View source for Demographics of Brazil

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox place demographics
 | place              = [[Brazil]]
 | image              = Piramede Etaria Brasil Censo 2022.png
 | image_size         = 350
 | caption            = [[Population pyramid]] of [[Brazil]] in 2022

<!-- main demographics -->
 | size_of_population = {{increase}} 212,583,750 (2024 est.)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=População estimada do país chega a 212,6 milhões de habitantes em 2024 {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/41111-populacao-estimada-do-pais-chega-a-213-4-milhoes-de-habitantes-em-2024 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Agência de Notícias - IBGE |language=pt-BR}}</ref><br> {{increase}} 203,080,756 ([[2022 Brazilian census|2022 census]])<ref name="brcensus2022">{{Cite web |title=Panorama | publisher = IBGE |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website= Censo 2022 |language= pt-BR}}</ref>
 | density            = {{increase}} {{cvt|25|/km2}} (2024 est.)
 | growth             = {{decrease}} 0.61% (2024 est.)
 | birth              = {{decrease}} 10.04 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
 | death              = {{decreasePositive}} 7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
 | life               = {{increase}} 78.37 years (2024 est.)
 | life_male          = {{increase}} 75.3 years
 | life_female        = {{increase}} 82.2 years
 | fertility          = {{decrease}} 1.57 children born/woman (2024 est.)
 | infant_mortality   = {{decreasePositive}} 10.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
 | net_migration      = {{increase}} −0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

<!-- age structure -->
 | age_0–14_years     = {{decrease}} 19.0%
 | age_15–64_years    = {{increase}} 69.5%
 | age_65_years       = {{increaseNegative}} 11.4% (2024 est.)
<!-- sex ratio -->
 | total_mf_ratio     = 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
 | sr_at_birth        = 1.04 male(s)/female
 | sr_under_15        = 1.04 male(s)/female
 | sr_15–64_years     = 0.98 male(s)/female
 | sr_65_years_over   = 0.75 male(s)/female

<!-- nationality -->
 | nation             = [[Brazilians|Brazilian]]
 | major_ethnic       = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* {{increaseNeutral}} [[Pardo Brazilians|Mixed]] (45.34%)<ref name="G1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Censo 2022 |url= https://g1.globo.com/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref>
* {{decreaseNeutral}} [[White Brazilians|White]] (43.46%)<ref name="G1"/>
** [[Portuguese Brazilians|Portuguese]] (50-70%)
** [[Italian Brazilians|Italian]] (16.4%)
** [[Spanish Brazilians|Spanish]] (5.2%)
** [[Arab Brazilians|Arab]] (6%)
** [[German Brazilians|German]] (4%)
** Others (N/D)
{{tree list/end}}
}}
 | minor_ethnic       = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* {{increaseNeutral}} [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]] (10.17%)<ref name="G1"/>
* {{increaseNeutral}} [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native]] (0.60%)<ref name="G1"/>
** [[Tupi people|Tupi]] (0.08%)
** Others (0.52%)
* {{decreaseNeutral}} [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]] (0.42%)<ref name="G1"/>
** [[Japanese Brazilians|Japanese]] (1%)
** [[Chinese Brazilians|Chinese]] (0.13%)
** Others (N/D)
{{tree list/end}}
}}

<!-- language -->
 | official           = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
 | spoken             = [[Languages of Brazil]]
}}

Brazil had an official resident population of 203 million in 2022, according to [[IBGE]].<ref name="IBGE">{{Citation | url = https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37237-de-2010-a-2022-populacao-brasileira-cresce-6-5-e-chega-a-203-1-milhoes | title = População do Brasil cresce 6,5 % e chega a 203,1 milhões | date = 28 June 2023 | publisher = IBGE}}.</ref> Brazil is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|seventh most populous country]] in the world and the second most populous in the [[List of countries in the Americas by population|Americas]] and [[Western Hemisphere]].

[[Brazilians]] are mainly concentrated in the eastern part of the country, which comprises the Southeast, South, and Northeast. But it also has a significant presence in large cities in the Center-West and North.<ref name="ibge.gov.br">{{cite web|url= http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf|date=8 November 2021| work =Censo Demográfico 2020 | title = Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo | publisher = IBGE |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130525132840/http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> According to the [[2022 Brazilian census|2022 census]], Brazil had 88,252,121 White people, 92,083,286 Mixed people, 20,656,458 Black people, 850,132 Asian people, and 1,227,640 Indigenous people.<ref name="brcensus2022" />

[[File:Brasil Populacao.jpg|thumb|Population density, administrative divisions and economic regions of Brazil (1977)]]
[[File:Population density Brazil 2022.svg|thumb|right|[[List of Brazilian states by population density|Map of Brazilian municipalities by population density]]]]

==Population size and structure==
{{Historical populations
| percentages = pagr
| footnote = Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Históricos dos censos demográficos|url=https://memoria.ibge.gov.br/sinteses-historicas/historicos-dos-censos/censos-demograficos.html| publisher =Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística |access-date= 24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Projeção da população do Brasil e das Unidades da Federação |url= https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/ | publisher =Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística|access-date= 24 October 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151627/https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| title = Census population
|1890 | 14333915
|1900 | 17438434
|1920 | 30635605
|1940 | 41236315
|1950 | 51944397
|1960 | 70992343
|1970 | 94508583
|1980 | 121150573
|1991 | 146917459
|2000 | 169872856
|2010 | 190755799
|2022 | 203080756
}}

[[File:Historical population of Brazil.svg|thumb|Historical population of Brazil]]
[[File:Population of brazil.svg|thumb|Population of Brazil, 1550–2005]]
[[File:Life expectancy in Brazil.svg|thumb|[[Life expectancy]] in Brazil since 1900]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Brazil -diff.png|thumb|Life expectancy in Brazil since 1960 by gender]]

According to the 2008 PNAD (National Household Sample Survey), conducted by the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], the Brazilian Statistics bureau, there were about 189,953,000 inhabitants in 2008.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = IBGE | url = http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&z=pnad&o=3&i=P | title = 2008 PNAD}}.</ref> As of the latest (2022) census, the [[Brazilian government]] estimates its population at 203 million.

