_java.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{cquote|''Sabên manungsa kalairake mardika lan darbe martabat lan hak-hak kang padha. Kabeh pinaringan akal lan kalbu sarta kaajab anggone pasrawungan mêmitran siji lan liyane tansah ngugemi jiwa paseduluran.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Javanese |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/javanese |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref>}}

* Sundanese (''Basa Sunda or ᮘᮃᮞᮃ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓᮃ'')
{{cquote|''ᮞᮃᮊᮥᮙ᮪ᮔᮃ ᮏᮃᮜ᮪ᮙᮃ ᮌᮥᮘᮁᮃᮌ᮪ ᮊᮃ ᮃᮜᮃᮙ᮪ ᮓᮥᮑᮃ ᮒᮦᮂ ᮞᮤᮕᮃᮒ᮪ᮔᮃ ᮙᮨᮁᮓᮤᮊᮃ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮘᮧᮌᮃ ᮙᮃᮁᮒᮃᮘᮃᮒ᮪ ᮊᮃᮒᮥᮒ᮪ ᮠᮃᮊ᮪-ᮠᮃᮊ᮪ ᮃᮔᮥ ᮞᮃᮛᮥᮃ. ᮙᮃᮛᮃᮔᮦᮂᮔᮃ ᮓᮤᮘᮦᮛᮦ ᮃᮊᮃᮜ᮪ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮠᮃᮒᮦ ᮔᮥᮛᮃᮔᮤ, ᮎᮃᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮁ-ᮌᮃᮅᮜ᮪ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮞᮃᮞᮃᮙᮃᮔᮃ ᮃᮚᮃ ᮓᮤᮔᮃ ᮞᮥᮙᮃᮍᮨᮒ᮪ ᮓᮥᮓᮥᮜᮥᮛᮃᮔ᮪''}}
{{cquote|''Sakumna jalma gubrag ka alam dunya téh sipatna merdika jeung boga martabat katut hak-hak anu sarua. Maranéhna dibéré akal jeung haté nurani, campur-gaul jeung sasamana aya dina sumanget duduluran.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Pernyataan Umum Ngeunaan Hak-hak Asasi Manusa |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/sundanese |website=United Nations OHCHR|language=su |trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>}}

* Minangkabau (''Baso Minangkabau or باسو مينڠكاباو'')
{{cquote|''سادوڽو مأنسي دلهياكن مرديكا دان ڤوڽو مرتبت ساراتو حق-حق نن سامو. مريك دكارونياي اكا جو هاتي نوراني سوڤيو ساتو سامو لاين باڬاول ساروڤو اورڠ بادونسانق''}}
{{cquote|''Sadonyo manusia dilahiakan mardeka dan punyo martabat sarato hak-hak nan samo. Mareka dikaruniai aka jo hati nurani, supayo satu samo lain bagaul sarupo urang badunsanak.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Deklarasi Sadunia Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/minangkabau |website=United Nations OHCHR|language=min |trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>}}

