View source for Dvaravati

{{Short description|7th to 11th-century Mon kingdom}}
{{About|a historical Mon kingdom|the Dvaravati in the Hindu epic Mahabharata|Dvārakā}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Dvaravati
| common_name            = Dvaravati
| era                    = Post-classical era
| year_start             = 6th century
| year_end               = 11th century
| life_span              = 6th–11th century
| p1                     = Mon kingdoms{{!}}Mon city-states
| p2                     = Qiān Zhī Fú{{!}}Qiān
| p3                     = Tanling
| p4                     = Tun Sun
| p5                     = Tou Yuan
| p6                     = Kamalanka
| p7                     = Chin Lin
| p8                     = Duō Miè Kingdom{{!}}Duō Miè
| s6                     = Principality of Chaliang{{!}}Chaliang
| s2                     = Chen Li Fu{{!}}Suvarnapura
| s3                     = Haripuñjaya{{!}}Hariphunchai
| s4                     = Lavo Kingdom{{!}}Lopburi
| s5                     = Suphannabhum{{!}}Suphanburi
| s1                     = Xiān
| image_map              = {{Continental Asia in 800 CE|center||{{Annotation|193|120|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|45px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption      = Dvaravati Kingdom/culture and contemporary Asian polities, 800 CE
| image_map2             = {{multiple image|align=center|perrow=2/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center|border=infobox|image1=DvaravatiMapThailand.png
|caption1=Spread of Dvaravati culture and Mon Dvaravati sites|image2=MonWheel.jpg|caption2=[[Mon (ethnic group)|Mon]] wheel of the law ([[Dharmacakra]]), art of Dvaravati period, c. 8th century CE|image3=Thai head of Buddha, Dvaravati kingdom, 8th-9th century, Dayton.jpg|caption3=Buddha, art of Dvaravati period, c. 8th-9th century CE|image4=IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG.tif|caption4=Bronze double denarius of the Gallic Roman emperor [[Victorinus]] (269-271 AD) found at U Thong, Thailand|image5=Khao Khlang Nai-002.jpg|caption5=[[Si Thep Historical Park|Khao Khlang Nai]] was a Buddhist sanctuary. The central stupa, rectangular in shape and oriented toward the east, is characteristic of dvaravati architectural style, dated back around 6th-7th century CE.|image6=Khao Khlang Nak-004.jpg|caption6=[[Si Thep Historical Park|Khao Khlang Nok]], was an ancient Dvaravati-style stupa in Si Thep, dated back around 8th-9th century CE, at present, it is large laterite base.}}
| capital                = {{ubl|[[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]]<ref name=silp>{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_123335|title=หลักฐานฟ้อง! ทำไมจึงเชื่อได้ว่า "ศรีเทพ" คือศูนย์กลางทวารวดี|date=13 December 2023|accessdate=14 December 2023|language=th|website=www.silpa-mag.com|archivedate=14 December 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231214073935/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_123335}}</ref>|[[Ayodhyapura|Ayojjhapura]]<ref name=mati>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_563337|title=ฤๅเมืองโบราณศรีเทพ คือ 'อโยธยา-มหานคร' ในตำนานพระแก้วมรกต และตำนานพระสิกขีปฏิมาศิลาดำ?|date=16 June 2022|accessdate=19 December 2024|language=th|work=[[Matichon]]|trans-title=Is the ancient city of Sri Thep the ‘Ayutthaya-the metropolis’ in the legend of the Emerald Buddha and the legend of the black stone Buddha Sikhi Patima?|author=Pensupa Sukkata|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241218222126/https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_563337|archive-date=2024-12-18}}</ref>|[[Nakhon Pathom]]<ref name="Murphy-2016" />|[[Mueang Uthong]]<ref name=sup>{{cite book|title=โบราณคดีและประวัติศาสตร์เมืองสุพรรณบุรี|language=th|access-date=15 December 2024|date=2014|publisher=Cyber Roxy Agency Group|place=Bangkok|pages=114|author=Khemchart Thepchai|isbn=978-9744180896|trans-title=Archaeology and history of Suphan Buri|archive-date=14 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214205627/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2023/10/file/ir7tca8si4U3gWsjplQMZsFLKTsT6R6F060BSHJx.pdf|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2023/10/file/ir7tca8si4U3gWsjplQMZsFLKTsT6R6F060BSHJx.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|18}}}}
| common_languages       = [[Mon language|Old Mon]]
| religion               = {{ubl|[[Buddhism]]|[[Hinduism]]}}
}}
[[File:Proposed locations of ancient kingdoms in lower Mekong Valley in the 7th century.png|thumb|Proposed locations of ancient polities in the [[Menam]] and [[Mekong]] Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chinese [[leishu]], [[Cefu Yuangui]], and others.]]
[[File:Proposed location of Yamanadvipa.png|thumb|Six ancient kingdoms in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] in the late 7th century mentioned by [[Xuanzang]].]]
[[File:Large-5d6e38b2567c4.jpg|thumb |Thailand (now), [[Ku Bua]], (Dvaravati Mon culture), 650-700 C.E.. Three musicians in right are playing (from center) a 5-stringed lute, cymbals, a [[tube zither]] or [[bar zither]] with a gourd resonator.]]
'''Dvaravati'''{{efn|{{Bulleted list|{{Langx|th|ทวารวดี}}, {{RTGS|Thawarawadi|italic=yes}}, {{IPA|th|tʰáʔ.waː.ráʔ.wáʔ.diː|IPA}}|{{Langx|sa|द्वारवती}}, {{small|[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]:}} {{IAST|Dvāravatī}}, {{lit|[Place] having gates}}}}}} was a group of medieval [[Mon people|Mon]] political principalities from the 6th century to the 11th century, located in the region now known as [[central Thailand]],<ref name="connor">{{cite journal|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article-abstract/29/2/493/328805/Dvaravati-The-Earliest-Kingdom-of-Siam-6th-to-11th?redirectedFrom=fulltext|title=Dvāravatī: The Earliest Kingdom of Siam (6th to 11th Century A.D.)|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|date=1970|author=Stanley J. O'Connor|volume=29|issue=2|archivedate=28 April 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.org/details/dvaravati-the-earliest-kingdom-of-siam-6th-to-11th-century-a.-d.}}</ref><ref name="view">{{cite web|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/JSS_102_0j_Evans_TheAiLaoAndTheNanChaoTaliKingdom.pdf|title=The Ai-Lao and Nan Chao/Tali Kingdom: A Re-orientation|author=Grant Evans|date=2014|accessdate=21 January 2024|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314023113/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/JSS_102_0j_Evans_TheAiLaoAndTheNanChaoTaliKingdom.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|234}} and was speculated to be a succeeding state of [[Tun Sun|Lang-chia]] or Lang-ya-hsiu ({{lang|th|หลังยะสิ่ว}}).<ref name="briggs" />{{rp|268–270, 281}} It was described by Chinese pilgrims in the middle of the 7th century as a Buddhist kingdom named ''To-lo-po-ti'' situated to the west of [[Isanapura]] ([[Cambodia]]), east of [[Sri Ksetra Kingdom|Sri Ksetra]] ([[Myanmar|Burma]]),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Cœdès|first=George|title=The Indianized states of Southeast Asia|date=1968|isbn=0-7081-0140-2|location=Honolulu|pages=|oclc=961876784}}</ref>{{Rp|76}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Indrawooth|first=Phasook|url=https://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/SUIJ/10499302.pdf|title=Dvaravati: Early Buddhist Kingdom in Central Thailand}}</ref>{{Rp|37}} and adjoined [[Pan Pan (kingdom)|Pan Pan]] to the South.<ref name=briggs/>{{rp|267, 269}} Its northern border met ''Jiā Luó Shě Fú'' ({{lang|zh|迦逻舍佛}}), which is identified with [[Canasapura]] in modern [[northeast Thailand]].<ref name=matiweek>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_512802|title=ทวารวดี ในบันทึกของจีน|author=ศิริพจน์ เหล่ามานะเจริญ|date=4 February 2022|accessdate=28 April 2024|language=th|work=[[Matichon]]|archivedate=28 April 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240428165555/https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_512802}}</ref> Dvaravati sent the first embassy to the Chinese court around 605–616,<ref name=briggs>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049556|title=The Khmer Empire and the Malay Peninsula|date=1950|author=Lawrence Palmer Briggs|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies|The Far Eastern Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|volume=9|issue=3|doi=10.2307/2049556|pages=256–305|jstor=2049556 |archivedate=26 April 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.org/details/briggs1950|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|264}} and then in 756.<ref name=chen>{{cite web|url=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=660220|title=中國哲學書電子化計劃: 《陳書》卷六本紀第六後主|trans-title=Chinese Philosophy Text Digitalization Project: Book of Chen, Volume 6 Chronicles of the Sixth Emperor|language=zh|accessdate=20 May 2025|website=ctext.org/zh|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250519165838/https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=660220|archive-date=2025-05-19}} '''Text:''' {{lang|zh|
十二月丙辰，頭和國遣使獻方物。司空長沙王叔堅有罪免。戊午夜，天開自西北至東南，其內有青黃色，隆隆若雷聲。}}</ref>