The population of Brazil is estimated based on various sources from 1550 to 1850. The first official census took place in 1872. From that year, every 10 years (with some exceptions) the population is counted.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Census_COVID19_digital.pdf |title=Technical Brief on the Implications of Covid-19 on Census|publisher=UNFPA|year=2020}}</ref>

Brazil is the seventh most populated country in the world.
* '''1550''' – 15,000
* '''1600''' – 100,000
* '''1660''' – 184,000
* '''1700''' – 300,000
* '''1766''' – 1,500,000
* '''1800''' – 3,250,000
* '''1820''' – 4,717,000
* '''1850''' – 7,256,000
* '''1872''' – 9,930,478
* '''1890''' – 14,333,915
* '''1900''' – 17,438,434
* '''1920''' – 30,635,605
* '''1940''' – 41,236,315
* '''1950''' – 51,944,397
* '''1960''' – 70,119,071
* '''1970''' – 93,139,037
* '''1980''' – 119,070,865
* '''1991''' – 146,917,459
* '''1996''' – 157,079,573
* '''2000''' – 169,544,443
* '''2010''' – 190,755,799<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/ |title= Portal Brasil |access-date= 30 August 2017}}</ref>
* '''2022''' – 203,080,756<ref name="brcensus2022" />

[[File:Brazilian States by Population.svg|thumb|right|210px|[[List of Brazilian states by population|Map of Brazilian states by population]]]]

Population distribution in Brazil is very uneven.  The majority of Brazilians live within {{convert |300|km|mi|abbr= on}} of the coast, while the interior in the Amazon Basin is highly remote.  Therefore, the densely populated areas are on the coast and the sparsely populated areas are in the interior.

===UN estimates===
According to {{UN_Population|source}} the population was {{UN_Population|Brazil}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, compared to only 53,975,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 20.7%, 69.8% was between 15 and 61 years of age, while 9.5% was 65 years or older.<ref name="WPP 2015">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ |title= World Population Prospects – Population Division | publisher = United Nations}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
!rowspan=2| Year
!rowspan=2| Total population<br>({{times}}1000)
!colspan=3| Population percentage in age bracket
|-
! aged <15
! aged 15–64
! aged 65+
|-
| 1950
|53 975
|{{percentage bar|width=70|41.6}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|55.5}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|3.0}}
|-
| 1955
|62 656
|{{percentage bar|width=70|42.0}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|55.0}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|3.0}}
|-
| 1960
|72 494
|{{percentage bar|width=70|43.1}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|53.7}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|3.1}}
|-
| 1965
|84 130
|{{percentage bar|width=70|43.6}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|53.0}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|3.4}}
|-
| 1970
|95 982
|{{percentage bar|width=70|42.3}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|54.2}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|3.5}}
|-
| 1975
|108 431
|{{percentage bar|width=70|40.2}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|56.0}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|3.8}}
|-
| 1980
|122 200
|{{percentage bar|width=70|38.4}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|57.6}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|4.0}}
|-
| 1985
|136 836
|{{percentage bar|width=70|36.9}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|59.0}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|4.1}}
|-
| 1990
|150 393
|{{percentage bar|width=70|35.4}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|60.1}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|4.5}}
|-
| 1995
|162 755
|{{percentage bar|width=70|32.4}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|62.6}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|5.0}}
|-
| 2000
|175 786
|{{percentage bar|width=70|29.7}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|64.7}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|5.6}}
|-
| 2005
|188 479
|{{percentage bar|width=70|27.5}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|66.2}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|6.3}}
|-
| 2010
|198 614
|{{percentage bar|width=70|24.9}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|68.4}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|6.7}}
|-
| 2015
|207 848
|{{percentage bar|width=70|22.5}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|69.5}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|9.0}}
|-
| 2020
|215 963
|{{percentage bar|width=70|19.7}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|69.8}}
|{{percentage bar|width=70|10.5}}
|}

