View source for Geresh

{{Short description|Mark used in Hebrew}}
{{for|the Torah cantillation mark of the same name|Geresh (trope)}}
{{distinguish|Gares}}
{|class=wikitable style="float:right; margin:3px; width:20em;"
!colspan=3|Geresh
|-style='line-height:310%; text-align:center;'
|[[diacritic]], <br/>[[punctuation]] mark||{{Script/Hebrew|size=300%|׳}}||{{Script/Hebrew|size=300%|וכו׳}}
|-style='line-height:310%; text-align:center;'
|[[Hebrew cantillation|cantillation]] mark||{{Script/Hebrew|size=300%|֜}} or {{Script/Hebrew|size=300%|֝}}||{{Script/Hebrew|size=300%|הָאָ֜רֶץ}}
|-
!colspan=3|<small>compare with [[apostrophe]]s</small>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 |{{Script/Hebrew|size=180%|style=line-height: 120%;|'וכו׳', 'הָאָ֜רֶץ'}}
|}
{{Hebrew punctuation}}

'''Geresh''' ({{Script/Hebrew|size=180%|׳}} in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: {{script/Hebrew|גֶּרֶשׁ}}<ref name="GHG15f">{{Cite GHG|15|f}}</ref> or {{Script/Hebrew|גֵּרֶשׁ}}<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=[[Even-Shoshan Dictionary]] |year=2003 |first=Avraham |last=Even-Shoshan |author-link=Avraham Even-Shoshan |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |first1=Shoshana |last1=Bahat |first2=Mordechay |last2=Mishor |title=Dictionary of Contemporary Hebrew |year=2007 |language=he}}</ref> {{IPA|he|ˈɡeʁeʃ|}}, or [[Tiberian vocalization|medieval]] {{IPA|he|ˈɡeːɾeːʃ|}}) is a sign in Hebrew writing.  It has two meanings.

#An [[apostrophe]]-like [[sign]] (also known colloquially as a '''''chupchik''''')<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kordova |first1=Shoshana |title=Word of the Day / Chupchik צ'וּפְּצִ'יק |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/word-of-the-day/word-of-the-day-chupchik-1510-1493-1468-1508-1468-1456-1510-1460-1497-1511.premium-1.506815 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=29 October 2014 |date=3 March 2013 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref> placed after a letter:
#* as a [[diacritic]] that modifies the [[pronunciation]] of some [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]] (only in modern Hebrew),
#* as a [[diacritic]] that signifies [[Yiddish]] [[etymology|origin]] of a word or [[suffix]],{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} ([[#Yiddish origin|examples below]])
#* as a [[punctuation mark]] to denote [[initialisms]] or abbreviations,
#* or to denote a single-digit [[Hebrew numerals|Hebrew numeral]]
# A note of [[Hebrew cantillation|cantillation]] in the reading of the [[Torah]] and other [[Biblical]] books, taking the form of a curved diagonal stroke placed above a letter.

==Diacritic==

As a [[diacritic]], the Geresh is written immediately after (left of) the letter it modifies. It indicates three sounds native to speakers of [[modern Hebrew]] that are common in [[loan word]]s and [[slang]]: {{IPA|[dʒ]}} as in '''''j'''u'''dg'''e'', {{IPA|[ʒ]}} as in ''mea'''s'''ure'' and {{IPA|[tʃ]}} as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''. In transliteration of [[Arabic]], it indicates Arabic [[phonemes]] which are usually [[allophones]] in modern Hebrew: {{IPA|[ɣ]}} is distinguished from {{IPA|[r]}} and {{IPA|[ħ]}} is distinguished from {{IPA|[χ]}}. Finally, it indicates other sounds foreign to the [[phonology]] of modern Hebrew speakers and used exclusively for the transliteration of foreign words: {{IPA|[ð]}} as in '''''th'''en'', {{IPA|[θ]}} as in '''''th'''in'', {{IPA|[sˤ]}}; and, in some transliteration systems, also {{IPA|[tˤ]}}, {{IPA|[dˤ]}} and {{IPA|[ðˤ]}}. It may be compared to the usage of a following ''h'' in various Latin digraphs to form other consonant sounds not supported by the basic Latin alphabet, such as "sh", "th", etc.