* Buginese (''Basa Ugi or ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ'')
{{cquote|'' ᨔᨗᨊᨗᨊᨛᨊ ᨑᨘᨄ ᨈᨕᨘ ᨑᨗ ᨍᨍᨗᨕᨂᨛᨂᨗ ᨑᨗᨒᨗᨊᨚᨕᨛ ᨊᨄᨊᨛᨊᨕᨗ ᨆᨊᨛᨂᨛᨂᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨛᨂᨛᨂᨛ ᨕᨒᨛᨅᨛᨅᨗᨑᨛᨂᨛ. ᨊᨄᨊᨕᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨛᨂᨛᨂᨛ ᨕᨀᨒᨛᨂᨛ, ᨊᨄᨊᨕᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨛᨂᨛᨂᨛ ᨕᨈᨗ ᨆᨑᨛᨊᨛᨊᨛᨊᨗ ᨊ ᨔᨗᨅᨚᨒᨛ ᨅᨚᨒᨛᨊ ᨄᨉ ᨔᨗᨄᨀᨈᨕᨘ ᨄᨉ ᨆᨔᨛᨔᨒᨔᨘᨑᨛᨂᨛ.''}}
{{cquote|''Sininna rupa tau ri jajiangngi rilinoe nappunnai manengngi riasengnge alebbireng. Nappunai riasengnge akkaleng, nappunai riasengnge ati marennni na sibole bolena pada sipakatau pada massalasureng.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bugisnese |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/bugisnese |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref>}}
* Balinese (''Basa Bali or ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ'')
{{cquote|''ᬲᬫᬶᬫᬦᬸᬲᬦᬾᬲᬦᬾᬜ᭄ᬭᬸᬯᬤᬶᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬳ᭄ᬫᬾᬃᬤᬾᬓᬢᬸᬃᬫᬤᬸᬯᬾᬓᭁᬢᬫᬦ᭄ᬮᬦ᭄ᬳᬓ᭄᭠ ᬳᬓ᭄ᬱᬦᬾᬧᬢᬾᬄ᭟ ᬲᬫᬶᬓᬮᬸᬕ᭄ᬭᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬧᬧᬶᬦᬾᬄᬮᬦ᭄ᬳᬶᬤᬾᬧ᭄ᬢᬸᬃᬫᬗ᭄ᬤᬦᬾᬧᬤᬫᬲᬯᬶᬢ᭄ᬭᬫᬾᬮᬭᬧᬦ᭄ᬲᬾᬫᬗᬢ᭄ᬧᬓᬸᬮᬯᬃᬕᬦ᭄''}}
{{cquote|''Sami manusane sane nyruwadi wantah merdeka tur maduwe kautamaan lan hak-hak sane pateh. Sami kalugrain papineh lan idep tur mangdane pada masawitra melarapan semangat pakulawargaan.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Pangawedar indik Hak-Hak Azasi Manusia |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/balinese |website=United Nations OHCHR|language=ban |trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>}}

* Malay (''Bahasa Melayu or بهاس مل يو'')
{{cquote|''سموا مأنسي دلاهيركن بيبس دان سامرات دري سڬي كمولياان دان حق-حق. مريك ممڤوڽاءي ڤميكيرن دان ڤراسان هاتي دان هندقله برتيندق د انتارا ساتو سام لاين دڠن سماڠت ڤرسااودارأن.''}}
{{cquote|''Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/malay-bahasa-melayu |website=United Nations OHCHR|language=ms |trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>}}

* Batak Toba (''ᯅᯖᯄ᯦᯲ ᯖᯬᯅ'')
{{cquote|'' ᯘᯮᯑᯩ ᯐᯬᯞ᯲ᯔ ᯖᯮᯅᯮ ᯅᯩᯅᯘ᯲ ᯐᯞ ᯘᯒᯮᯇ ᯑᯬ ᯂᯘᯝᯇᯬᯉ᯲ ᯑᯬᯂᯬᯖ᯲ ᯂᯄ᯦᯲ᯉ. ᯑᯪᯞᯩᯂᯬᯉ᯲ ᯑᯬ ᯖᯮ ᯉᯘᯪᯑ ᯀᯄ᯦ᯞ᯲ ᯑᯬᯂᯬᯖ᯲ ᯇᯰᯎᯬᯒ ᯉᯪ ᯒᯬᯂ ᯐᯞ ᯤᯰᯄ᯦ᯬᯉ᯲ ᯔᯘᯪᯥᯒᯮᯇᯉ᯲ ᯑᯬ ᯉᯘᯪᯑ ᯑᯪ ᯅᯎᯘᯉ᯲ ᯖᯬᯉ᯲ᯑᯪ ᯇᯒ᯲ᯂᯂᯔᯒᯰᯎᯪᯀᯬᯉ᯲''}}
{{cquote|''Sude jolma tubu bebas jala sarupa do hasangapon dohot hakna. Dilehon do tu nasida akal dohot panggora ni roha jala ingkon masiurupan do nasida di bagasan tondi parhahamaranggion.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Madurese (''Basa Madura or باس مادورا'')
{{cquote|''سادجان اوريڠ لاهير مردكا اي ساريڠ دراجت كلابن حق-حق سي ضا-ڤاضا. سادجان ايڤرڠي عقل ساريڠ نوراني بن كودو اريڠ-ساريڠ اكنچ كادي تاريتن''}}
{{cquote|''Sadajana oreng lahir mardika e sarenge drajat klaban hak-hak se dha-padha. Sadajana eparenge akal sareng nurani ban kodu areng-sareng akanca kadi taretan.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Parnyataan Omom Parkara Hak-hak Asasi Manossa |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/madurese |website=United Nations OHCHR|language=mad |trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>}}