===Structure of the population===

{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 30.VII.2010):<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title= Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=2023-05-10 |website= Stats | publisher = UNSD}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 93 406 990
| align="right" | 97 348 809 
| align="right" | 190 755 799
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 7 016 987
| align="right" | 6 779 171
| align="right" | 13 796 158
| align="right" | 7.23
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 7 624 144 
| align="right" | 7 345 231
| align="right" | 14 969 375
| align="right" | 7.85
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 8 725 413
| align="right" | 8 441 348
| align="right" | 17 166 761
| align="right" | 9.00
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 8 558 868
| align="right" | 8 432 004
| align="right" | 16 990 872
| align="right" | 8.91
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 8 630 229
| align="right" | 8 614 963
| align="right" | 17 245 192
| align="right" | 9.04
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 8 460 995
| align="right" | 8 643 419
| align="right" | 17 104 414
| align="right" | 8.97
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 7 717 658
| align="right" | 8 026 854 
| align="right" | 15 744 512
| align="right" | 8.25
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 6 766 664
| align="right" | 7 121 915
| align="right" | 13 888 579
| align="right" | 7.28
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 6 320 568
| align="right" | 6 688 796
| align="right" | 13 009 364
| align="right" | 6.82
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 5 692 014
| align="right" | 6 141 338
| align="right" | 11 833 352
| align="right" | 6.20
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 4 834 995
| align="right" | 5 305 407
| align="right" | 10 140 402
| align="right" | 5.32
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 3 902 344
| align="right" | 4 373 877
| align="right" | 8 276 221
| align="right" | 4.34
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 3 041 035
| align="right" | 3 468 085
| align="right" | 6 509 120
| align="right" | 3.41
|-
| align="right" | 65-69
| align="right" | 2 224 065
| align="right" | 2 616 745
| align="right" | 4 840 810 
| align="right" | 2.54
|-
| align="right" | 70-74
| align="right" | 1 667 372
| align="right" | 2 074 264
| align="right" | 3 741 636
| align="right" | 1.96
|-
| align="right" | 75-79
| align="right" | 1 090 517
| align="right" | 1 472 930 
| align="right" | 2 563 447
| align="right" | 1.34
|-
| align="right" | 80-84
| align="right" | 668 623
| align="right" | 998 349
| align="right" | 1 666 972
| align="right" | 0.87
|-
| align="right" | 85-89
| align="right" | 310 759
| align="right" | 508 724
| align="right" | 819 483
| align="right" | 0.43
|-
| align="right" | 90-94
| align="right" | 114 964
| align="right" | 211 594
| align="right" | 326 558
| align="right" | 0.17
|-
| align="right" | 95-99
| align="right" | 31 529
| align="right" | 66 806
| align="right" | 98 335
| align="right" | 0.05
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 7 247
| align="right" | 16 989
| align="right" | 24 236
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 23 366 544
| align="right" | 22 565 750
| align="right" | 45 932 294
| align="right" | 24.08
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 63 925 370
| align="right" | 66 816 658
| align="right" | 130 742 028
| align="right" | 68.54
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 6 115 076
| align="right" | 7 966 401
| align="right" | 14 081 477
| align="right" | 7.38
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.VIII.2022):<ref name="brcensus2022" />
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 98 532 431
| align="right" | 104 548 325 
| align="right" | 203 080 756
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 6 461 689
| align="right" | 6 243 171
| align="right" | 12 704 860
| align="right" | 6.26
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 7 011 282 
| align="right" | 6 738 158
| align="right" | 13 749 440
| align="right" | 6.77
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 6 992 746
| align="right" | 6 682 215
| align="right" | 13 674 961
| align="right" | 6.73
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 7 317 515
| align="right" | 7 058 427
| align="right" | 14 375 942
| align="right" | 7.08
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 7 767 306
| align="right" | 7 699 157
| align="right" | 15 466 463
| align="right" | 7.62
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 7 627 458
| align="right" | 7 842 265
| align="right" | 15 469 723
| align="right" | 7.62
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 7 537 285
| align="right" | 7 935 832
| align="right" | 15 473 117
| align="right" | 7.62
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 7 827 333
| align="right" | 8 345 458
| align="right" | 16 172 791
| align="right" | 7.96
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 7 781 059
| align="right" | 8 291 111
| align="right" | 16 072 170
| align="right" | 7.91
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 6 549 109
| align="right" | 7 091 003
| align="right" | 13 640 112
| align="right" | 6.72
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 6 014 391