Dvaravati also refers to a culture, an art style, and a disparate conglomeration of [[Mon kingdoms|principalities]] of [[Mon people]].<ref name=Murphy-2016/> The Mon migrants as maritime traders might have brought the Dvaravati Civilization to the [[Chao Phraya River|Menam Valley]] around 500 BCE,<ref name=ketkong>{{cite journal|url=https://so18.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/gjwrc_2521/article/download/19/14/31|title=Dvaravati Civilization Footprints, Its Maximus Creeds and Cultures in Siam Suvarnbhumi, Ancient Thailand|author1=Thanutchaporn Ketkong|author2=Supat Chaiwan|date=2021|volume=1|issue=1|journal=Global Interactive Journal of World Religions and Cultures|pages=28–41}}</ref>{{rp|32}} which continued to the presence of a "Proto-Dvaravati" period that spans the 4th to 5th centuries, with the existence of the principalities of [[Chin Lin]] to the western plain and [[Tou Yuan]] to the east, and perhaps earlier.<ref name=Murphy-2016>{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Stephen A.|date=October 2016|title=The case for proto-Dvāravatī: A review of the art historical and archaeological evidence|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/case-for-protodvaravati-a-review-of-the-art-historical-and-archaeological-evidence/6ABA16AADF5C3B4D62086719BEEF6A5C|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=47|issue=3|pages=366–392|doi=10.1017/s0022463416000242|s2cid=163844418 |issn=0022-4634|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The center of the early Davaravati was speculated to be [[Ayodhyapura|Ayojjhapura]] (present-day [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]])<ref name=mati/> or [[Nakhon Pathom]]<ref name=b2555>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/20250930_20250930_1444|title=ทวารวดี: ประตูสู่การค้าบนเส้นทางสายไหมทางทะเล|trans-title=Dvaravati: The Gateway to Trade on the Maritime Silk Road|language=th|date=November 2015|isbn=978-974-641-577-4|publisher=Paper Met Co., Ltd.|author=Saritpong Khunsong}}</ref>{{rp|10–1}} or Avadhyapura ({{ill|Si Mahosot archaeological site|th|แหล่งโบราณคดีเมืองศรีมโหสถ|lt=Si Mahosot}}).<ref name=lo/> Still, the power was shifted to [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]'s [[Lopburi|Lavapura]] after the annexation of [[Tou Yuan]] in 647; some scholars say this transition happened around the 10th and 11th centuries following the fall of Si Thep.<ref name=mati/> However, some argue that [[Lopburi|Lavapura]] was potentially a separate kingdom known as the [[Lavo Kingdom]], as mentioned in several historical records, but came under the sphere of Dvaravati influence.<ref name=b2555/>{{rp|10–1, 43}}

The rise of the [[Angkor]] in the lower [[Mekong]] basin around the 11th–13th centuries,<ref>Srisakara Vallipotama, "ละโว้ / Lavo" [Thai with English summary], ''Warasan Muang Boran'' – วารสารเมืองโบราณ (Muang Boran/Archaeology Journal) vol.1, no.3, April-June 1975, pp.42-65, 116.</ref> the conquest of [[Chao Phraya River|Menam Valley]] and the upper [[Malay peninsula]] by [[Tambralinga]]'s king Sujita who also seized [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]] in the mid-10th century,<ref name=briggs/>{{rp|283}}<ref name=fineart/>{{rp|16}} the 9-year civil wars in the [[Angkor]] in the early 11th century, which led to the devastation of [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]],<ref name=aban>{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_74633|title=เมื่อ ลวปุระ-ลพบุรี ถูกพระเจ้าสุริยวรมันที่ 1 ยกทัพบุกทำลายจนมีสภาพเป็นป่า|date=6 November 2023|language=th|accessdate=6 November 2023|website=www.silpa-mag.com|trans-title=When Lopburi was invaded and destroyed by King Suryavarman I until it became a forest.|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231106070405/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_74633|archive-date=2023-11-06}}</ref> as well as the [[Pagan kingdom|Pagan]] invasion of Menam Valley around the mid-10th century.<ref name=fineart/>{{rp|41}}<ref name=warunee>{{cite web|url=https://suvarnabhumi.psu.ac.th/tudb/files/research_file5400405382024-01-3100-44-09.pdf|title=วิวัฒนาการเมืองสุพรรณ: การศึกษาการพัฒนาชุมชนเมืองจากพุทธศตวรรษที่ 6 - ต้นพุทธศตวรรษที่ 24|date=1997|author=Warunee Osatharom|language=th|trans-title=The evolution of Suphanburi: A study of urban community development from the 6th Buddhist century to the beginning of the 24th Buddhist century}}</ref>{{rp|4}} All of these potentially are the causes of the fall of the Dvaravati civilization.<ref name=briggs/>{{rp|283}}<ref name=fineart>{{cite book|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2022/11/file/mcpd33eEWS9MvfPoHfCcII65qwbmCUAG4DUnaWRO.pdf|title=โบราณวิทยาเรื่องเมืองอู่ทอง|page=232|place=Bangkok|trans-title=Archaeology of U Thong City|author=[[Fine Arts Department]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110084007/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2022/11/file/mcpd33eEWS9MvfPoHfCcII65qwbmCUAG4DUnaWRO.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-10 |language=th}}</ref>{{rp|41}} [[Jean Boisselier]] suggests that after losing influence over the eastern valleys at [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]] to the [[Angkor]] in the 10th–11th centuries, Dvaravati kingdoms in the western plain continued until the early 12th century and then probably fell under or influenced{{efn|name=ank|Several cities in the western valleys are listed in the religious-related Preah Khan Inscription but no political or military action made by the Angkorian kings was mentioned. In contrast, several Siamese chronicles mention numbers of dynastic movements in the region during this period, such as refounding [[Phrip Phri]] by [[Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri|Pprappanom Tteleiseri]] from Soucouttae/Locontàï in 1188, claiming [[Suphannabhum]] by [[Uthong I]] in 1163, annexation of [[Chen Li Fu]] and [[Phraek Si Racha]] by [[Phrip Phri]] in 1224, and the enthronement as Ayodhya king of [[Uthong II]], prince of Phrip Phri, in 1205.}} by Angkor for a short period during the reign of [[Jayavarman VII]] (r.1181–1218).<ref name=b2555/>{{rp|262–3}} After that, the region entered the [[Xiān]] era with the emergence of [[Suphannabhum]], [[Phrip Phri]], and [[Ayutthaya Kingdom#Pre-Ayutthaya cities|Ayodhya]], who later regained influence over Lavo in the 14th century.

== History ==
The culture of Dvaravati was based around moated cities, the earliest of which appears to be [[Mueang Uthong|U Thong]] in what is now [[Suphan Buri Province]]. Other key sites include [[Nakhon Pathom]], [[Phong Tuk]], [[Si Thep (ancient city)|Si Thep]], [[Khu Bua]] and [[Si Mahosot]], amongst others.<ref name="Murphy-2016" /> The term Dvaravati derives from coins which were inscribed in [[Sanskrit]] ''[[sri|śrī]] dvāravatī''. The Sanskrit word ''dvāravatī'' literally means "that which has gates".<ref name=Higham>Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9786167339443}}</ref>{{rp|301}} According to the inscription N.Th. 21 found in 2019 in Wat Phra Ngam in Nakhon Pathom, dated the 6th century, three regional cities were mentioned, including Śrīyānaṁdimiriṅga or Śrīyānaṁdimiriṅgapratipura, then Hastināpurī and Dvāravatī, which made [[Nakhon Pathom]] where the fractions was discovered probably the center of Dvāravatī.<ref name=dominic>{{cite journal|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04142364/document|title=East and West - New Inscriptions from Funan, Zhenlaand Dvāravatī|author1=Dominic Goodall|author2=Nicolas Revire|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=107|date=2021|pages=257–321|doi=10.3406/befeo.2021.6376 |jstor=27164175|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925224818/https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04142364/document|archive-date=2023-09-25 }}</ref>{{rp|281}}

The traditional chronology of Dvaravati is mainly based on the Chinese textual account and stylistic comparison by art historians. However, the results from excavations in [[Chan Sen]] and Tha Muang mound at U-Thong raise questions about the traditional dating. Newly dated typical Dvaravati cultural items from the site of [[Mueang Uthong|U-Thong]] indicate that the starting point of the tradition of Dvaravati culture possibly dates as far back as 200 CE.<ref>Glover, I. (2011). The Dvaravati Gap-Linking Prehistory and History in Early Thailand. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 30, 79-86.</ref><ref name="Murphy-2016" /> Archaeological, art historical, and epigraphic (inscriptions) evidence all indicate, however, that the main period of Dvaravati spanned the seventh to ninth centuries.<ref name="Murphy-2016" />  Dvaravati culture and influence also spread into [[Isan]] and parts of lowland [[Laos]] from the sixth century onward. Key sites include [[Mueang Fa Daet Song Yang|Mueang Fa Daet]] in [[Kalasin Province]], {{ill|Mueang Sema|th|เมืองเสมา|lt=Sema}} in [[Nakhon Ratchasima Province]], and many others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Stephen A.|date=2013|title=Buddhism and its Relationship to Dvaravati Period Settlement Patterns and Material Culture in Northeast Thailand and Central Laos c. Sixth–Eleventh Centuries AD: A Historical Ecology Approach to the Landscape of the Khorat Plateau|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/575742|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=52|issue=2|pages=300–326|doi=10.1353/asi.2013.0017|issn=1535-8283|hdl=10125/38732|s2cid=53315185 |hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dvaravati art in Isan|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/travel/345808/dvaravati-art-in-isan|author=Pichaya Svasti|date=2013|access-date=March 13, 2021|publisher=[[Bangkok post]]}}</ref>

In the book of ''[[I Ching]]'' or ''Yijing'', dating to the late 7th century, and the 629–645 journey of a Chinese monk, [[Xuanzang]], placed Dvaravati to the east of [[Kamalanka]] or ''Lang-ya-hsiu'' and west of [[Isanapura]], if Kamalanka was centered at the ancient [[Nakhon Pathom]] as several scholars cited, thus, Dvaravati must be moved to the eastern side of the central plain.<ref name=kama>{{cite web|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1974/03/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf|title=Background to the Sri Vijaya Story – Part I|author=Chand Chirayu Rajani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725075434/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1974/03/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|181–3}} This conforms with the location provided in the largest Chinese [[leishu]], [[Cefu Yuangui]], compiled in 1005, says that Dvaravati was to the west of [[Chenla]] and the east of the ''Ge Luo She Fen'' Kingdom ({{lang|zh|哥罗舍分国}}), which was proposed to be centered at the ancient [[Nakhon Pathom]], same as [[Kamalanka]], by Thai historian Piriya Krairiksh, who also identified this kingdom as the ''Gē Luó'' Kingdom ({{lang|zh|哥罗国}}) in the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'',<ref name=pathom>{{cite book|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2021/11/file/4XuvLPegsZMvW5VDMBvkTSBN0v7G1WWEbTENlidU.pdf|title=โบราณคดีเมืองนครปฐม: การศึกษาอดีตศูนย์กลางแห่งทวารวดี|language=th|date=2014|author=Saritpong Khumsong|publisher=Papermet (Thailand)|isbn=978-974-641-498-2 |trans-title=Nakhon Pathom Archaeology: A Study of the Former Center of Dvaravati|pages=230|place=Bangkok}}</ref>{{rp|59}} that also says Dvaravati met the sea ([[Bay of Bangkok]]) to the west, adjoin [[Chenla]] to the east, and encounter [[Canasapura]] to the north.<ref name=earlydv>{{cite web|url=https://archive.today/20250810234509/https://www.matichon.co.th/weekly/column/article_514857|title=ทวารวดีศรีเทพ คำบอกเล่าจาก ‘ฝรั่งคลั่งสยาม’|trans-title=Dvaravati Sri Thep, an account from a 'Siam-crazed foreigner'|language=th|work=[[Matichon]]|date=6 February 2022|accessdate=11 August 2025|author=[[Sujit Wongthes]]}}</ref> However, according to archaeological evidence found in the western Menam Valley, several scholars suggest Nakhon Pathom was potentially the center of the Dvaravati Kingdoms.<ref name=b2555/>{{rp|43}}