* Makassarese (''Basa Makassar or ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨛᨔᨑᨛ'')
{{cquote|'' ᨔᨗᨀᨚᨊᨛᨈᨘ ᨈᨕᨘ ᨊᨗᨒᨔᨛᨔᨘᨀᨂᨛ ᨅᨛᨅᨔ ᨔᨗᨕᨁᨂᨛ ᨊᨗᨕ ᨂᨔᨛᨂᨗ ᨆᨑᨛᨈᨅᨈᨛ ᨔᨗᨕᨁᨂᨛ ᨖᨀᨛ-ᨖᨀᨛᨊ. ᨕᨗᨕᨆᨗᨊᨛᨈᨘ ᨊᨗᨔᨑᨛ ᨕᨀᨒ ᨔᨗᨕᨁᨂᨛ ᨕᨈᨗ ᨊᨘᨑᨊᨗ ᨔᨗᨕᨁᨂᨛ ᨄᨑᨒᨛᨒᨘᨕᨗ ᨕᨔᨛᨔᨗᨕᨁᨂᨛ ᨆᨔᨛᨔᨗᨂᨛ-ᨆᨔᨛᨔᨗᨂᨛ ᨒᨒᨂᨛ ᨑᨚᨖᨛ ᨄᨛᨑᨛᨔᨕᨘᨉᨑᨕᨊᨛ.''}}
{{cquote|''Sikontu tau nilassukang bebasa siagang nia ngasengi martabat siagang hak-hakna. Iamintu nisare akkala siagang ati nurani siagang parallui assiagang massing-massing lalang roh persaudaraan.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Musi (''Baso Pelembang'')
{{cquote|''Galo-galo uwong dari lahirnyo bebas, samorato martabat jugo hak-haknyo. Wong dienjuk utak samo raso ati, kendaknyo tu begaul sesamo manusio pecak wong sedulur.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Batak Simalungun (''ᯅᯖᯃ᯳ ᯙᯫᯕᯟᯮᯝᯯᯉ᯳'')
{{cquote|''ᯅᯖᯄ᯦᯲ ᯖᯬᯅ ᯏᯉᯮᯈ᯳ ᯐᯬᯟ᯳ᯕ ᯖᯮᯅᯮᯃ᯳ ᯕᯓ᯳ᯑᯩᯃ ᯐᯉᯃ᯳ ᯙᯓᯮᯈ ᯑᯬ ᯃᯓ᯳ᯏ ᯑᯫᯓᯫ ᯁᯕ᯳ᯈ ᯃᯃ᯳ᯉᯫ. ᯁᯪᯅᯩᯓᯩ ᯑᯬ ᯅᯉᯫ ᯙᯫᯑᯩᯀ ᯈᯫᯰᯃᯫᯓᯉ᯳ ᯁᯕ᯳ᯈ ᯈᯰᯏᯬᯓ ᯉᯫ ᯁᯮᯃᯮᯓ᯳ ᯐᯉᯃ᯳ ᯕᯉᯫᯝᯬᯉ᯳ ᯕᯓ᯳ᯙᯀᯬᯓ᯳ ᯑᯬ ᯙᯫᯑᯩᯀ ᯁᯪᯅᯏᯙ᯳ ᯖᯬᯉ᯲ᯑᯮᯜ᯳ ᯈᯓ᯳ᯙᯉᯫᯉᯀᯬᯉ᯳''}}
{{cquote|''Ganup jolma tubuh mardeka janah sarupa do harga diri ampa hakni. Ibere do bani sidea pingkiran ampa panggora ni uhur janah maningon marsaor do sidea ibagas tonduy parsaninaon.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Acehnese (''Bahsa Acèh or بهسا اچèه'')
{{cquote|''Bandum ureuëng lahé deungon meurdéhka, dan deungon martabat dan hak njang saban. Ngon akai geuseumiké, ngon haté geumeurasa, bandum geutanjoë lagèë sjèëdara.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Peunyata Umum Hak-hak Azasi Manusia Ban Sigom Dônja |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/achehnese |website=United Nations OHCHR|language=ace |trans-title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>}}