| align="right" | 6 584 190
| align="right" | 12 598 581
| align="right" | 6.20
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 5 419 505
| align="right" | 6 149 601
| align="right" | 11 569 106
| align="right" | 5.70
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 4 605 834
| align="right" | 5 338 555
| align="right" | 9 944 389
| align="right" | 4.90
|-
| align="right" | 65-69
| align="right" | 3 588 052
| align="right" | 4 288 180
| align="right" | 7 876 232
| align="right" | 3.88
|-
| align="right" | 70-74
| align="right" | 2 615 350
| align="right" | 3 243 186
| align="right" | 5 858 536
| align="right" | 2.88
|-
| align="right" | 75-79
| align="right" | 1 657 786
| align="right" | 2 189 593
| align="right" | 3 847 379
| align="right" | 1.89
|-
| align="right" | 80-84
| align="right" | 1 009 852
| align="right" | 1 465 178
| align="right" | 2 475 030
| align="right" | 1.22
|-
| align="right" | 85-89
| align="right" | 493 649
| align="right" | 835 554
| align="right" | 1 329 203
| align="right" | 0.65
|-
| align="right" | 90-94
| align="right" | 194 341
| align="right" | 385 388
| align="right" | 579 729
| align="right" | 0.29
|-
| align="right" | 95-99
| align="right" | 50 319
| align="right" | 114 859
| align="right" | 165 178
| align="right" | 0.08
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 10 570
| align="right" | 27 244
| align="right" | 37 814
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 20 465 717
| align="right" | 19 663 544
| align="right" | 40 129 261
| align="right" | 19.76
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 68 446 795
| align="right" | 72 335 599
| align="right" | 140 782 394
| align="right" | 69.32
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 9 619 919
| align="right" | 12 549 182
| align="right" | 22 169 101
| align="right" | 10.92
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Census 30 July 2010
! width=180|
! width="70pt"|Brazil 100% 
! width="70pt"|European 47.73%
! width="70pt"|African 7.61%
! width="70pt"|Asian 1.09%
! width="70pt"|Pardo (Multiracial) 43.13%
! width="70pt"|Native Indigenous 0.43%
|-
! Population 0–14
|45,932,294|| 20,460,482||2,698,639||420,952||22,055,573||295,862
|-
! Percent group 0–14 in race
|24.08%|| 22.47%||18.59%||20.02%||26.81%||36.17%
|-
! Population 0–14 compared to racial groups
|100%||44.54%||5.88%||0.92%||48.02%||0.64%
|-
! Population 15–49 
|105,816,285|| 49,381,206||8,693,350||1,178,391||46,156,227||402,079
|-
! Proportions 0–14 to 15–49 
|0,43407|| 0,41434||0,31043||0,35723||0,47785||0,73583
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! width="50pt"|Age group
! width="70pt"|Brazil 100% (percent of the population) 
! width="70pt"|European 47.73% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
! width="70pt"|African 7.61% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
! width="70pt"|Asian 1.09% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
! width="70pt"|Pardo (Multiracial) 43.13% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
! width="70pt"|Native Indigenous 0.43% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
|-
| Population ||190,755,799|| 91,051,646||14,517,961||2,084,288||82,277,333||817,963||6,608
|-
| 0–4 ||13,796,158 (7.23%)|| 6,701,186 (7.36%/48.57%)||655,958 (4.52%/4.75%)||119,956 (5.76%/0.87%)||6,217,638 (7.56%/45.07%)||101,195 (12.37%/0.73%)||225
|-
| 5–9 ||14,969,375 (7.85%)|| 6,562,558 (7.21%/43.84%)||887,209 (6.11%/5.93%)||139,543 (6.69%/0.93%)||7,279,983 (8.85%/48.63%)||99,841 (12.21%/0.67%)||241
|-
| 10–14 ||17,166,761 (9.00%)|| 7,196,738 (7.90%/41.92%)||1,155,472 (7.96%/6.73%)||161,453 (7.75%/0.94%)||8,557,952 (10.40%/49.85%)||94,826 (11.59%/0.55%)||320
|-
| 15–19 ||16,990,872 (8.91%)|| 7,311,734 (8.03%/43.03%)||1,264,183 (8.71%/7.44%)||177,008 (8.49%/1.04%)||8,155,126 (9.91%/48.00%)||82,500 (10.86%/0.49%)||321
|-
| 20–24 ||17,245,192 (9.04%)|| 7,774,488 (8.54%/45.08%)||1,381,677 (9.52%/8.01%)||200,060 (9.60%/1.16%)||7,814,487 (9.50%/45.31%)||73,387 (8.97%/0.43%)||1 093
|-
| 25–29 ||17,104,414 (8.97%)|| 7,936,115 (8.72%/46.40%)||1,443,820 (9.95%/8.44%)||202,733 (9.73%/1.19%)||7,455,402 (9.06%/43.59%)||65,104 (7.96%/0.38%)||1 240
|-
| 30–34 ||15,744,512 (8.25%)|| 7,344,600 (8.07%/46.65%)||1,360,298 (9.37%/8.64%)||182,150 (8.74%/1.16%)||6,800,175 (8.26%/43.19%)||56,326 (6.89%/0.36%)||963
|-
| 35–39 ||13,888,579 (7.28%)|| 6,596,137 (7.24%/47.49%)||1,175,333 (8.10%/8.46%)||152,546 (7.32%/1,10%)||5,915,773 (7.18%/42.59%)||48,167 (5.89%/0.35%)||623
|-
| 40–44 ||13,009,364 (6.82%)|| 6,365,363 (6.99%/48.93%)||1,095,301 (7.54%/8.42%)||139,230 (6.68%/1.07%)||5,368,059 (6.52%/41.26%)||40,950 (5.01%/0.31%)||461
|-
| 45–49 ||11,833,352 (6.20%)|| 6,052,769 (6.65%/51.15%)||972,738 (6.70%/8.22%)||124,664 (5.98%/1.05%)||4,647,205 (5.65%/39.27%)||35,645 (4.36%/0.30%)||331
|-
| 50–54 ||10,140,402 (5.32%)|| 5,286,559 (5.81%/52.13%)||848,098 (5.84%/8.36%)||106,539 (5.11%/1.05%)||3,869,792 (4.70%/38.16%)||29,156 (3.56%/0.29%)||258
|-
| 55–59 ||8,276,221 (4.34%)|| 4,404,057 (4.84%/53.21%)||675,404 (4.65%/8.16%)||95,149 (4.57%/1.15%)||3,076,630 (3.74%/37.17%)||24,800 (3.03%/0.30%)||181
|-
| 60–69 ||11,349,930 (5.95%)|| 6,158,001 (6.76%/54.26%)||906,487 (6.24%/7.99%)||152,099 (7.30%/1.34%)||4,097,068 (4.98%/36.10%)||36,062 (4.41%/0.32%)||213
|-
| 70+ ||9,240,667 (4.84%)|| 5,361,341 (5.89%/58.02%)||695,983 (4.79%/7.53%)||131,158 (6.29%/1.42%)||3,022,043 (3.67%/32.70%)||30,004 (3.67%/0.32%)||138
|-
|}