===Loanwords, slang, foreign names and transliterations===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" align=center | [[Loanwords]], [[slang]], foreign names, and transliteration of foreign languages
|-
!! colspan="5" | Without Geresh
!! colspan="5" | With Geresh
|-
! Symbol !! [[Hebrew alphabet|Name]] !!  [[Transliteration of Hebrew|Translit.]] !! [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]] !!Example !! Symbol !! [[Hebrew alphabet|Name]] !! [[Transliteration of Hebrew|Translit.]] !! [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]!!Examples
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ג}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ג}}
| ''[[gimel]]''
| g
| {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| '''g'''ap
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ג׳}}
| ''[[gimel]] with a geresh''
| j (or g)
| {{IPAblink|dʒ}}
| '''J'''upiter, '''G'''eorge
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ז}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ז}}
| ''[[zayin]]''
| z
|  {{IPAblink|z}}
| '''z'''oo
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ז׳}}
| ''[[zayin]] with a geresh''
| g, j
| {{IPAblink|ʒ}}
| '''J'''acques, bei'''g'''e, vi'''s'''ion
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|צ}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|צ}}
| ''[[tsadi]]''
| ts
| {{IPAblink|ts}}
| '''ts'''unami, ca'''ts'''
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|צ׳}}
| ''[[tsadi]] with a geresh''
| ch
|  {{IPAblink|tʃ}}
|  '''ch'''ip
|-
|}

===Transcriptions of Arabic===

There are six additional letters in the [[Arabic alphabet]]. They are [[Ṯāʾ]], [[Ḫāʾ]], [[Ḏāl]], [[Ḍād]], [[Ẓāʾ]], and [[Ghayn]]. Also, some letters have different sounds in [[Arabic phonology]] and [[modern Hebrew phonology]], such as [[Gimel#Arabic ǧīm|Jīm]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=12 align=center | Distinction when transcribing [[Arabic language|Arabic]]<ref name="trans_rules_arab_heb">{{cite web |website=[[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] |url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf |title=Rules for the transcription of Arabic into Hebrew |pages=5–6 |language=he |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228042853/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28}}</ref>
|-
!! colspan="6" | Without Geresh
!! colspan="6" | With Geresh
|-
! Symbol !! [[Hebrew alphabet|Name]] !!  [[Transliteration of Hebrew|Translit.]] !! [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letter]] !! [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]] !!Example !! Symbol !! [[Hebrew alphabet|Name]] !! [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letter]] !! [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]!!Example !!Comments
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ג}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ג}}
| ''[[gimel]]''
| g
| [[Arabic phonology|Egyptian / Yemeni]] [[Gimel#Arabic ǧīm|Jīm (ج)]]
| {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| '''g'''ood
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ג׳}}
| ''[[gimel]] with a geresh''
|  [[Gimel#Arabic ǧīm|Jīm (ج)]]
| {{IPAblink|dʒ}}
| Al-'''J'''azeera ({{lang|ar|rtl=yes|الجزيرة}})
| align="left" |
* Also used with other loan words and transliterations for /dʒ/
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ד}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ד}}
| ''[[dalet]]''
| d
| [[Dalet|Dāl (د)]]
| {{IPAblink|d}}
| '''d'''oor
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ד׳}}
| ''[[dalet]] with a geresh''
|  [[Ḏāl|Ḏāl (ذ)]]
| {{IPAblink|ð}}
| '''Dh'''u [a]l-Hijjah ({{lang|ar|rtl=yes|ذو الحجة}})
| align="left" |
* Also used for English voiced th
* Often a simple [[Dalet|Dalet (ד)]] is written
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ח}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ח}}
| ''[[heth]]''
| ẖ / <u>h</u>, ḥ, or h
| [[Heth|Ḥaʾ (ح)]]
| {{IPAblink|ħ}}
| Non existent in English, pronounced like an "h" while contracting the [[pharynx]]
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ח׳}}
| ''[[heth]] with a geresh''
|  [[Ḫāʾ|Ḫāʾ (ﺥ)]]
| {{IPAblink|χ}}
| Shei'''kh''' ({{lang|ar|rtl=yes|شيخ}})
| align="left" |
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ת}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ת}}
| ''[[Taw|tav]]''
| t
| [[Taw|Tāʾ (ت)]]
| {{IPAblink|t}}
| '''t'''ail
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ת׳}}
| ''[[Taw|tav]] with a geresh''
|  [[Ṯāʾ|ṯāʾ (ث)]]
| {{IPAblink|θ}}
| ʿu'''th'''man ({{lang|ar|rtl=yes|عثمان}})
| align="left" |
* Also used for [[english language|English]] voiceless th
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ס}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ס}}
| ''[[samekh]]''
| s
| [[Shin (letter)|Sīn (س)]]
| {{IPAblink|s}}
| '''s'''un
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ס׳}}
| ''[[samekh]] with a geresh''
| [[tsade|Ṣad (ص)]]
|
{|class="collapsible collapsed"
!style="font-weight:normal"|{{IPAblink|ˤ|sˤ}}
|-
|[[Pharyngealization|pharyngealized [s]]]; approximate pronunciation by pronouncing a [[voiceless]] "s" while constricting the [[pharynx]] or the [[larynx]]
|}
| 
| align="left" |
* May also be transcribed with the corresponding Hebrew letter צ
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ר}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ר}}
| ''[[resh]]''
| r
| [[Resh|Rāʾ (ر)]]
| {{IPAblink|r}}
| <!-- vocabulary example here -->french r 
|rowspan=2 align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ר׳}}
|rowspan=2| ''[[resh|reish]] with a geresh''
|rowspan=3| [[Ghayn|Ghayn (غ)]]
|rowspan=3| {{IPAblink|ɣ}}
|rowspan=3| Abu '''Gh'''osh ({{lang|ar|rtl=yes|أَبُو غوش}})
|rowspan=3| Standard simplified: {{Script/Hebrew|ר׳}} and {{Script/Hebrew|ע׳}}; however, {{Script/Hebrew|ר׳}} is proscribed by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]. {{Smaller|Another precise proscribed transcription is {{Script/Hebrew|גֿ}}; in some cases of established usage, a {{Script/Hebrew|ג}} with no diacritics is used.}}
|-
|colspan=6| The predominant pronunciation is [[uvular consonant|uvular]] {{IPA|[ʁ, ʀ]}}, therefore ''resh'' is spelled without geresh for that pronunciation. Other [[accent (sociolinguistics)|accentual]] variants include an [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] pronunciation {{IPA|[ɾ, r]}}.
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ע}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ע}}
| ''[[ayin]]''
| [[Apostrophe|’]]
| [[Ayin|ʿAyn (ع)]]
| 
{|class="collapsible collapsed"
!style="font-weight:normal"|{{IPAblink|ʕ}}&nbsp;←→&nbsp;{{IPAblink|ʢ}}, sometimes {{IPAblink|ʡ}} or {{IPAblink|ˤ|ʔˤ}}
|-
|Ranges from [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal fricative]] {{IPA|[ʕ]}} to [[epiglottal consonant|epiglottal fricative]] {{IPA|[ʢ]}}, sometimes an [[epiglottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʡ]}} or a [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔˤ]}}; approximate pronunciation by constricting the [[pharynx]] or the [[larynx]]
|}
| <!-- vocabulary example here -->
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ע׳}}
| ''[[ayin]] with a geresh''
|-
|}      