* Tetum (''Lia-Tetun'')
{{cquote|''Ema hotu hotu moris hanesan ho dignidade ho direitu. Sira hotu iha hanoin, konsiensia n'e duni tenki hare malu hanesan espiritu maun-alin.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Dawan (''Uab Metô'')
{{cquote|''Atoni ma bife ok-okê mahonis kamafutû ma nmuî upan ma hak namnés. Sin napein tenab ma nekmeü ma sin musti nabai es nok es onlê olif-tataf.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}
{{cquote|''Kanan mansian mahonis merdeka ma nok upan ma hak papmesê. Sin naheun nok tenab ma nekmeû ma sin es nok es musti nfain onlê olif-tataf.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Batak Karo (''Batak Karo'')
{{cquote|''ᯂᯩᯒᯫᯉ ᯔᯉᯬᯘᯫᯀ ᯖᯬᯆᯬᯀ᯳ ᯆᯩᯆᯘ᯳ ᯒᯘ᯳ ᯘᯩᯒᯫ ᯔᯒ᯳ᯖᯆᯖ᯳ ᯒᯘ᯳ ᯀᯂ᯳ᯉ. ᯂᯞᯂ᯳ ᯀᯩᯢ ᯀᯪᯆᯩᯒᯩᯂᯩᯉ᯳ ᯀᯂᯞ᯳ ᯒᯘ᯳ ᯇᯬᯘᯬᯀ᯳ ᯇᯩᯒᯖᯩᯉ᯳ ᯐᯉᯀ᯳ ᯀᯒᯬᯘ᯳ ᯀᯩᯒ᯳ᯘᯑ ᯀᯒᯫᯀ᯳ᯉ ᯀᯞᯬ ᯘᯩᯔᯝᯖ᯳ ᯇᯩᯒ᯳ᯘᯑᯉ᯳''}}
{{cquote|''Kerina manusia tubuh bebas ras seri martabat ras hakna. Kalak enda ibereken akal ras pusuh peraten janah arus ersada arihna alu semangat persadan.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Banjar (''Bahasa Banjar or بهاس بنجر'')
{{cquote|''صبراتان مأنسي درانكاكن بيبس مردكا وان باءايسي مرتبت لاون جوا باءايسي حق-حق نڠ سام. بوبوهنڽ صبراتان دباريءا عقل وان جوا ڤڠراس هاتي نوراني، سوڤاي ساموڽان اورڠ انتارا ساءايكوڠ لاون ساءايكوڠ باڤتوتن نڠكيا اورڠ بادڠسانكن''}}
{{cquote|''Sabarataan manusia diranakakan bibas mardika wan ba'isi martabat lawan jua ba'isi hak-hak nang sama. Bubuhannya sabarataan dibari'i akal wan jua pangrasa hati nurani, supaya samunyaan urang antara sa'ikung lawan sa'ikung bapatutan nangkaya urang badangsanakan.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Lampung (''Bahasa Lampung'')
{{cquote|''Unyin Jelema dilaheʁko merdeka jama wat pi'il ʁik hak sai gokgoh. Tiyan dikaruniako akal jama hati nurani maʁai unggal tiyan dapok nengah nyampoʁ dilom semangat muaʁiyan.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Komering (''Basa Kumoring'')
{{cquote|''Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Rejang (''Baso Jang'')
{{cquote|''Kutê tun laher mêrdeka, tmuan hok-hok gik srai. Kutê nagiak-ba akêa peker ngen atêi, kêrno o kêlok-nê bêkuat-ba do ngen luyên lêm asai sêpasuak.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