=== Urbanization ===
{{main|List of cities in Brazil by population}}
In Brazil, most important cities are on the coast or close to it. State capitals are also, commonly, the largest city of their states. Notable exceptions to this are [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], the capital of [[Espírito Santo]], and [[Florianópolis]], the capital of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]].

There are also non-capital metropolitan areas, for example, in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo state]] ([[Campinas]], [[Santos (São Paulo)|Santos]], [[Paraíba Valley]], [[Sorocaba]], [[Ribeirão Preto]] and [[Franca]]), [[Minas Gerais]] ([[Vale do Aço|Steel Valley]]), [[Rio Grande do Sul]] ([[Porto Alegre|Sinos Valley]]), and Santa Catarina ([[Vale do Itajaí|Itajaí Valley]]), amongst others.

[[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]] are far larger than any other Brazilian cities. São Paulo's influence in most economic aspects can be noted in a national (and even international) scale; Rio de Janeiro – partially due to its former status as the national capital – still host various large [[List of Brazilian companies|corporations' headquarters]], besides being Brazil's cultural center with respect to [[Cinema of Brazil|film production]] and other such televised media. [[Brasília]], the capital of Brazil, is its 3rd biggest city.

==Vital statistics==
===Vital statistics from 1996===
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm| publisher =United Nations Statistics Division | title = Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Estatísticas Vitais – Mortalidade e Nascidos Vivos |url=http://portalms.saude.gov.br/acoes-e-programas/cebas/tabnet |website= Tabnet | publisher = Ministério da Saúde |access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecodebate.com.br/2023/02/08/o-numero-de-nascimentos-no-brasil-em-2022-foi-o-menor-em-70-anos/|title=O número de nascimentos no Brasil em 2022 foi o menor em 70 anos | first = José Eustáquio Diniz | last = Alves|website=Ecodebate}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Live Births - since 1994 |url=http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?sinasc/cnv/nvuf.def |website=Datasus |publisher=Brazil Ministry of Health |access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! width="70"|Year
! width="90"|Population
! width="80"|Live births
! width="80"|Deaths
! width="80"|Natural increase
! width="70"|Crude birth rate
! width="70"|Crude death rate
! width="70"|Rate of natural increase
! width="70"|TFR
|-
| align="right" | 1994
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 2,571,571
| align="right" | 908,883
| align="right" | 2,036,542
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" |  
|-
| align="right" | 1995
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 2,824,729
| align="right" | 908,883
| align="right" | 2,036,542
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 1996
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 2,945,425
| align="right" | 908,883
| align="right" | 2,036,542
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 1997
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 3,026,658
| align="right" style="color: blue"| 903,516
| align="right" | 2,123,142
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 1998
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 3,148,037
| align="right" | 931,895
| align="right" | 2,216,142
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 1999
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 3,256,433
| align="right" | 938,658
| align="right" | 2,317,775
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | [[2000 Brazilian census|2000]]
| align="right" | 169,590,693
| align="right" | 3,206,761
| align="right" | 946,686
| align="right" | 2,260,075
| align="right" | 18.8
| align="right" | 5.6
| align="right" | 13.2
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2001 
| align="right" | 176,208,646
| align="right" | 3,115,474
| align="right" | 961,492
| align="right" | 2,153,982
| align="right" | 17.7
| align="right" | 5.5
| align="right" | 12.2
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2002
| align="right" | 178,499,255
| align="right" | 3,059,402
| align="right" | 982,807
| align="right" | 2,076,595
| align="right" | 17.1
| align="right" | 5.5
| align="right" | 11.6
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2003
| align="right" | 180,708,344
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3,038,251
| align="right" | 1,005,882
| style="color:blue"| 2,420,845
| style="color:blue"| 19.0
| align="right" | 5.6
| style="color:blue;"| 13.4
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2004
| align="right" | 182,865,043
| align="right" | 3,026,548
| align="right" | 1,025,981
| align="right" | 2,303,139
| align="right" | 18.2
| align="right" | 5.6
| align="right" | 12.6
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2005
| align="right" | 184,991,143
| align="right" | 3,035,096
| align="right" | 1,010,052
| align="right" | 2,319,379
| align="right" | 18.0
| style="color:blue"|5.5
| align="right" | 12.5
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2006
| align="right" | 187,061,610
| align="right" | 2,944,828
| align="right" | 1,037,504
| align="right" | 2,134,496
| align="right" | 17.0
| align="right" | 5.5
| align="right" | 11.5
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2007
| align="right" | 189,038,268
| align="right" | 2,891,328
| align="right" | 1,050,408
| align="right" | 2,029,858
| align="right" | 16.3
| align="right" | 5.6
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2008
| align="right" | 191,010,274
| align="right" | 2,934,828
| align="right" | 1,074,889
| align="right" | 2,033,038
| align="right" | 16.3
| align="right" | 5.6
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" | 
|-
| align="right" | 2009
| align="right" | 192,980,905
| align="right" | 2,881,581
| align="right" | 1,098,384
| align="right" | 1,947,312
| align="right" | 15.8
| align="right" | 5.7
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 1.906
|-
| align="right" | [[2010 Brazilian census|2010]]
| align="right" | 195,497,797
| align="right" | 2,861,868
| align="right" | 1,132,701
| align="right" | 1,852,705
| align="right" | 15.3
| align="right" | 5.8
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 1.869
|-
| align="right" | 2011
| align="right" | 197,397,018
| align="right" | 2,913,160
| align="right" | 1,163,740
| align="right" | 1,880,854
| align="right" | 15.4
| align="right" | 5.9
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 1.833
|-
| align="right" | 2012
| align="right" | 199,242,462
| align="right" | 2,905,789
| align="right" | 1,172,443
| align="right" | 1,857,921
| align="right" | 15.2
| align="right" | 5.9
| align="right" | 9.3
| align="right" | 1.801
|-
| align="right" | 2013 
| align="right" | 201,032,714
| align="right" | 2,904,027
| align="right" | 1,195,913
| align="right" | 1,794,068
| align="right" | 14.9
| align="right" | 5.9
| align="right" | 8.9
| align="right" | 1.770
|-
| align="right" | 2014
| align="right" | 202,768,562
| align="right" | 2,979,259
| align="right" | 1,208,587
| align="right" | 1,832,981
| align="right" | 15.0
| align="right" | 6.0
| align="right" | 9.0
| align="right" | 1.742
|-
| align="right" | 2015
| align="right" | 204,450,649
| align="right" | 3,017,668
| align="right" | 1,244,558
| align="right" | 1,814,225
| align="right" | 15.0
| align="right" | 6.1
| align="right" | 8.9
| align="right" | 1.716
|-
| align="right" | 2016
| align="right" | 206,081,432
| align="right" | 2,857,800
| align="right" | 1,288,856
| align="right" | 1,615,077
| align="right" | 14.1
| align="right" | 6.3
| align="right" | 7.8
| align="right" | 1.692
|-
| align="right" | 2017
| align="right" | 207,660,929
| align="right" | 2,923,535
| align="right" | 1,292,297
| align="right" | 1,670,518
| align="right" | 14.3
| align="right" | 6.2
| align="right" | 8.0
| align="right" |1.63 
|-
| align="right" | 2018
| align="right" | 208,494,900
| align="right" | 2,944,932
| align="right" | 1,298,579
| align="right" | 1,684,988
| align="right" | 14.3
| align="right" | 6.2
| align="right" | 8.1
| align="right" | 1.61
|-
| align="right" | 2019
| align="right" | 210,147,125
| align="right" | 2,849,146
| align="right" | 1,332,466
| align="right" | 1,555,752
| align="right" | 13.7
| align="right" | 6.3
| align="right" | 7.4
| align="right" | 1.59
|-
| align="right" | 2020
| align="right" | 211,242,542
| align="right" | 2,730,145
| align="right" | 1,524,949
| align="right" | 1,203,324
| align="right" | 12.9
| align="right" | 7.2
| align="right" | 5.7
| align="right" | 1.57
|-
| 2021
| style="color: blue" |213,317,639
| 2,677,101
| style="color: red"| 1,802,487
| style="color: red"| 906,397
| 12.7
| style="color: red"| 8.5
| style="color: red"| 4.2
| 1.53
|-
| [[2022 Brazilian census|2022]]
| 203,080,756
| 2,561,922
| 1,524,731
| 1,096,284
| align="right" | 12.9
| align="right" | 7.5
| align="right" | 5.4
| align="right" | 1.6(e)
|-
| 2023
| 204,153,622
| style="color: red" | 2,537,576
| 1,450,421
| 1,147,868
| style="color: red"| 12.7
| align="right" | 7.1
| align="right" | 5.6
| 1.57(e)
|-
|2024
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="right" style="color: red"|1.47(e)
|}

===Current vital statistics===
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January – November 2023'''
| 2,343,573
| 1,343,627
| +999,946
|-
| '''January – November 2024'''
| 2,177,214
| 1,380,830
| +796,384
|-
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} -166,359 (-7.1%)
| {{IncreaseNegative}} +37,203 (+2.7%)
| {{decrease}} -203,562
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''Source:'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Painel de Monitoramento de Nascidos Vivos |url=http://plataforma.saude.gov.br/natalidade/nascidos-vivos/ |website=Plataforma integrada de vigilância em saúde | publisher = Ministério de Saúde |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://plataforma.saude.gov.br/natalidade/nascidos-vivos/ | title=Painel de Monitoramento de Nascidos Vivos - Plataforma Integrada de Vigilância em Saúde - Ministério da Saúde }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Painel de Monitoramento da Mortalidade CID-10 |url= http://plataforma.saude.gov.br/mortalidade/cid10/ |website=Plataforma integrada de vigilancia em saúde | publisher = Ministério da Saúde |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>
|}

{{ChartDisplay|definition=Brazil Total Population.chart|data=Brazil Total Population.tab|Width=350}}