===Transliteration of foreign names===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=10 align=center | Distinction when transcribing foreign names<ref>{{cite web |website=Academy of the Hebrew Language |url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/LAT-HEB.pdf |title=Rules for the transcription of foreign names into Hebrew |pages=5–6 |language=he |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910083326/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/LAT-HEB.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-10 }}</ref>
|-
!! colspan="5" | Without Geresh
!! colspan="5" | With Geresh
|-
! Symbol !! [[Hebrew alphabet|Name]] !!  [[Transliteration of Hebrew|Translit.]] !! [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]] !!Example !! Symbol !! [[Hebrew alphabet|Name]] !! [[Transliteration of Hebrew|Translit.]] !! [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]!!Example
|-
|  align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ד}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ד}}
|  ''[[dalet]]''
|  d
|  {{IPAblink|d}}
|  '''d'''oor
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ד׳}}
|  ''[[dalet]] with a geresh''
|  [[English language|English]] voiced th
|  {{IPAblink|ð}}
|  '''th'''en
|-
|  align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ת}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ת}}
|  ''[[taw|tav]]''
|  t
|  {{IPAblink|t}}
|  '''t'''ail
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ת׳}}
|  ''[[taw|tav]] with a geresh''
|  [[English language|English]] voiceless th
|  {{IPAblink|θ}}
|  '''th'''ing
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|{{anchor|ו}}{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ו}}
| ''[[Waw/Vav (letter)|vav]]''
| v
| {{IPAblink|v}}
| '''v'''ote
| align="center"|{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|וו}}<small> or </small>{{Script/Hebrew|size=200%|ו׳}} <br/>(non-standard{{ref label|w_sounding_vav|*|}})
| ''[[Waw/Vav (letter)|vav]] with a geresh <br/>or double [[Waw/Vav (letter) |vav]]''
| w
| {{IPAblink|w}}
| '''W'''illiam
|-
|}
;Note
:'''*''' {{note|w_sounding_vav}} Both double-vav and vav with geresh are non-standard and inconsistently used.<ref name="trans-into-heb">{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228042853/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf |title=Transliteration Rules |date=2008-02-28 }} issued by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] state that both {{IPAblink|v}} and {{IPAblink|w}} be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote {{IPA|[w]}} as opposed to {{IPA|[v]}} but rather, when [[Ktiv male|spelling without niqqud]], to denote the [[phoneme]] {{IPAslink|v}} at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes {{IPAslink|u}} or {{IPAslink|o}}. To pronounce foreign words and [[loanword]]s containing the sound {{IPA|[w]}}, Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also [[Waw (letter)#Pronunciation in Modern Hebrew|pronunciation of Hebrew Vav]].</ref>