* Bengkulu Malay (''Bahaso Melayu Bengkulu'')
{{cquote|''Segalo orang dilahirkan merdeka kek punyo martabat kek hak-hak yang samo. Tobonyo dikasi akal kek hati nurani supayo bekawan dalam raso cak orang besanak.''{{cn|date=December 2024}}}}

===Comparison chart===
Below is a chart of several Indonesian languages. All of them except for [[Galela language|Galela]] belong to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]]. While there have been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as ''[[language]]s'' and which ones should be classified as ''[[dialect]]s'', the chart confirms that many have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. The languages are arranged geographically.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
!English!!one!!two!!three!!four!!water!!person!!house!!dog!!cat!!coconut!!day!!new!!we, us!!I/me!!you!!yes!!no!!what!!and
|-
![[Chinese language|Chinese]] (Mandarin)
|一 (yī)
|二 (èr)
|三 (sān)
|四 (sì)
|水 (shuǐ)
|人 (rén)
|房子 (fángzi)
|狗 (gǒu)
|猫 (māo)
|椰子 (yēzi)
|天 (tiān)
|新的 (xīnde)
|我们 (wǒmen)
|我 (wǒ)
|你 (nǐ)
|是的 (Shì de)
|不 (bù)
|什么 (shénme)
|和 (hé)
|-
![[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|een
|twee
|drie
|vier
|water
|mensen
|thuis
|hond
|kat
|kokosnoot
|dag
|nieuw
|ons
|Ik/mij
|U/jij
|ja
|nee
|wat
|en
|-
![[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
|satu
|dua
|tiga
|empat
|air
|orang
|rumah
|anjing
|kucing
|kelapa
|hari
|baru
|kita/kami
|saya/aku
|Anda/kamu/kau
|ya/iya
|tidak
|apa
|dan
|-
![[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
|cie'
|duo
|tigo
|ampe'
|aie
|urang
|rumah
|anjiang
|kuciang
|karambia
|hari
|baru
|awak
|denai/ambo
|awak/ang
|iyo
|indak
|apo
|jo
|-
![[Musi language|Palembang Malay]]
|sikok
|duo
|tigo
|empat
|banyu
|wong
|rumah
|anjing
|kucing
|kelapo
|ari
|baru
|kito
|aku/wong
|kabba/kamu
|iyo
|dido
|apo
|dan
|-
![[Betawi language|Betawi]]
|atu'
|dué
|tigé
|empat
|aér
|orang
|ruméh
|anjing
|kucing
|kelapé
|ari
|baru
|kité
|ane/gue/gua
|ente/lu/loe
|iye
|kagak
|apé
|amé
|-
![[Banjar language|Banjarese]]
|asa
|dua
|talu
|ampat
|banyu
|urang
|rumah
|hadupan
|batingas
|nyiur
|hari
|hanyar
|kita
|aku
|kauw
|
|
|apa
|wan
|-
![[Kutai]]nese
|satu
|due
|tige
|empat
|ranam
|urang
|rumah
|koyok
|
|nyiur
|hari
|beru
|etam
|
|
|
|
|apa
|dengan
|-
![[Manado Malay]]
|satu
|dua
|tiga
|ampa
|aer
|orang
|ruma
|anjing
|kucing
|kalapa
|hari
|baru
|torang
|kita/saya
|ngana/torang
|io
|nda'
|apa