Chinese historian, Chen Jiarong ({{lang|zh|陳佳榮}}), claims that the [[Zhū Jiāng Kingdom]] in the ''[[Cefu Yuangui]]'' and ''[[Book of Sui]]'' was Dvaravati principality,<ref name=hk>{{cite web|url=https://www.world10k.com/blog/?p=1409|title=朱江|language=zh|accessdate=17 May 2025|website=www.world10k.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250517160612/https://www.world10k.com/blog/?p=1409|archive-date=2025-05-17}}</ref> but some scholar placed Zhū Jiāng in the [[Mun River|Mun]] Basin in the [[Phayakkhaphum Phisai district|Phayakkhaphum Phisai]]–[[Na Dun district|Nadun]]–[[Kaset Wisai District|Kaset Wisai]] cluster to the north of [[Chenla]] with the supra-regional center at [[Champasri]].<ref name=briggs2/>{{rp|45}} [[Zhū Jiāng Kingdom|Zhū Jiāng]] and [[Cān Bàn Kingdom]] established relations with [[Zhenla]] via [[royal intermarriage]] after the annexation of [[Funan]] in 627.<ref name=web>{{cite web|url=https://ctext.org/text.pl?node=564786&if=gb&remap=gb|title=中国哲学书电子化计划|website=ctext.org|language=zh|accessdate=16 May 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250516024329/https://ctext.org/text.pl?node=564786&if=gb&remap=gb|archive-date=2025-05-16}}</ref> Subsequently, they wage wars against [[Tou Yuan]] to the northwest. Tou Yuan was the [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]'s predecessor that became Dvaravati vassal in 647.<ref name=goble/>{{rp|15–16}}<ref name=ja/> Several kingdoms were involved in the conflicts between Dvaravati and Chenla, including the three brother states of [[Qiān Zhī Fú]], [[Xiū Luó Fēn]], and [[Gān Bì]], who collectively fielded over 50,000 elite soldiers, by aligning with the faction that offered the greatest advantage.<ref name=lo/>{{rp|54–5}} Certain battles may have been associated with the wars between Lavo and its northern sister [[Mon people|Mon]]ic kingdom, [[Haripuñjaya]], occurring in the early 10th century,<ref name=lo/>{{rp|36–7}} which also weakened Dvaravati [[Kamalanka]].<ref name=fineart/>{{rp|105}}

A mixed [[Sanskrit]]–[[Khmer inscriptions|Khmer inscription]] dated 937 documents a line of princes of [[Canasapura]], one of the Dvaravati polities, started by a [[Bhagadatta (of Chanasa)|Bhagadatta]] and ended by a Sundaravarman and his sons Narapatisimhavarman and Mangalavarman.<ref name=":0" />{{RP|122}} Further east, the Chinese [[Tang Huiyao]] mentions the kingdom of [[Keoi Lau Mì]] of the [[Kuy people]]<ref name=isan>{{cite journal|url=https://e-shann.com/product/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5-67/|volume=67|title=แคว้นของชาวกวย-กูย?|trans-title=Kingdom of the Kouy People?|language=th|author=Thongtham Nathchamnong|journal=Thang E-Shann|issn=2286-6418|date=November 2012|oclc=914873242|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007135501/https://e-shann.com/product/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5-67/|archive-date=2024-10-07}}</ref> was also influenced by Dvaravati.<ref name=p61>[[wikisource:zh:新唐书/卷222下|新唐书]] [''New Book of Tang''] (in Chinese)</ref> In the early 10th century, several Dvaravati polities in the [[Menam]] Valley, which were weakened by decade-long wars between two [[Mon people|Mon]] kingdoms, [[Hariphunchai]] and Lavo, fell to the invasion by [[Tambralinga]], then by the [[Chola]] and [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan]] in the late 10th century. Later, Dvaravati polities began to come under constant attacks and aggression of the [[Khmer Empire]], and central [[Southeast Asia]] was ultimately invaded by King [[Suryavarman II]] in the first half of the 12th century.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |title=The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-central Southeast asia|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mond/hd_mond.htm|access-date=2009-12-15}}</ref> [[Hariphunchai]] survived its southern progenitors until the late 13th century, when it was incorporated into [[Lan Na]].<ref>[[David K. Wyatt]] and Aroonrut Wichienkeeo. ''The Chiang Mai Chronicle'', p.33</ref>

During the decline period of Dvaravati, its succeeded polity,<ref name=mati2>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_563337|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241218222126/https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_563337|url-status=dead|archive-date=2024-12-18|title=ฤๅเมืองโบราณศรีเทพ คือ 'อโยธยา-มหานคร' ในตำนานพระแก้วมรกต และตำนานพระสิกขีปฏิมาศิลาดำ?|date=16 June 2022|accessdate=19 December 2024|language=th|work=[[Matichon]]|trans-title=Is the ancient city of Sri Thep the ‘Ayutthaya-the metropolis’ in the legend of the Emerald Buddha and the legend of the black stone Buddha Sikhi Patima?|author=Pensupa Sukkata}}</ref> mentioned as [[Xiān]] ({{lang|zh|暹}}) by several Chinese and Đại Việt sources, was formed in the lower [[Chao Phraya River|Menam Basin]] around the 11th century.<ref name=chris>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-ayutthaya/ayutthaya-rising/8AAECCAD77F21CEB4103936A97D3F176|date=2 September 2021|accessdate=22 April 2025|author1=Chris Baker|author2=Pasuk Phongpaichit|chapter=Ayutthaya Rising|title= A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=43–8|archivedate=22 April 2025|archiveurl=https://ia801403.us.archive.org/15/items/ayutthaya-rising/Ayutthaya%20Rising.pdf|isbn=9781108120197|doi=10.1017/9781108120197|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/a-history-of-ayutthaya/52FC0674CC0532A8F1EDB01CC37E703B}}</ref>{{rp|46}} This new polity evolved into the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] in 1351.<ref name=silp>{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_123335|title=หลักฐานฟ้อง! ทำไมจึงเชื่อได้ว่า "ศรีเทพ" คือศูนย์กลางทวารวดี|date=13 December 2023|accessdate=14 December 2023|language=th|website=www.silpa-mag.com|archivedate=14 December 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231214073935/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_123335}}</ref> Its capital's full name also referred to Dvaravati as the former capital; ''Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya'' ({{lang|th|กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา}}).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boeles |first=J.J. |date=1964 |title=The King of Sri Dvaravati and His Regalia |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1964/03/JSS_052_1f_Boeles_KingOfDvaravatiAndRegalia.pdf |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=102–103 |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Pongsripian |first=Winai |date=1983 |title=Traditional Thai historiography and its nineteenth century decline |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34506710/544360.pdf |publisher=University of Bristol |page=21|access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blagden |first=C.O. |date=1941 |title=A XVIIth Century Malay Cannon in London |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559979 |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=19 |issue=1|pages=122–124 |jstor=41559979 |access-date=13 April 2023|quote=TA-HTAUNG TA_YA HNIT-HSE SHIT-KHU DWARAWATI THEIN YA - 1128 year (= 1766 A.D) obtained at the conquest of Dwarawati (= Siam). One may note that in that year the Burmese invaded Siam and captured Ayutthaya, the capital, in 1767.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=JARUDHIRANART |first=Jaroonsak |title=THE INTERPRETATION OF SI SATCHANALAI |url=http://ithesis-ir.su.ac.th/dspace/handle/123456789/2174 |publisher=Silpakorn University |date=2017 |access-date=13 April 2023|quote=Ayutthaya, they still named the kingdom after its former kingdom as "Krung Thep Dvaravati Sri Ayutthaya".|page=31|type=Thesis }}</ref> All former Dvaravati principalities, including [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]], [[Suphannabhum]], and the northern cities of the [[Sukhothai Kingdom]], were later incorporated into the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] in 1388, 1424, and 1438, respectively.<ref name=jour>{{cite web|url=http://journal.nmc.ac.th/th/admin/Journal/2560Vol11No1_724.pdf|title=Synthesis of Suphannabhume historical Knowledge in Suphanburi Province by Participatory Process|date=2017|accessdate=8 January 2023|language=th|author=ฉันทัส เพียรธรรม|publisher=Nakhon Ratchasima College|archivedate=16 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916111127/http://journal.nmc.ac.th/th/admin/Journal/2560Vol11No1_724.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|274}}