{{PortGraph
| width = 350
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = ‰
| hAnnotatonsυLine= 
| yAxisMin = 
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
 | x = 2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,

 | y1 = 13.2,12.2,11.6,13.4,12.6,12.5,11.5,10.7,10.7,10.1,9.5,9.5,9.3,8.9,9.0,8.9,7.8,8.0,8.1,7.4,5.7,4.2

 | y1Title = Natural change

 | y2 =

 | y2Title =

 | showValues =
 | interpolate =
}}

===Total fertility rate by regions and states===
<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=MONTENEGRO J DE CARVALHO |first=FRANCISCO |title=MODELO DE REGRESSÃO DINÂMICA PARA PROJEÇÕES DE PREÇO DA ENERGIA NO BRASIL |publisher=Faculdades Catolicas |url=https://doi.org/10.17771/pucrio.acad.18806}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2024
!region
!TFR
|-
|[[North Region, Brazil|North Region]]
|1.81
|-
|[[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West Region]]
|1.67
|-
|[[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]]
|1.54
|-
|[[South Region, Brazil|South Region]]
|1.53
|-
|[[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]]
|1.45
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2024
!states
!TFR
|-
|{{flag|Roraima}}
|2.02
|-
|{{flag|Mato Grosso}}
|1.90
|-
|{{flag|Amazonas}}
|1.89
|-
|{{flag|Amapá}}
|1.86
|-
|{{flag|Acre}}
|1.87
|-
|{{flag|Tocantins}}
|1.81
|-
|{{flag|Mato Grosso do Sul}}
|1.80
|-
|{{flag|Alagoas}}
|1.72
|-
|{{flag|Pará}}
|1.70
|-
|{{flag|Rondônia}}
|1.67
|-
|{{flag|Espírito Santo}}
|1.64
|-
|{{flag|Maranhão}}
|1.61
|-
|{{flag|Goiás}}
|1.60
|-
|{{flag|Paraíba}}
|1.60
|-
|{{flag|Piauí}}
|1.58
|-
|{{flag|Paraná}}
|1.55
|-
|{{flag|Santa Catarina}}
|1.53
|-
|{{flag|Sergipe}}
|1.52
|-
|{{flag|Pernambuco}}
|1.51
|-
|{{flag|Ceará}}
|1.49
|-
|{{flag|Rio Grande do Sul}}
|1.49
|-
|{{flag|Minas Gerais}}
|1.46
|-
|{{flag|Rio Grande do Norte}}
|1.46
|-
|{{flag|São Paulo}}
|1.45
|-
|{{flag|Distrito Federal}}
|1.42
|-
|{{flag|Bahia}}
|1.40
|-
|{{flag|Rio de Janeiro}}
|1.32
|}
====Regional and racial differences====

In some states in the North and Northeast, the fertility rate was higher than the national average in 2021. The highest rate was in [[Acre (state)|Acre]], with 1.98 children per woman. Other regions with high fertility include [[Amapá]], with 1.87 children per woman, [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], 1.85 in [[Roraima]], 1.84, in [[Maranhão]], 1.82, and [[Pará]], 1.79.

On the other hand, [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] is the state with the lowest rate, 1.26 children per woman. Other states with low fertility include [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], with 1.28, [[Rio Grande do Sul]], 1.3, in [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], 1.32 in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] and [[Minas Gerais]], 1.33.

Regarding race of mothers, between 2015 and 2021, the fertility rate of all racial groups fell below replacement rate. Black fertility fell from 2.01 to 1.76, Pardo/Mixed fertility fell from 1.95 to 1.73 and white fertility fell from 1.60 to 1.55. There was no information regarding Asian fertility rates. Indigenous fertility was calculated at 3.87 children per women in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brazil.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/swop_brasil_web.pdf |title= Fecundidade e Dinâmica da População Brasileira|trans-title=Fertility and Dynamics of the Brazilian Population|language=pt-br |publisher= UNFPA |date=December 2018|location=Brasília|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Total fertility rate from 1940 to 1990 ===
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name= "ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=FRA |title= Total fertility rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World In Data]] | publisher = [[Gapminder Foundation]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1940!!1941!!1942!!1943!!1944!!1945!!1946!!1947!!1948!!1949!!1950<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total fertility rate in Brazil||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.92|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.95||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.98||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.01||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.07||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.09||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.12||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.14
|}
[[File:Brasil. Censo 2022. Densidade demográfica dos estados.webp|thumb|[[List of Brazilian states by population density|Map of Brazilian states by population density]]]]
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1951!!1952!!1953!!1954!!1955!!1956!!1957!!1958!!1959!!1960<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total fertility rate in Brazil||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.13||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.1|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.09||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.08||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.07||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.07||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.07||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.08||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.08||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.07
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1961!!1962!!1963!!1964!!1965!!1966!!1967!!1968!!1969!!1970<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total fertility rate in Brazil||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6.05||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|6|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.94||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.85||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.73||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.6||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.45||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.3||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.01
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1971!!1972!!1973!!1974!!1975!!1976!!1977!!1978!!1979!!1980<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total fertility rate in Brazil||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.88||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.65||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.55||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.46||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.39||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.31||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.24||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.16||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.07
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1981!!1982!!1983!!1984!!1985!!1986!!1987!!1988!!1989!!1990<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total fertility rate in Brazil||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.97||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.86|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.74||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.62||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.49||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.36||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.23||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.11||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|3.01||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.91
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1991!!1992!!1993!!1994!!1995!!1996!!1997!!1998!!1999!!2000<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total fertility rate in Brazil||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.83||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.76|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.69||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.64||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.59||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.54||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.48||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.43||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.37||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.3
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 2001!!2002!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
|-
| align="left"|Total fertility rate in Brazil||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.23||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.16|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|2.1||2.03||1.98||1.93||1.91||1.89||1.87||1.85
|}
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2018<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/><ref name= "cia.gov">{{citation | title = Brazil |date=12 July 2018|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ | publisher = CIA | work= [[The World Factbook]]}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|Total fertility rate in Brazil||1.84||1.82|1.80||1.78||1.77||1.71
|}