|deng
|-
![[Ambonese Malay]]
|satu
|dua
|tiga
|ampa
|air
|orang
|ruma
|anjing
|kucing
|kalapa
|hari
|baru
|katong
|kita/saya
|ngana
|iyo
|seng
|apa
|deng
|-
![[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]
|sa
|dua
|lhèë
|peuët
|ië
|ureuëng
|rumoh
|asèë
|miong / miei
|u
|uroë
|ban
|geutanyoë
|lon
|droeneuh
|nye
|keun
|peuë
|ngon
|-
![[Nias language|Nias]]
|sara
|dua
|tölu
|öfa
|idanö
|niha
|omo
|asu
|mao
|banio
|luo
|bohou
|ya'ita
|
|
|
|
|hadia
|ba
|-
![[Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]
|sada
|dua
|tolu
|opat
|aek
|halak
|jabu
|biang
|huting
|harambiri
|ari
|ibbaru
|hita
|au
|ho
|olo
|daong
|aha
|dohot
|-
![[Mandailing language|Mandailing Batak]]
|sada
|dua
|tolu
|opat
|aek
|halak
|bagas
|asu
|
|arambir
|ari
|baru
|hita
|
|
|
|
|aha
|dohot
|-
![[Lampung language|Lampung]]
|say
|ʁuwa
|telu
|ampat
|way
|jelema
|nuwa
|asu
|kucing
|nyiwi
|ʁani
|ampai
|ʁam
|
|
|
|
|api
|jama
|-
![[Komering language|Komering]]
|osai
|rua
|tolu
|opak
|uway
|jolma
|lombahan
|asu
|kucing
|nyiwi
|harani
|ompai/anyar
|ram/kita
|
|
|
|
|apiya
|rik
|-
![[Rejang language|Rejang]]<br>(of Lebong dialect)
|do
|duai
|tlau
|pat
|bioa
|tun<br>manusio
|umêak
|kuyuk
|kucing
|nioa
|bilai
|blau
|itê
|uku
|
|
|coa
|jano, gen
|ngen, magêa
|-
![[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
|hiji
|dua
|tilu
|opat
|cai/ci
|jalma
|imah
|anjing
|ucing
|kalapa
|poé
|anyar
|urang
|abdi/aing
|eta/anjeun
|enya
|henteu
|naon
|jeung
|-
![[Javanese language|Javanese]]
|siji
|loro
|têlu<ref name="ReferenceA">Piwulang Basa Jawa Pepak, S.B. Pramono, hal 148, 2013</ref>
|papat
|banyu
|uwòng<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|omah
|asu
|kucing
|kambìl<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|dinå<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|anyar/énggal<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|adhéwé<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|aku
|kowe
|iya/wis
|ora
|åpå<ref name="ReferenceA" />/anu
|lan
|-
![[Madurese language|Madurese]]
|settong
|dhuwa'
|tello'
|empa'
|âêng
|oreng
|roma
|pate'
|kochèng
|nyior
|are
|anyar
|sengko
|kaulâh
|be'na
|iyâ
|phunten
|apa
|bèn
|-
![[Balinese language|Balinese]]
|besik
|dadua
|telu
|papat
|yéh
|jadma
|umah
|cicing/kuluk
|méong
|nyuh
|rahina
|mara
|iraga
|tiang
|ragane
|nggih
|ten
|apa
|muah/lan
|-
![[Sasak language|Sasak]]
|sa/seke'
|due
|telu
|mpat
|aik
|dengan
|bale
|acong/basong
|
|kenyamen/nyioh
|jelo