According to the Burmese Inscription of [[Hsinbyushin]] of [[Kingdom of Ava|Ava]] A.D. 1768 (Serial No. 1128),<ref name="DC1921">Duroiselle, Charles; Archaeological Survey of Burma (1921). [https://archive.org/details/listofinscriptio00burmuoft/page/174/mode/2up ''A List of Inscriptions found in Burma, Part I: The list of inscription arranged in the order of their dates.''] Rangoon: Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma. p. 175. {{OCLC|220276832}}</ref> which was found on a bronze gun at [[Shwezigon Pagoda]], and acquired by the Burmese in 1767, the Burmese continued to refer to Ayutthaya as Dvaravati<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalarmouries.org/collection/object/object-33865|title=Bronze Gun - 12-pounder bronze Siamese - about early 18th century|accessdate=20 February 2024|publisher=[[Royal Armouries]]|archivedate=20 February 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240220034748/https://royalarmouries.org/collection/object/object-33865}}</ref> by describing the "''conquest of Dvāravati (Siam)''"<ref name="DC1921"/> even after its fall to a Burmese invasion during the [[Pagan Kingdom]]. Several genetic studies published in the 2020s also founded the relations between the [[Mon people]] and [[Thai people|Siamese people]] (Central Thai people) who were the descendants of the Ayutthaya.<ref name=genetic>{{cite journal|title=Reconstructing the Human Genetic History of Mainland Southeast Asia: Insights from Genome-Wide Data from Thailand and Laos|date=2021|journal=Mol Biol Evol|volume=38|issue=8|pages=3459–3477|pmid=33905512|doi=10.1093/molbev/msab124|first1=Wibhu|last1=Kutanan|first2=Dang|last2=Liu|first3=Jatupol|last3=Kampuansai|first4=Metawee|last4=Srikummool|first5=Suparat|last5=Srithawong|first6=Rasmi|last6=Shoocongdej|first7=Sukrit|last7=Sangkhano|first8=Sukhum|last8=Ruangchai|first9=Pittayawat|last9=Pittayaporn|first10=Leonardo|last10=Arias|first11=Mark|last11=Stoneking|pmc=8321548 }}</ref><ref name=genetic3>{{cite journal|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162610v1.full|title=New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia|doi=10.1038/s41431-018-0113-7|date=2017|accessdate=19 January 2024|author=Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Andrea Brunelli, Silvia Ghirotto, Pittayawat Pittayaporn, Sukhum Ruangchai, Roland Schröder, Enrico Macholdt, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Alexander Hübner, Leonardo Arias Alvis, Mark Stoneking|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=898–911 |pmid=29483671 |pmc=5974021 |archivedate=18 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118231746/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162610v1.full|hdl=21.11116/0000-0001-7EEF-6|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The Laotian [[Phra That Phanom Chronicle]] also refers to Ayodhya before the traditional formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom as Dvaravati and Sri Ayodhiya Dvaravati Nakhon ({{lang|th|ศรีอโยธิยาทวารวดีนคร}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_115115|title=บ้านเมืองอีสาน-สองฝั่งโขง ใน "อุรังคธาตุ" ตำนานพระธาตุพนม|trans-title=Northeastern towns and cities on both sides of the Mekong River in "Urankathathu", the legend of Phra That Phanom|language=th|date=4 August 2024|author=Yutthaphong Matwises|website=www.silpa-mag.com|accessdate=28 May 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250527193218/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_115115|archive-date=2025-05-27}}</ref>

==Government==
Little is known about the administration of Dvaravati. It might simply have been a loose gathering of [[chiefdom]]s rather than a centralised state, expanding from the coastal area of the upper peninsula to the riverine region of [[Chao Phraya River]]. [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] were significant. There are 107 Dvaravati cities in Thailand, most of which are in the central plain.<ref name=punt>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/the-dvaravati-footprints-from-the-study-from-paleography|title=The Dvaravati Footprints From The Study From Paleography|date=29 May 2024|accessdate=20 July 2025|author=Punthanida Wakadoun|journal=Global Interactive Journal of World Religions and Cultures|volume=4|issue=1|pp=63–77}}</ref>{{rp|66}} The three largest settlements appear to have been at [[Nakhon Pathom Province|Nakhon Pathom]], [[Suphan Buri Province|Suphanburi]], and [[Phraek Si Racha]], with additional centers at [[Mueang Uthong|U Thong]], [[Chansen]], [[Khu Bua]], Pong Tuk, Mueang Phra Rot, [[Lavo Kingdom|Lopburi]], {{ill|Si Mahosot archaeological site|th|แหล่งโบราณคดีเมืองศรีมโหสถ|lt=Si Mahosot}}, [[Kamphaeng Saen]], [[Dong Lakhon ancient city|Dong Lakhon]], U-Taphao, Ban Khu Mueang, and [[Si Thep (ancient city)|Si Thep]].<ref name=Higham/>{{rp|303–312}} 

According to the Chinese records during the [[Tang dynasty]], Dvaravati is divided into three regions; possibly [[Kamalanka]] at [[Nakhon Pathom]] which has been identified as the center of [[Dvaravati art|Dvaravati culture]], former [[Chin Lin]] at [[Mueang Uthong]], and the last one at {{ill|Si Mahosot archaeological site|th|แหล่งโบราณคดีเมืองศรีมโหสถ|lt=Si Mahosot}} of Avadhyapura. Many government officials, such as military generals and civil servants, administer the national affairs.<ref name=nitta>{{cite web|url=https://dn721506.ca.archive.org/0/items/chapter-3-formation-of-cities-and-the-state-of-dvaravati/Chapter%203%20Formation%20of%20Cities%20and%20the%20State%20of%20Dvaravati.pdf|author=Nitta Eiji|title=Chapter 3: Formation of Cities and the State of Dvaravati|pp=55–75|accessdate=21 July 2025|date=2017}}</ref>{{rp|55}} Dvaravati has two vassal kingdoms, including [[Tou Yuan]] (陀垣) the [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]] predecessor, and an island kingdom [[Tanling]] (曇陵),<ref name=goble/>{{rp|15–16}}<ref name=ja>{{cite web|url=https://dept.sophia.ac.jp/is/angkor/publication/pdf/bunka/bunka32_02.pdf|title=The Trade Sphere and the Tributary Business of Linyi (林邑) in the 7th Century: An Analysis of the Additional Parts of the Huangwang chuan (環王伝) of the Xintangshu (新唐書)|author=Fukami Sumio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214183400/https://dept.sophia.ac.jp/is/angkor/publication/pdf/bunka/bunka32_02.pdf |language=ja|accessdate=15 May 2025|archive-date=14 December 2024 }}</ref>{{rp|27}} whose exact location remains unknown; it was potentially located on some island or small peninsula in the swamp area of the early historic [[Bay of Bangkok]].<ref name=goble>{{cite web|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/nscwps16.pdf|title=Maritime Southeast Asia: The View from Tang-Song China|date=2014|issn=2529-7287|author=Geoffrey Goble|publisher=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|pages=1–19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619010421/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/nscwps16.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-19 }}</ref>{{rp|15–16}}

A study on Dvaravati settlement patterns before the 14th century in the upper [[Chi River|Chi]]-[[Mun River|Mun]] basins suggests that Dvaravati might have been made up of several kingdoms linked by trade networks and centered at supra-regional level settlements, such as [[Dong Mueang Aem]], [[Phimai]], [[Mueang Fa Daet Song Yang]], {{ill|Mueang Sema|th|เมืองเสมา}}, [[Non Mueang ancient city|Non Mueang]], and [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]];<ref name=stu>{{cite web|url=https://sure.su.ac.th/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/26471/MA_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C.pdf|author1=Pariwat Chiamchit|title=การตั้งถิ่นฐานสมัยโบราณในพื้นที่ลุ่มแม่น้ำชีตอนบน ก่อนพุทธศตวรรษที่ 19|trans-title=Ancient Settlement Pattern in the Upper Chi River Basin Prior to the 14th Century A.D.|author2=Thanik Lertcharnri|language=th|date=12 July 2019|accessdate=5 January 2025|work=[[Silpakorn University]]|archivedate=5 January 2025|archiveurl=https://ia600805.us.archive.org/2/items/ancient-settlement-pattern-in-the-upper-chi-river-basin-prior-to-the-14th-century-a.-d./Ancient%20Settlement%20Pattern%20in%20the%20Upper%20Chi%20River%20Basin%20Prior%20to%20the%2014th%20Century%20A.D..pdf}}</ref>{{rp|151–152}} similar to in the [[Menam]] Valley.<ref name=karen>{{cite journal|url=https://ia902905.us.archive.org/29/items/how-many-dvaravati-kingdoms-locational-a/How_Many_Dvaravati_Kingdoms_Locational_A.pdf|title=How Many Dvaravati Kingdoms? Locational Analysis of First Millennium A.D. Moated Settlements in Central Thailand|date=1999|author=Karen M. Mudar|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=18|pp=1–28|issue=1|doi=10.1006/jaar.1998.0329}}</ref> A 2015 study of the pre-600 CE circular moated settlements in the [[Mun River|Mun]] Valleys found that the sites were concentrated into five groups; the westernmost and smallest group with a total of four settlements is the {{ill|Mueang Sema|th|เมืองเสมา}} circle. To the east is the [[Phimai]] cluster which has a larger number of settlements than the other groups. Next is the group of [[Phayakkhaphum Phisai district|Phayakkhaphum Phisai]]–[[Na Dun district|Nadun]]–[[Kaset Wisai District|Kaset Wisai]] on the northern Mun watershed with the well known site at [[Champasri]], which has been identified as the [[Zhū Jiāng Kingdom]] or later [[Zhān Bó]]. To the south is the [[Buriram]]–[[Surin province|Surin]] group, which has almost the same size in terms of number of settlements and predicted mean size as the third group. The last cluster is the easternmost on the adjoined watershed of the Mun–Chi Rivers, with the most concentrated area in [[Suwannaphum district|Suwannaphum]], [[Phon Sai district|Phon Sai]], and [[Nong Hi district|Nong Hi]] of [[Roi Et province]].<ref name=dou>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226715000185|title=Moated sites of the Iron Age in the Mun River Valley, Thailand: New discoveries using Google Earth|author1=Dougald J.W. O'Reilly|author2=Glen Scott|journal=Archaeological Research in Asia|year=2015|volume=3|pp=9–18|doi=10.1016/j.ara.2015.06.001|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|8–9}}