Registration of vital events in [[Brazil]] has considerably improved during the past decades but is still not considered complete, especially in the northern part of the country. The Population Division of the United Nations prepared the following estimates and forecasts.<ref name="WPP 2015"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! width="70pt" rowspan=2|Period
! width="70pt" rowspan=2|Live births<br />per year
! width="70pt" rowspan=2|Deaths<br />per year
! width="70pt" rowspan=2|Natural change<br />per year
! width="35pt" rowspan=2|CBR*
! width="35pt" rowspan=2|CDR*
! width="35pt" rowspan=2|NC*
! width="35pt" rowspan=2|TFR*
! width="35pt" rowspan=2|IMR*
! colspan=3|Life expectancy
|-
! Total
! Males
! Females
|-
| 1950–1955 ||2 578 000|| 908,000||1 670 000||44.2||15.6||28.6||6.15||135||50.9||49.2||52.6
|-
| 1955–1960 ||2 923 000|| 956,000||1 967 000||43.3||14.1||29.1||6.15||122||53.3||51.5||55.2
|-
| 1960–1965 ||3 315 000|| 988,000||2 327 000||42.3||12.6||29.7||6.15||109||55.7||53.8||57.6
|-
| 1965–1970 ||3 345 000|| 975,000||2 370 000||37.2||10.8||26.4||5.38||100||57.6||55.7||59.6
|-
| 1970–1975 ||3 462 000|| 973,000||2 489 000||33.9||9.5||24.4||4.72||91||59.5||57.3||61.8
|-
| 1975–1980 ||3 788 000||1 035 000||2 753 000||32.9||9.0||23.9||4.31||79||61.5||59.2||63.9
|-
| 1980–1985 ||4 006 000||1 078 000||2 928 000||28.9||8.3||22.6||3.30||63||63.4||60.4||66.8
|-
| 1985–1990 ||3 790 000||1 079 000||2 711 000||24.4||7.5||18.9||2.95||52||65.3||61.9||69.1
|-
| 1990–1995 ||3 547 000||1 074 000||2 473 000||22.0||6.9||15.8||2.40||43||67.3||63.6||71.2
|-
| 1995–2000 ||3 658 000||1 052 000||2 606 000||20.6||6.2||15.4||2.21||34||70.3||66.5||74.3
|-
| 2000–2005 ||3 370 000||1 102 000||2 268 000||17.8||5.9||13.9||2.05||27||71.9||68.2||75.8
|-
| 2005–2010 ||3 066 000||1 149 000||1 917 000||15.4||5.9||10.5||1.81||24||73.2||69.7||76.9
|-
| 2010–2015 ||2 975 000||1 227 000||1 748 000||13.0||5.9||9.1||1.76||19||74.8||71.2||78.5
|-
| 2015–2020 ||2 934 000||1 338 000||1 596 000||11.8||6.3||7.5||1.63||16||76.5||73.0||80.1
|-
| 2020–2025 ||2 763 000||1 477 000||1 286 000||10.7||6.7||6.0||||||||||
|-
| 2025–2030 ||2 585 000||1 625 000||960 000||11.7||7.1||4.6||||||||||
|-
| 2030–2035 ||2 445 000||1 781 000||664 000||10.9||7.7||3.2||||||||||
|-
| 2035–2040 ||2 318 000||1 945 000||373 000||10.3||8.3||2.0||||||||||
|}
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

===Childlessness and education===

The color or race of the woman and the level of education has also shown to influence the fact of not having children. In 2013, among white women aged 15 to 55 years, 41.5% had no children, while among black and brown women, the percentage was 35.8%.

The proportional difference is even greater among white women compared to black and brown 25–29 years. While the proportion among white women childless was 48.1% among black and brown women was 33.8%.

Regarding education, among women 15–49 years of age with more than eight years of schooling, 50% had no children in 2013, while among those with up to seven years of study this figure was 5%.

Schooling among women 25–29 years has shown an even greater disparity. Among the less educated, 16.3% had no children, while among the more educated 54.5% had no children. The proportion of women aged 45 to 49 without children was 8.2% in 2013 among those with less education and 15.1% among those with more years of schooling.