===Yiddish origin===

Some words or suffixes of [[Yiddish]] origin or pronunciation are marked with a geresh, e.g. the [[diminutive]] [[suffix]] {{lang|he|rtl=yes|לֶ׳ה}} – {{lang|yi-Latn|-le}}, e.g. {{lang|he|rtl=yes|יענקל׳ה}} – {{lang|he-Latn|Yankale}} (as in [[Yaakov Bodo|Yankale Bodo]]), or the words {{lang|he|rtl=yes|חבר׳ה}} – {{IPA|[ˈχevre]}}, 'guys' (which is the Yiddish pronunciation of Hebrew {{lang|he|rtl=yes|חברה}} {{IPA|[χevˈra]}} 'company'), or {{lang|he|rtl=yes|תכל׳ס}} – {{IPA|[ˈtaχles]}}, 'bottom-line'.

==Punctuation mark==
The geresh is used as a punctuation mark in [[initialism]]s and to denote [[Numerical digit|numerals]].

===Indicating initialisms===
In [[initialism]]s, the Geresh is written after the last letter of the initialism. For example: the title {{lang|he|rtl=yes|גְּבֶרֶת}} (literally "lady") is abbreviated {{lang|he|rtl=yes|גב׳}}, equivalent to English "Mrs" and "Ms".<ref>{{cite web |website=Academy of the Hebrew Language |url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision5.html |script-title=he:הפיסוק - מבחר כללים |trans-title=The punctuation - a selection of rules |access-date=2007-10-28 |language=he |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015065211/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision5.html |archive-date=2007-10-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Denoting a numeral===
A Geresh can be appended after (left of) a single letter to indicate that the letter represents a [[Hebrew numeral]]. For example: {{lang|he|rtl=yes|ק׳}} represents 100. A multi-digit Hebrew numeral is indicated by the [[Gershayim]] {{angle bracket|״}}.

==Cantillation mark==
{{main|Geresh (trope)}}
As a note of [[Hebrew cantillation|cantillation]] in the reading of the [[Torah]], the Geresh is printed above the accented letter: {{Script/Hebrew|size=180%|style=line-height: 120%;|ב֜}}. The '''{{lang|he-Latn|Geresh Muqdam}}''' (lit. 'a Geresh made earlier'), a variant cantillation mark, is also printed above the accented letter, but slightly before (i.e. more to the right of) the position of the normal Geresh: {{Script/Hebrew|size=180%|style=line-height: 120%;|ב֝}}. As a cantillation mark it is also called {{lang|he-Latn|Ṭères}} ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|טֶרֶס}})&lrm;.<ref name="GHG15f" />

==Computer encoding==

Most keyboards do not have a key for the geresh. As a result, an [[apostrophe]] ( [[']], [[Unicode]] U+0027) is often substituted for it.

{| class="wikitable"
! Appearance
! Code Points
! Name
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| ׳
| U+05F3
| HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| ֜
| U+059C
| HEBREW ACCENT GERESH
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| ֝
| U+059D
| HEBREW ACCENT GERESH MUQDAM
|}

==See also==
* [[Gershayim]]
* [[Hebraization of English]]
* [[Hebrew alphabet]]
* [[Hebrew numerals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hebrew language}}

[[Category:Hebrew diacritics]]
[[Category:Punctuation]]