The following shows the polities under Dvaravati culture in the [[Menam]] and the [[Chi River|Chi]]-[[Mun River|Mun]] Valleys during the first millennium.
<div style="white-space:nowrap">
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+Dvaravati Kingdoms and others in the lower [[Menam]] and upper [[Mun River|Mun]]–[[Chi River|Chi]] Valleys during first millennium<ref name=stu/>{{rp|151–2}}<ref name=karen/>{{rp|4, 9}}<ref name=dou/>
|rowspan=20|[[File:Dvaravati Kingdoms in the first millennium.png|280px|center]]
! Seat/Cluster !! Level !!{{tooltip|Settlem|Settlements}}!!Identified as
|-
!colspan=4 {{n/a|Menam Basin}}
|-
| [[Nakhon Pathom]] || Supra-regional center||8|| [[Kamalanka]] (Sambuka; 6th-c. Dvaravati)
|-
| [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]]||Supra-regional center|| ||[[Qiān Zhī Fú]]<ref name=lo>{{cite book|author=Hoshino, T|date=2002|chapter=Wen Dan and its neighbors: the central Mekong Valley in the seventh and eighth centuries. |editor1=M. Ngaosrivathana|editor2=K. Breazeale|title=Breaking New Ground in Lao History: Essays on the Seventh to Twentieth Centuries|pp=25-72|place=Chiang Mai|publisher=Silkworm Books|url=https://archive.org/details/breakingnewgroun0000unse/page/25/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>
|-
| [[Suphanburi]] ||Regional center ||rowspan=2|9||She Ba Ruo  ({{lang|zh|舍跋若}})<ref name=lo/>{{rp|30}} aka. Santanaha?
|-
| [[Mueang Uthong|Uthong]]|| District center||[[Chin Lin]] (Proto-Dvaravati)
|-
| [[Phraek Si Racha]] ||Regional center||12{{efn|name=si|According to Karen M. Mudar (1999)}}/30{{efn|name=sam|According to [[Cefu Yuangui]]}} || [[Duō Miè Kingdom|Duō Miè]]{{efn|name=duo|If [[Tou Yuan]] was the predecessor of the [[Lavo Kingdom]], as proposed by Tatsuo Hoshino,<ref name=lo/>{{rp|54}} [[Duō Miè Kingdom|Duō Miè]] — which bordered west of Tou Yuan — should be in the area of [[Phraek Si Racha]].}} (Proto-Dvaravati)/[[Xiū Luó Fēn]]?
|-
| [[Lopburi]]|| District center||14||[[Tou Yuan]] (Proto-Dvaravati)<ref name=lo/>{{rp|54}}/[[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]
|-
| {{ill|Si Mahosot archaeological site|th|แหล่งโบราณคดีเมืองศรีมโหสถ|lt=Si Mahosot}}|| District center||7||[[Tou Yuan|Avadhyapura]] (6th-c. Dvaravati<ref name=lo/>)
|-
| Khao Laem, [[Uthai Thani province|Uthai Thani]]||Sub-district center ||6||Bō Cì? (Proto-Dvaravati)
|-
| [[Tha Tako district|Tha Tako]], [[Nakhon Sawan province|Nakhon Sawan]]||Sub-district center||8||Part of [[Qiān Zhī Fú]]?<ref name=lo/>{{rp|34}}
|-
| Utapao, [[Saraburi province|Saraburi]]||Sub-district center||4||Part of [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]
|-
| [[Si Satchanalai Historical Park|Chaliang]]||Sub-district center||4||[[Mueang Chaliang]]
|-
| [[Phitsanulok|Yommarad]]||Sub-district center||3||Part of [[Qiān Zhī Fú]]?<ref name=lo/>{{rp|34}}
|-
| {{ill|Tri Trueng|th|เมืองไตรตรึงษ์}}/Khlong Mueang||Sub-district center||3||Kosambi{{efn|name=Kosambi|Established as a polity under [[Kalavarnadisharaja]] of Lavo}}/[[Gān Bì]]?
|-
| [[Lom Sak district|Lom Sak]]–[[Lom Kao district|Lom Kao]]|| || ||[[Cān Bàn Kingdom|Cān Bàn]]
|-
! colspan=4 {{n/a|Mun–Chi Basins}}
|-
|[[Dong Mueang Aem]]||Supra-regional center|| ||''Unknown''
|-
|[[Phimai]]||Supra-regional center||rowspan=2|103||[[Mahidharapura Kingdoms|Mahidharapura]] (Vimayapura)
|-
|[[Phon district|Phon]]|| ||Pó Àn ({{lang|zh|婆岸}})<ref name=lo/>{{rp|30}}
|-
|Dvaravati kingdoms in the [[Menam]] Valley.||{{ill|Mueang Sema|de}}||Regional center||4||[[Canasapura]] (8th-c. Dvaravati)
|-
|rowspan=7|[[File:Dvaravati polities in the upper Chi River Basin.png|280px|center]]||[[Champasri]]||Regional center||rowspan=2|69||rowspan=2|[[Zhū Jiāng Kingdom|Zhū Jiāng]]?,<ref name=briggs2/>{{rp|45}} or [[Zhān Bó]]/<ref name=lo/>{{rp|45}}<br>[[Yamanadvipa]], Vassal of Wen Dan<ref name=Hoshino>{{cite book|chapter=Wen Dan and its neighbours: the central Mekong Valley in the seventh and eighth centuries|date=2002|publisher=Silkworm Books|author=Tatsuo Hoshino|place=Chiang Mai|editor1=Mayoury Ngaosrivathana
|editor2=Kennon Breazeale|url=https://pennds.org/archaeobib/items/show/24325|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409134245/https://pennds.org/archaeobib/items/show/24325|archivedate=9 April 2024|title=Breaking new ground in Lao history: essays on the seventh to twentieth centuries}}</ref><br>or Bhavapura<ref name=briggs2/>{{rp|56}}
|-
|[[Phayakkhaphum Phisai district|Phayakkhaphum Phisai]]–<br>[[Na Dun district|Nadun]]–[[Kaset Wisai District|Kaset Wisai]]
|-
| [[Mueang Fa Daet Song Yang|Fa Daet Song Yang]]||District center|| ||rowspan=2|[[Wen Dan]]<ref name=Hoshino/> or<br>Bhavapura<ref name=briggs2/>{{rp|59}}
|-
|[[Kantharawichai district|Kantharawichai]]||District center||
|-
|[[Non Mueang ancient city|Non Mueang]]||Sub-district center||10||Part of Bhavapura?<ref name=briggs2>{{cite journal|author=Lawrence Palmer Briggs|url=https://dn721908.ca.archive.org/0/items/the-ancient-khmer-empire_202504/The%20Ancient%20Khmer%20Empire.pdf|title=The Ancient Khmer Empire|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|volume=4|issue=1|year=1951|pages=1–295|doi=10.2307/1005620|jstor=1005620 }}</ref>{{rp|123}} or [[Wen Dan]]?
|-
|[[Buriram]]–[[Surin province|Surin]]|| ||57||Part of Vimayapura?/[[Mahidharapura Kingdoms|Mahidharapura]]?
|-
|[[Suwannaphum district|Suwannaphum]]–[[Nong Hi district|Nong Hi]]|| ||39||Part of Bhavapura?<ref name=briggs2/>{{rp|56}}
|-
|Dvaravati polities in the upper [[Chi River]] Basin
!colspan=4|[[Songkhram River|Songkhram]]–[[Mekhong]] Basins
|-
|rowspan=6|[[File:Clusters of the 7th century moated settlements in the Mun River Basin of Thailand.svg|280px|center]]
|[[Nakhon Phanom]]/[[Thakhek]]|| || ||{{ill|Changzhou prefecture|zh|长州 (越南)|lt=Changzhou}} of the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]],<ref name=lo/>{{rp|45}}<br>Na Lao<ref name=lo/>{{rp|45}}/Later {{ill|Gotapura|th|อาณาจักรโคตรบูร}}
|-
|[[Sakon Nakhon]]|| || ||{{ill|Changzhou prefecture|zh|长州 (越南)|lt=Changzhou}} of the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]],<ref name=lo/>{{rp|45}}<br>Later [[Mahidharapura Kingdoms|Mahidharapura]]?
|-
|{{ill|Phu Phrabat|th|ภูพระบาท ประจักษ์พยานแห่งวัฒนธรรมสีมาสมัยทวารวดี}}/[[Vientiane]]|| || ||[[Dàomíng Kingdom|Dàomíng]], ''Dōu Hē Lú'' ({{lang|zh|都訶盧}})?<ref name=lo/>{{rp|45}}
|-
|[[Savannakhet]]–[[Mukdahan]]|| || ||[[Gān Bì]]? ({{lang|zh|甘毕}})<ref name=lo/>{{rp|46}}
|-
!colspan=4|Dvaravati-influenced kingdoms with uncertain identification
|-
|colspan=4|{{hlist|[[Keoi Lau Mì]]|[[Tanling]]}}
|-
|Clusters of 7th-c. moated sites in Mun Valley
|colspan=4|
{|
|{{Legend|border=none|text='''Legend:'''}}||{{Legend|border=none|text=[[File:Circle-draw.svg|18px]] Capital}}||{{Legend|border=none|text=[[File:A Black Star.png|18px]] 500+ [[Hectare|ha]]}}||{{Legend|border=none|text=[[File:Black pentagon.webp|18px]] 300+ ha }}||{{Legend|border=none|text=[[File:U+25A0.svg|18px]] 101–299 ha}}||{{Legend|border=none|text=[[File:Bullet (typography).svg|18px]] 47–100 ha}}||{{Legend|border=none|text=[[File:Bootstrap record-fill.svg|18px]] 1–46 ha}}
|}
|}
</div>

==Rulers==
The excavation in several sites found silver coins dated the 7th century that mentioned the king and queen of the kingdom written in [[Sanskrit]] with [[Pallava script]]: ''śrīdvaravatīsvarapunya'' (King Sridvaravati, who has great merit) and ''śrīdvaravatīsvaradevīpuṇya'' (the goddess of the meritorious King Dvaravati).<ref name=coin>{{cite web|url=https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/709|title=จารึกเหรียญเงินทวารวดี (เมืองดงคอน 3)|language=th|accessdate=8 November 2023|website=sac.or.th|archivedate=8 November 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231108034715/https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/709}}</ref> In addition, the copper plate dating from the 6th–mid 7th centuries found at [[Mueang Uthong|U Thong]] also mentions King Harshavarman (หรรษวรมัน), who was assumed by [[Jean Boisselier]] to be one of the kings of Dvaravati, while [[George Cœdès]] considered the plate was brought from the [[Khmer Empire]], and the name mentioned might be the Khmer king as well.<ref name=plate>{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2020/12/detail_file/7o1sPjHLQN6IgfFe5FwiM4ZBMG3L3kRvproWoRNy.pdf|title=จารึกแผ่นทองแดง|accessdate=8 November 2023|language=th|archivedate=8 November 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231108041106/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2020/12/detail_file/7o1sPjHLQN6IgfFe5FwiM4ZBMG3L3kRvproWoRNy.pdf|website=finearts.go.th}}</ref> However, the periods seem unrelated since King [[Harshavarman I]] of Khmer reigned from 910–923, 200 years later than the age of the inscription,<ref name=HistoricalReview>[http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/107.4/br_35.html "Book Review: Voices from S-21"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012141554/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/107.4/br_35.html |date=2008-10-12 }}. ''The American Historical Review'' (October 2002).</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20070813050106/http://www20.sbs.com.au/podcasting/index.php?action=feeddetails&feedid=3&id=9182 SBS French program]. [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (December 10, 2007).</ref> and Harshavarman I's grandfather was [[Indravarman I]],<ref>Bhattacharya, Kamaleswar (2009). ''A Selection of Sanskrit Inscriptions from Cambodia''. In collaboration with Karl-Heinz Golzio. Center for Khmer Studies.</ref><ref>''Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture'' by Upendra Thakur. Page 37.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Saveros|first= Pou|author-link = Saveros Pou|title= Nouvelles inscriptions du Cambodge|volume= Tome II et III|language=fr|year= 2002|publisher= [[EFEO]]|location = Paris|isbn= 2-85539-617-4|ref= Pou2002}}</ref> not Isanavarman as the inscription mentioned.<ref name=plate/>