|baru
|ite
|
|
|
|
|ape
|dait
|-
![[Bima language|Bima]]
|ica
|dua
|tolu
|upa
|oi
|dou
|uma
|lako
|ngao
|ni'u
|nai
|bou
|nami
|
|
|
|
|au
|labo
|-
![[Ngaju language|Ngaju Dayak]]
|ije'
|due'
|telu'
|epat
|danum
|uluh
|huma'
|asu
|posa
|enyuh
|andau
|taheta
|itah
|
|
|
|
|narai
|tuntang
|-
![[Kenyah language|Kenyah Dayak]]<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |title=The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification |date=2017 |degree=Ph.D. Dissertation |publisher=University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa}}</ref>
|sé
|dué
|telew
|pat
|sungai
|kelunan / klunan
|lamin / uma'
|asew
|séang
|nyo
|dau
|maring
|mé' tew / teleu
|
|
|
|
|inew
|ngan
|-
![[Buginese language|Buginese]]
|seqdi
|dua
|tellu
|eppa
|je'ne'
|tau
|bola
|asu
|coki
|kaluku
|esso
|ma-baru
|idiq
|
|
|
|
|aga
|na
|-
![[Makassarese language|Makassarese]]
|se're
|rua
|tallu
|appa'
|je'ne'
|tau
|balla'
|kongkong
|ngeong
|kaluku
|allo
|beru
|ikatte
|inakke
|ikatte
|iye
|tena
|apa
|na
|-
![[Mongondow language|Mongondow]]
|tobatú
|doyowa
|toḷu
|opat
|tubig
|intau
|baḷoi
|ungkú
|pinggó
|bangó
|singgai
|mo-bagu
|kita
|
|
|
|
|onu
|bo
|-
![[Tolaki language|Tolaki]]
|o'aso
|o'ruo
|o'tolu
|o'omba
|iwoi
|toono
|laika
|odahu
|
|kaluku
|oleo
|wuohu
|inggito
|
|
|
|
|ohawo
|ronga
|-
![[Galela language|Galela]]
|moi
|sinoto
|sa'ange
|iha
|ake
|nyawa
|tahu
|kaso
|
|igo
|wange
|ḋamomuane
|ngone
|
|
|
|
|okia
|de
|-
![[Biak language|Biak]]
|oser/eser
|suru
|kyor
|fyak
|war
|snon/kawasa
|rum
|naf/rofan
|pus
|sray
|ras
|babo
|ko
|
|
|
|
|sa
|ma/kuker
|-
![[Tetum language|Tetum]]
|ida
|rua
|tolu
|haat
|bee
|ema
|uma
|asu
|busa
|nuu
|loron
|foun
|ami
|
|
|
|
|ne'ebé
|no
|}

== See also ==
* [[Languages of Sulawesi]]
* [[Languages of Kalimantan]]
* [[List of languages by total number of speakers in Indonesia|List of languages in Indonesia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC |title=Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education |last2=Jones |first2=Sylvia Prys |publisher=Multilingual Matters |year=1998 |isbn=9781853593628}}
* {{Cite book |last=Florey |first=Margaret |title=Endangered Languages of Austronesia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=Merle Calvin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 |publisher=Palgrave; [[Stanford University]] Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5 |location=Basingstoke; Stanford, CA |author-link=Merle Ricklefs}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Simons |first1=Gary F. |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition |last2=Fennig |first2=Charles D. |work=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International |year=2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626224541/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages |archive-date=26 June 2019}}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-10518-5 |location=New Haven and London |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zein |first=Subhan |url=https://www.routledge.com/Teacher-Education-for-English-as-a-Lingua-Franca-Perspectives-from-Indonesia/Zein/p/book/9781138303966 |title=Teacher Education for English as a Lingua Franca: Perspectives from Indonesia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |isbn=9781138303966 |location=New York and London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zein |first=Subhan |url=https://www.routledge.com/Language-Policy-in-Superdiverse-Indonesia/Zein/p/book/9780367029548 |title=Language Policy in Superdiverse Indonesia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2020 |isbn=9780367029548 |location=New York and London}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/indonesia_ethno_1972.jpg Graph of Indonesian ethnolinguistics]
*[http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/8.htm Linguistic maps of Indonesia] at Muturzikin.com
*[http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/ How many people speak Indonesian?]

{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Indonesia topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Languages of}}
{{Oceania topic|Languages of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of Indonesia}}
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:Indonesia culture-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of languages by country|Indonesia]]

[[bn:ইন্দোনেশিয়া#ভাষা]]