Moreover, the inscription found in Ban Wang Pai, [[Phetchabun province]] (K. 978), dated 550 CE, also mentions the enthronement of the Dvaravati ruler, who was also a son of Prathivindravarman, father of [[Bhavavarman I]] of [[Chenla]], which shows the royal lineage relation between Dvaravati and Chenla. However, the name of such a king was missing.<ref name=wangpai>{{cite web|url=https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/529|title=จารึกบ้านวังไผ่|website=db.sac.or.th|language=th|accessdate=19 December 2023|archivedate=31 October 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231031152953/https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/529}}</ref> The other king was mentioned in the Nern Phra Ngam inscription, found in [[Nakhon Pathom province]], dated mid 5th – mid 6th centuries CE but the name was missing as well.<ref name=npru/>

However, some research suggests Bhavavarman mentioned in the Ban Wang Pai inscription of Si Thep may not be [[Bhavavarman I]] of [[Chenla]] due to different inscription styles.<ref name=jit>{{cite web|url=https://archae.su.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88.pdf|title=จารึกพระเจ้ามเหนทรวรมัน|trans-title=The inscriptions of king Mahendravarman|date=2019|accessdate=16 January 2025|author=Kangwon Katchima|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522003534/https://archae.su.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2023 |language=th}}</ref>{{rp|17–19}}

The following chart shows the dynastic relation between Dvaravati polities and other kingdoms in the [[Chao Phraya River|Chao Phraya]]–[[Mekong]] Valleys
{{chart top|Royal relation between Dvaravati polities and other kingdoms in the Chao Phraya–Mekong Valleys}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:100%|summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 180 boxes}}

{{tree chart|border=1||||}}

{{tree chart|border=1|||tona||||||||cha||||||sar|cha=Chakravantin|sar=Sārvabhauma|boxstyle_cha = background-color: #FDEE00ff;|tona=Tona Brahmin<ref name=book>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929192320/http://www.snc.lib.su.ac.th/libmedia/west/e-clip/610062.pdf|title=ตำนานพระประโทณ: ตำนานแบบพึทธศาสนาในสุวรรณภูมิ|language=th|author=Sukanya Sudchaya|accessdate=29 September 2025|trans-title=Legend of Phra Praton: Buddhist legend in Suvarnabhumi}}</ref>{{rp|4}}|boxstyle_tona = background-color: #FFC0CBff;}}

{{tree chart|border=1||||!||||||||||!||||||||!}}

{{tree chart|border=1|||kaka||||||||pat|M|devi|v|vir|pat=Prathivindravarman|devi=Devi|vir=[[Vīravarman]]|boxstyle_pat = background-color: #FDEE00ff;|boxstyle_vir = background-color: #afa;|kaka=[[Kakabhadra]]<ref name="north" />{{rp|3}}|boxstyle_kaka = background-color: #FFC0CBff;}}

{{tree chart|border=1||||!||S|P|P|P|v|-|-|-|(||Y|P|M|P|^|-|.}}

{{tree chart|border=1||,|-|(|sid||sri||unk||bha||cha|sri=''Unknown'' or<br>Bhavavarman{{efn|name=Z}}|bha=[[Bhavavarman I]]|cha=[[Mahendravarman (Chenla)|Mahendravarman]]|boxstyle_bha = background-color: #afa;|boxstyle_cha = background-color: #afa;|boxstyle_sri = background-color: #FDEE00ff;|unk=''Unknown'' or<br>[[Bhavavarman II]]|boxstyle_unk = background-color: #FDEE00ff;|sid=[[Siddhijaya Brahmadeva]]|boxstyle_sid = background-color: #FFC0CBff;}}

{{tree chart|border=1||!||Y|P|V|~|~|~|7||||H|P|P|P|Z||||!}}

{{tree chart|border=1|kala||sri||anu|||Q|||||||con|con=Continue to the Sreshthapura dynasty of [[Chenla]]|boxstyle_con=border:none|kala=[[Kalavarnadisharaja]]|boxstyle_kala = background-color: #FFC0CB;border-color:red|anu=[[Anuruddha]]|boxstyle_anu = background-color: #FFC0CBff;|sri=Cakranarayana|boxstyle_sri = background-color: #FFC0CBff;}}
{{tree chart|border=1||f|~|~|~|~|~|7||:||||Q|}}

{{tree chart|border=1|suk|v|chiang|:|sri|-|unk||||||||||suk=[[Balidhiraja]]|boxstyle_suk = background-color: #D8BFD8|chiang=''Unknown''<br><small>Princess of [[Chiang Saen]]</small>|sri=[[Shridravya]]|boxstyle_sri = background-color: #FFC0CBff;|unk=''Unknown''<br><small>Princess</small>}}

{{tree chart|border=1||!||`|-|.||L|~|7||}}

{{tree chart|border=1|suk||sai||cam|v|ram|||cam=[[Camadevi]]<ref name=ram/>|ram=Ramaraja<ref name=ram>{{cite web|url=https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/112090|title=ใคร?เจ้าชายรามราช|date=19 September 2010|accessdate=19 December 2024|language=th|work=[[Thai Rath]]|trans-title=Who? Prince Ramaraja|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241219023027/https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/112090|archive-date=2024-12-19}}</ref>|boxstyle_ram = background-color: #FDEE00ff;|boxstyle_cam = background-color: #E6E6E6ff;|suk=[[Balipatijaya]]|boxstyle_suk = background-color: #87CEEB|sai=[[Sai Thong Som]]|boxstyle_sai=background-color: #FFC0CB}}

{{tree chart|border=1||:||||||||||!||Q|}}

{{tree chart|border=1|se||||||con1|'|ra|se=''Several generations''|boxstyle_se=border:none|con1=Continue to the Camadevi dynasty of [[Haripuñjaya]]|boxstyle_con1=border:none|ra=[[Rajadhiraj]]|boxstyle_ra = background-color: #FDEE00ff;}}

{{tree chart|border=1||D|P|P|P|T||||||||!|}}

{{tree chart|border=1|ut||con||||||ma|ut=Uchitajakraphad|boxstyle_ut = background-color: #E6E6E6ff;border-color:red|con=Continue to the Lavo dynasty of [[Lavo Kingdom]]|boxstyle_con=border:none|ma=[[Manohanaraj]]|boxstyle_ma = background-color: #FDEE00ff;}}

{{tree chart|border=1||!||||||||||||Q|}}
{{tree chart|border=1|con||||||||||unk|P|end|con=Continue to the Lavo dynasty of [[Haripuñjaya]]|boxstyle_con=border:none|unk=''Unknown''|boxstyle_unk = background-color: #FDEE00ff;|end=Dynasty ended in 757|boxstyle_end=border:none}}

{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
{|
|-
|{{Legend|#FDEE00ff|Ruler of [[Qiān Zhī Fú]] – Ramburi}}||width=15px| ||{{Legend|#FFC0CB|Ruler of [[Kamalanka]]}}||width=15px| ||{{Legend|#FFC0CB|Ruler of [[Kamalanka]]–[[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]|border=2px solid #e00}}||width=15px| ||{{Legend|#87CEEB|Ruler of [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]}}
|-
|{{Legend|#afa|Ruler of [[Chenla]] ([[Vat Phou|Shrestapura]])}}|| ||{{Legend|#E6E6E6ff|Ruler of [[Haripuñjaya]]}}|| ||{{Legend|#E6E6E6ff|Ruler of [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]–[[Haripuñjaya]]|border=2px solid #e00}}||width=15px| ||{{Legend|#D8BFD8|Ruler of [[Sukhothai Historical Park|Sukhothai]]}}
|}

===Chin Lin===
{{main|Chin Lin#Rulers}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Ruler !! Reign !!Note
|-
|colspan=5 {{n/a|Rulers before Isanavarman remain unknown.}}
|-
| Isanavarman<ref name=plate/> ||{{nowrap|5th–6th c.}}
|-
|''Unknown''<ref name=plate>{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2020/12/detail_file/7o1sPjHLQN6IgfFe5FwiM4ZBMG3L3kRvproWoRNy.pdf|title=จารึกแผ่นทองแดง|accessdate=8 November 2023|language=th|archivedate=8 November 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231108041106/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2020/12/detail_file/7o1sPjHLQN6IgfFe5FwiM4ZBMG3L3kRvproWoRNy.pdf|website=finearts.go.th}}</ref> ||5th–6th c.||Son of the previous
|-
|Harshavarman<ref name=plate/> || mid-6th c.||Son of the previous. 
|-
|colspan=3 {{n/a|Due to the rise of the [[Sri Vijaya]] maritime trade route, [[Nakhon Pathom]] of [[Kamalanka]] became more prosperous,<ref name=b2555/>{{rp|39–40}} and the political center of the region was then shifted to this new polity in the 6th–7th century,<ref name=na>{{cite web|url=https://lek-prapai.org/home/view.php?id=5352|language=th|accessdate=15 July 2025|date=1 May 2018|author=Phanomkorn Navasela|work=Lek-Prapri Viriyahphat Foundation|title=นครปฐมเมืองท่าแห่งสหพันธรัฐทวารวดี|trans-title=Nakhon Pathom, the port city of the Dvaravati Federation}}</ref><ref name=murphy2010>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906234140/https://os.pennds.org/archaeobib_filestore/pdf_articles/Dissertations/2010_Murphy.pdf|title=The Buddhist boundary markers of northeast Thailand and central Laos, 7th-12th Centuries CE: towards an understanding of the archaeological, religious and artistic landscapes of the Khorat Plateau|author=Stephen A. Murphy|date=2011|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00012204}}</ref>{{rp|55}} which marked as the beginning of the Dvaravati civilization.}}
|-
|Maratha?<ref name=walailak>{{cite web|author=Walailak Songsiri|title=ในดินแดนแห่งเจนลีฟู นครรัฐที่ไม่ได้อยู่ในอำนาจทางการเมืองของพระเจ้าชัยวรมันที่ ๗ สู่ปัญหาทางประวัตศาสตร์ที่หาทางออกไม่เจอของสังคมไทย|trans-title=In the land of Chen Li Fu, a city-state that was not under the political power of King Jayavarman VII, to the historical problems that cannot be solved for Thai society.|date=2025|accessdate=14 July 2025|url=https://archive.org/details/in-the-land-of-genlifu-a-city-state-that-was-not-under-the-political-power-of-ki|language=th|work=Lek-Prapai Viriyahpant Foundation}}</ref>{{rp|12}}<ref name=fin>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903004248/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2024/05/detail_file/Y63sTG29ZQohwG2KhCHyoWmU9iIS7TSkZBl1UD34.pdf|title=จารึกสมัยทวารวดีในดินแดนฝั่งตะวันตกของประเทศไทย|trans-title=Dvaravati inscriptions in the western part of Thailand|language=th|date=2024|accessdate=15 July 2025|work=Fine Arts Department of Thailand|author1=Piyanan Chobsilpakob|author2=Pratchaya Rungsangthong|pp=95–100}}</ref>{{rp|97}}||{{nowrap|late 9th c.}}
|}

===Kamalanka===
{{main|Kamalanka#List of rulers}}

===Qiān Zhī Fú===
{{see|Si Thep Historical Park|Ayojjhapura|Qiān Zhī Fú}}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan=2|Name !! rowspan=2|Reign !!rowspan=2|Note||rowspan=2|Source
|-
! Romanized!!Thai
|-
| Chakravantin{{efn|name=cha|In the case of Prathivindravarman was the father of [[Bhavavarman I]] or [[Bhavavarman II]] of [[Chenla]]}}||จักรวรรติน||5th century||Father of [[Prathivindravarman]]||rowspan=4|Wang Pai Inscription (K.978)<ref name=wangpai/>
|-
| [[Prathivindravarman]]{{efn|name=si|As king of [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]]}}|| {{nowrap|ปฤถิวีนทรวรมัน}}||5th century||Father of [[Bhavavarman I]] or [[Bhavavarman II|II]] of [[Chenla]]?
|-
| {{nowrap|''Unknown'' or Bhavavarman{{efn|name=si}}{{efn|If Bhavavarman mentioned in the inscription is not [[Bhavavarman I]] and [[Bhavavarman II]] of Chenla.<ref name=jit/>{{rp|17–19}}|name=Z}}}} ||ภววรมัน||{{nowrap|Early 6th-c.}}||rowspan=2|
*Son of [[Prathivindravarman]]
* In 590, King [[Siddhijaya Brahmadeva]] of Si Thep established authority in the [[Nakhon Pathom]] region, provoking conflict with the local ruler [[Kakabhadra]].
*Qiān Zhī Fú's [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]] – [[Kamalanka]]'s [[Nakhon Pathom]] royal intermarriage established
|-
| ''Unknown''{{efn|name=si}}|| ||550–?
|-
| Ramaraja{{efn|name=rm|As king of Ramburi, the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]]'s predecessor,<ref name=ram/> also known as [[Ayojjhapura]].<ref name=mati/>}}||รามราช||c. 662||
*{{nowrap|Spouse of [[Haripuñjaya]]'s queen [[Camadevi]]}}
*First embassy mission to China around 656–661.
|[[Jinakalamali]]<ref name=ram>{{cite web|url=https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/112090|title=ใคร?เจ้าชายรามราช|date=19 September 2010|accessdate=19 December 2024|language=th|work=[[Thai Rath]]|trans-title=Who? Prince Ramaraj|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241219023027/https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/112090|archive-date=2024-12-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rajadhiraj]]{{efn|name=ayo}}||ราชาธิราช||{{nowrap|mid–late 7th-c.}}|| ||rowspan=2|[[Jinakalamali]]<ref name=jin>{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/CZBhv0xayi8Cl0A9KlXeDVNQ4oGJSzpQqiOb6mVr.pdf|title=Jinakalamali|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130045009/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/CZBhv0xayi8Cl0A9KlXeDVNQ4oGJSzpQqiOb6mVr.pdf |language=th|accessdate=30 January 2025|archive-date=30 January 2025 }}</ref>{{rp|125–6}}
|-
| [[Manohanaraj]]{{efn|name=ayo}}||มโนหารราช||{{nowrap|late 7th-c.}}||Son of the previous
|-
|colspan=7 {{n/a|Under [[Dvaravati]], centered at Nakhon Pathom–Lavo}}
|-
| ''Unknown'' <small>(puppet king)</small>|| ||late 7th – early 8th-c.||Under Dvaravati||[[Jinakalamali]]<ref name=jin/>{{rp|125–6}}
|-
|colspan=7 {{n/a|Dvaravati civilization began to decline around the mid-8th to 9th centuries.<ref name=murphy2010/>{{rp|61}}}}
|-
| colspan=2 {{n/a|Vacant}}||Early 8th-c. – ?||
|-
| [[Adītaraj]]{{efn|name=ayo|As king of [[Ayojjhapura]]}}||อาทิตยราช||Late 8th-c. – early 9th-c.|| ||{{ill|Ratanabimbavamsa|th|รัตนพิมพวงษ์}}<ref name=rat>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_-_%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%94%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%95.pdf|trans-title=Ratanabimbavamsa|title=รัตนพิมพวงษ์|language=th|date=1912|author=Pae Talalak|accessdate=19 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|51}}
|-
|colspan=7 {{n/a|During the eighth to ninth centuries, the Qiān polity centred at Si Thep—identified in Chinese sources as ''[[Kamalanka#As Ge Luo She Fen and Gē Luó|Gē Luó Shě Fēn]]''—controlled territory encompassing much of the western [[Chao Phraya]] Valley, including [[Dvaravati]]’s [[Kamalanka]].<ref name=laos/>{{rp|38–9}}}}
|-
| [[Pú jiā yuè mó]]{{efn|name=ge|As king of ''Gē Luó Shě Fēn''}} (Padum Kumara?)|| ||?–859||Potentially a dual monarchy of [[Kamalanka]] and Qiān Zhī Fú||[[Cefu Yuangui]], [[New Book of Tang]]
|-
| colspan=7 {{n/a|The line was split into two seats: Qiān Zhī Fú at [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]] and [[Kamalanka]] at [[Nakhon Pathom]]}}

|-
|colspan=7 {{n/a|The following four rulers were traditionally identified as monarchs of {{ill|Muang Sema|fr}}. However, if [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]] indeed functioned as the principal center of [[Canasapura]], as proposed by Tatsuo Hoshino, likely, their reigns were actually based at Si Thep.<ref name=laos/>{{rp|32–4}}}}
|-
|[[Bhagadatta (of Chanasa)|Bhagadatta]]||ภคทัตต์||{{nowrap|859–early 10th-c.}}||Relative of [[Bhavavarman II]]?||rowspan=5|Śri Canāśa Inscription K.949<ref name=sric2>{{cite web|url=https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/313|title=จารึกศรีจานาศะ|language=th|date=2023|accessdate=26 September 2023|publisher=[[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]]}}</ref>
|-
|Sri [[Sundaraprakrama]]||ศรีสุนทรปรากรม||early 10th-c.||Son of the previous
|-
|Sri [[Sundararavarman]]||ศรีสุนทรวรมัน||?–937 ||Son of the previous
|-
|[[Narapatisimhavarman]]||ศรีนรปติสิงหวรมัน||937–971||At Si Thep seat. Son of the previous
|-
|Mangalavarman||มงคลวรมัน||971–986||At Muang Sema seat. Younger brother of the previous.
|-
| colspan=7 {{n/a|In 946, the Angkorian king [[Rajendravarman II]] won over [[Rāmaññadesa]] ({{literal translation|country of the [[Mon people|Mon]]}}, possibly Lavapura or Si Thep).<ref name=hall>Hall, Kenneth R. “Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 18, no. 3, 1975, pp. 318–336. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3632140. Accessed 3 June 2020.</ref>}}
|-
| Vap Upendra{{efn|name=go|As the Governor of [[Rāmaññadesa]]}}||วาป อุเปนทร||949–960s?||Relative of [[Rajendravarman II]] of [[Angkor|Ankor]]||Rajendravarman II Inscription<ref name=npru>{{cite web|url=https://publication.npru.ac.th/bitstream/123456789/1158/1/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%20%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5.pdf|title=Evidences of Governors and Aristocrats' Existences in Dvaravati Period|language=th|date=2020|accessdate=19 December 2023|author=Supitchar Jindawattanaphum|publisher=Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University}}</ref>{{rp|3546}}
|-
| colspan=10 {{n/a|Si Thep fell under Angkor around the 10th century. During this period, the center of power was probably shifted to [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]'s Lavapura,<ref name=mati/> and the [[Menam]] Basin was then divided into two main polities: [[Lavo Kingdom]] to the east and [[Suphannaphum]] to the west. Moreover, a new settlement known as ''Mueang Wat Derm'' ({{lang|th|เมืองวัดเดิม}}) was founded southwestward in the lower plain in 934.<ref name="north" />{{rp|30}}{{efn|Calculated from the text given in the chronicle: "สิ้น 97 ปีสวรรคต ศักราชได้ 336 ปี พระยาโคดมได้ครองราชสมบัติอยู่ ณ วัดเดิม 30 ปี"<ref name=north>[[wikisource:th:พงศาวดารเหนือ (2474)/พงศาวดาร|Northern Chronicle]]</ref>{{rp|30}} which is transcribed as "...at the age of 97, he passed away in the year 336 of the [[Chula Sakarat]]. Phraya Kodom reigned in the Mueang Wat Derm for 30 years...".|name=A}} In the 1080s, the city was set as Lavo's new capital and renamed ''Ayodhya'', which continued to the formation of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] in the 14th century.<ref name=mati/>}}
|}

===Lavo===
{{for|full list of Lavo rulers from the Dvaravati period to the Ayodhya period|Lavo Kingdom#List of rulers}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:100%"
|-
! colspan=2|Name !! rowspan=2|Reign!!rowspan=2 width=500px|Notes
|-
! English || Thai
|-
| colspan=2|''Chá-shīlì Pó-mò-pó-nà'' {{lang|zh|察失利  婆末婆那}}|| c. 644|| As king of [[Tou Yuan]]
|-
| colspan=7 {{n/a|The [[Tou Yuan]] Kingdom was annexed by Dvaravati's [[Kamalanka]] in 647 and was refounded as the Lavo Kingdom in 648.}}
|-
| [[Kalavarnadisharaja]]||กาฬวรรดิษฐ์||648–700||Founder. Son of [[Kamalanka|Takkasila]]'s king, Kakapat.
|-
| [[Balipatijaya]]<ref name=book/>{{rp|4–5}}{{efn|name=inter|The sources say Balidhiraja overthrew the former ruler at ''Nakhon Chai Si'' and assigned his younger son, [[Sai Thong Som]], as the new ruler and then enthroned his elder son, [[Balipatijaya]], as the new king of ''Nakhon Luang''. See the interpretation on ''Nakhon Luang'' at [[Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri#Interpretations on Tasoo Nacora Louang|Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri]].}}||ภาลีบดีชัย||700–?||Grandson of the previous. Son of Balidhiraja (พาลีธิราช), king of [[Sukhothai Historical Park|Sukhothai]]
|-
| colspan=2 {{n/a|''Unknown''}}||8th century–861||Golden period of [[Qiān Zhī Fú|Qiān]] or ''Gē Luó Shě Fēn'' at [[Si Thep Historical Park|Si Thep]] to the north, who conquered the lower valley from the 8th to 9th centuries. 
|-
| Vasudeva<ref name=ori>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf|title=พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช|trans-title=Sri Thammasokaraj|language=th|author=Chatchai Sukrakarn|accessdate=6 November 2024|date=October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812062734/http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2024 }}</ref>{{rp|39}} ||วาสุเทพ||861–?||[[Tai Yuan]] monarch from the north.
|-
| Uchitthaka Chakkawat||อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ||?–927||Later became King of [[Haripuñjaya]]
|-
| colspan=7 {{n/a|[[Tambralinga]] seized Lavo in 927.}}
|-
| Sujita<ref name=lem>{{cite web|url=https://archive.today/20250418183606/http://meruheritage.com/SriVijaya.html|author=Lem Chuck Moth|date=30 December 2017|accessdate=19 April 2025|title=The Sri Vijaya Connection}}</ref>||สุชิตราช||927–930||Also King of [[Tambralinga]]. As a [[tributary state]] of [[Tambralinga]].
|-
| Kampoch<ref name=lem/>||กัมโพช||930–946?||Son of the previous. As a [[tributary state]] of [[Tambralinga]].<ref name=week>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_459113|title=ปริศนาโบราณคดี l 'สงครามสามนคร' (1): กษัตริย์หริภุญไชยผู้พลัดถิ่นหนีไปแถบเมืองสรรคบุรี?|author=เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ|date=28 August 2019|access-date=25 December 2023|language=th|publisher=[[Matichon]]|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231225154450/https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_459113}}</ref><ref name=week2>{{cite web|url=https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_464051|title=ปริศนาโบราณคดี : 'สงครามสามนคร' (จบ) : การปรากฏนามของพระเจ้ากัมโพชแห่งกรุงละโว้?|date=12 September 2019|access-date=25 December 2023|language=th|publisher=[[Matichon]]|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231225163500/https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_464051|author=เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 {{n/a|Vacant?}}||946–948||
|-
| Vap Upendra?||	วาป อุเปนทร||949–960s?||As the governor of [[Rāmaññadesa]], appointed by [[Rajendravarman II]].<ref name=npru>{{cite web|url=https://publication.npru.ac.th/bitstream/123456789/1158/1/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%20%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5.pdf|title=Evidences of Governors and Aristocrats' Existences in Dvaravati Period|language=th|date=2020|accessdate=19 December 2023|author=Supitchar Jindawattanaphum|publisher=Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University}}</ref>{{rp|3546}}
|-
| Narapativiravarman?|| ||960s?–980s?||As the governor.
|-
|[[Ipoia Sanne Thora Thesma Teperat]]|| ||980s||As king of Yassouttora Nacoora Louang/Tasoo Nacora Louang (from [[Qiān Zhī Fú]])
|-
| colspan=7 {{n/a|Angkor seized Lavo in 1001 or 1005.}}
|-
| Lakshmipativarman<ref name=monwar/>||ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน||1006–?||As the governor, appointed by [[Suryavarman I]]<ref name=monwar>{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/fad4/view/34507-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87--%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1-?fbclid=IwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts|title=๑ สหัสวรรษ แห่ง "พระนิยม"|language=th|access-date=26 October 2023|work=[[Fine Arts Department]]|archive-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231025205650/https://www.finearts.go.th/fad4/view/34507-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87--%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1-?fbclid=IwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts}}</ref>
|-
| Laparaja<ref name=yonok/>{{rp|208–10}}||ลพราช|| ||Period of constant wars against [[Haripuñjaya]].
|-
| ''Unknown''<ref name=yonok>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81_-_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84_-_%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%94%E0%B9%97%E0%B9%99.pdf|title=Yonok Chronicle|date=1936|access-date=16 December 2024|language=th}}</ref>{{rp|211}}|| ||?–1052?||Son of the previous.
|-
| [[Chandrachota]]||จันทรโชติ||1052–1069||colspan=3|Prince of [[Suphannabhum]] who fled to [[Haripuñjaya]] after Suphannabhum was seized by [[Tambralinga]] in the 920s.
|}

== Art ==
{{Main|Dvaravati art}}
Dvaravati itself was heavily influenced by [[India]]n culture, and played an important role in introducing [[Buddhism]] and particularly [[Buddhist art]] to the region. [[Stucco]] [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]] on the religious monuments include [[garuda]]s, [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]s, and [[Nāga]]s. Additionally, groups of musicians have been portrayed with their instruments, prisoners, females with their attendants, soldiers indicative of social life. [[Votive tablet]]s have also been found, also [[molding (process)|moulds]] for tin [[amulets]], pottery, [[terracotta]] trays, and a [[bronze]] chandelier, [[earring]]s, bells and [[cymbals]].<ref name=Higham/>{{rp|306–308}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Dvaravati}}
*Robert L. Brown, ''The Dvaravati Wheels of the Law and the Indianization of South East Asia''. Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology, Vol. 18, [[Jan Fontein|Fontein, Jan]], ed. Leiden and New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.
*Elizabeth Lyons, "Dvaravati, a Consideration of its Formative Period", R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.), ''Early South East Asia: Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography,'' Oxford University Press, New York, 1979, pp.&nbsp;352–359.
*Dhida Saraya, ''(Sri) Dvaravati: the Initial Phase of Siam's History'', Bangkok, Muang Boran, 1999, {{ISBN|974-7381-34-6}}
*Swearer, Donald K. and Sommai Premchit. ''The Legend of Queen Cama: Bodhiramsi's [[Camadevivamsa]], a Translation and Commentary''. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7914-3776-0}}
*สุรพล ดำริห์กุล, ''ประวัติศาสตร์และศิลปะหริภุญไชย'', กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์เมืองโบราณ, 2004, {{ISBN|974-7383-61-6}}.
* Pierre Dupont, ''The Archaeology of the Mons of Dvāravatī,'' translated from the French with updates and additional appendices, figures and plans by Joyanto K.Sen, Bangkok, White Lotus Press, 2006.
* [[Jean Boisselier]], "Ū-Thòng et son importance pour l'histoire de Thaïlande [et] Nouvelles données sur l'histoire ancienne de Thaïlande", ''Bōrānwitthayā rư̄ang MỮang ʻŪ Thō̜ng,'' Bangkok, Krom Sinlapakon, 2509 [1966], pp.&nbsp;161–176.
* Peter Skilling, "Dvaravati: Recent Revelations and Research", ''Dedications to Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana Krom Luang Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra on her 80th birthday,'' Bangkok, The Siam Society, 2003, pp.&nbsp;87–112.
* Natasha Eilenberg, M.C. Subhadradis Diskul, Robert L. Brown (editors), ''Living a Life in Accord with Dhamma: Papers in Honor of Professor Jean Boisselier on his Eightieth Birthday,'' Bangkok, Silpakorn University, 1997.
* C. Landes, "Pièce de l’époque romaine trouvé à U-Thong, Thaïlande", ''The Silpakorn Journal,'' vol.26, no.1, 1982, pp.&nbsp;113–115.
* John Guy, ''Lost Kingdoms: Hindu Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast,'' New York and Bangkok, Metropolitan Museum of Art and River Books, 2014, p.&nbsp;32.
* Wārunī ʻŌsathārom. ''Mư̄ang Suphan bon sēnthāng kan̄plīanplǣng thāng prawattisāt Phutthasattawat thī 8 – ton Phutthasattawat thī 25'' (History, development, and geography of the ancient city of Suphan Buri Province, Central Thailand, 8th–25th B.E.), Samnakphim Mahāwitthayālai Thammasāt, Krung Thēp, 2547.
* {{cite web|url=https://suvarnabhumi.psu.ac.th/tudb/files/research_file13989587932024-03-0821-15-56.pdf|title=หลักฐานการมีอยู่ของผู้ปกครอง และชนชั้นสูงสัมยทวารวดี|trans-title=Evidences of Governors and Aristocrats’ Existences in Dvaravati Period|author=Supitchar Jindawattanaphum|publisher=Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University|language=th|date=2020|archivedate=25 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425220808/https://suvarnabhumi.psu.ac.th/tudb/files/research_file13989587932024-03-0821-15-56.pdf}}

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