===Census 1 August 2022===
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/Tabela/9606 | title=Tabela 9606: População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e a idade | publisher = IBGE}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! width=180|
! width="100|Total 100% 
! width="70pt"|European 43.46%
! width="70pt"|African 10.17%
! width="70pt"|Asian 0.42%
! width="70pt"|Pardo (Multiracial) 45.34%
! width="70pt"|Native Indigenous 0.60%
|-
!Population 0–14
|40 129 261||16 928 202||2 931 938||96 204||19 768 271||403 008
|-
!Percent group 0–14 by race
|19.76%||19.18%||14.19%||11.32%||21.47%||32.83%
|-
!Population 0–14 compared to racial groups<br>{{clarify|date=November 2024}}
|100%||42.18%||7.31%||0.24%||49.26%||1.00%
|-
! Population 15–49
|106 670 318||43 655 766||11 919 890||394 574||50 071 944||621 087
|-
! Ratio 0–14 to 15–49
|0.3762||0.3878||0.2460||0.2438||0.3948||0.6489
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! rowspan=2 width="50pt"|Age group
! rowspan=2 width="70pt"|Brazil 100% (percent of the population) 
! width="70pt"|European 43.46%
! width="70pt"|African 10.17%
! width="70pt"|Asian 0.42%
! width="70pt"|Pardo (Multiracial) 45.34%
! width="70pt"|Native Indigenous 0.60%
!rowspan=2|{{Fix|text=Definition<br>missing}}
|-
!colspan=5|(percent in the race/percent in the age group)
|-
| Total||203 080 756||88 252 121||20 656 458||850 130||92 083 286||1 227 642||11 119
|-
| 0–4 ||12 704 860 (6.26%)||5 784 444 (6.55%/45.53%)||801 774 (3.88%/6.31%)||27 148 (3.19%/0.21%)||5 951 556 (6.46%/46.84%)||139 379 (11.35%/1.10%)||559
|-
| 5–9 ||13 749 440 (6.77%)||5 734 804 (6.50%/41.71%)||1 020 633 (4.94%/7.42%)||33 191 (3.90%/0.24%)||6 824 824 (7.41%/49.64%)||135 440 (11.03%/0.99%)||548
|-
| 10–14 ||13 674 961 (6.73%)||5 408 954 (6.13%/39.55%)||1 109 531 (5.37%/8.11%)||35 865 (4.22%/0.26%)||6 991 891 (7.59%/51.13%)||128 189 (10.44%/0.94%)||531
|-
| 15–19 ||14 375 942 (7.08%)||5 610 575 (6.36%/39.03%)||1 403 059 (6.79%/9.76%)||42 066 (4.95%/0.29%)||7 196 383 (7.82%/50.06%)||123 236 (10.04%/0.86%)||623
|-
| 20–24 ||15 466 463 (7.62%)||6 076 604 (6.89%/39.29%)||1 725 800 (8.35%/11.16%)||49 540 (5.83%/0.32%)||7 500 613 (8.15%/48.50%)||112 621 (9.17%/0.73%)||1 285
|-
| 25–29 ||15 469 723 (7.62%)||6 182 951 (7.01%/39.97%)||1 782 294 (8.63%/11.52%)||51 685 (6.08%/0.33%)||7 355 701 (7.99%/47.55%)||95 762 (7.8%/0.62%)||1 330
|-
| 30–34 ||15 473 117 (7.62%)||6 375 027 (7.22%/41.20%)||1 747 944 (8.46%/11.30%)||56 875 (6.69%/0.37%)||7 208 525 (7.83%/46.59%)||83 594 (6.81%/0.54%)||1 152
|-
| 35–39 ||16 172 791 (7.96%)||6 725 099 (7.62%/41.58%)||1 850 687 (8.96%/11.44%)||65 073 (7.65%/0.40%)||7 452 696 (8.09%/46.08%)||78 225 (6.37%/0.48%)||1 011
|-
| 40–44 ||16 072 170 (7.91%)||6 827 463 (7.74%/42.48%)||1 851 159 (8.96%/11.52%)||69 575 (8.18%/0.43%)||7 253 228 (7.88%/45.13%)||69 796 (5.69%/0.43%)||949
|-
| 45–49 ||13 640 112 (6.72%)||5 858 047 (6.64%/42.95%)||1 558 947 (7.55%/11.43%)||59 760 (7.03%/0.44%)||6 104 798 (6.63%/44.76%)||57 853 (4.71%/0.42%)||707
|-
| 50–54 ||12 598 581 (6.20%)||5 628 210 (6.38%/44.67%)||1 403 801 (6.80%/11.14%)||56 819 (6.68%/0.45%)||5 460 379 (5.93%/43.34%)||48 764 (3.97%/0.39%)||608
|-
| 55–59 ||11 569 106 (5.70%)||5 442 507 (6.17%/47.04%)||1 225 630 (5.93%/10.59%)||55 775 (6.56%/0.48%)||4 802 770 (5.22%/41.51%)||41 912 (3.41%/0.36%)||512
|-
| 60–64 ||9 944 389 (4.90%)||4 851 865 (5.50%/48.79%)||1 038 306 (5.03%/10.44%)||53 220 (6.26%/0.54%)||3 965 766 (4.31%/39.88%)||34 801 (2.83%/0.35%)||431
|-
| 65-69 ||7 876 232 (3.88%)||3 979 726 (4.51%/50.53%)||795 018 (3.85%/10.09%)||52 667 (6.20%/0.67%)||3 021 587 (3.28%/38.36%)||26 946 (2.19%/0.34%)||288
|-
| 70-74 ||5 858 536 (2.88%)||3 072 479 (3.48%/52.44%)||571 071 (2.76%/9.75%)||50 568 (5.95%/0.86%)||2 144 482 (2.33%/36.60%)||19 686 (1.60%/0.34%)||250
|-
| 75-79 ||3 847 379 (1.89%)||2 091 008 (2.37%/54.35%)||357 500 (1.73%/9.29%)||39 386 (4.63%/1.02%)||1 345 830 (1.46%/34.98%)||13 528 (1.10%/0.35%)||127
|-
| 80-84 ||2 475 030 (1.22%)||1 380 516 (1.56%/55.78%)||225 159 (1.09%/9.10%)||27 271 (3.21%/1.10%)||832 790 (0.90%/33.65%)||9 171 (0.75%/0.37%)||123
|-
| 85-89 ||1 329 203 (0.65%)||771 547 (0.87%/58.05%)||116 147 (0.56%/8.74%)||14 890 (1.75%/1.12%)||421 745 (0.46%/31.73%)||4 823 (0.39%/0.36%)||51
|-
| 90-94 ||579 729 (0.29%)||341 266 (0.39%/58.87%)||50 582 (0.24%/8.73%)||6 520 (0.77%/1.12%)||179 016 (0.19%/30.88%)||2 319 (0.19%/0.40%)||26
|-
| 95-99 ||165 178 (0.08%)||92 544 (0.10%/56.03%)||15 990 (0.08%/9.68%)||1 924 (0.23%/1.16%)||53 733 (0.06%/32.53%)||983 (0.08%/0.60%)||4
|-
| 100+ ||37 814 (0.02%)||16 485 (0.02%/43.59%)||5 426 (0.03%/14.35%)||312 (0.04%/0.83%)||14 973 (0.02%/39.60%)||614 (0.05%/1.62%)||4
|-
| 0-14 ||40 129 261 (19.76%)||16 928 202 (19.18%/42.18%)||2 931 938 (14.19%/7.31%)||96 204 (11.32%/0.24%)||19 768 271 (21.47%/49.26%)||403 008 (32.83%/1.00%)||1 638
|-
| 15-64 ||140 782 394 (69.32%)||59 578 348 (67.51%/42.32%)||15 587 627 (75.46%/11.07%)||560 388 (65.92%/0.40%)||64 300 859 (69.83%/45.67%)||746 564 (60.81%/0.53%)||8 608
|-
| 65+ ||22 169 101 (10.92%)||11 745 571 (13.31%/52.98%)||2 136 893 (10.34%/9.64%)||193 538 (22.77%/0.87%)||8 014 156 (8.70%/36.15%)||78 070 (6.36%/0.35%)||873
|-
|}

==Migration==

===Summary===

The [[United Nations]] reported in the International Migration Stock that 64 countries had significant emigration or immigration with Brazil in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Migrant Stock |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Migration Stock Methodology |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_international_migrant_stock_documentation.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> The [[Migration Policy Institute]] defines significant migration if 1,000+ people are in the emigration or/and migration group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/%C4%B0mmigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination?width=1000&height=850&iframe=true |publisher=Migration Policy Institute |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> [[Venezuela]], [[Haiti]], [[Portugal]], [[Bolivia]], and [[Uruguay]] have the most positive net migration, while the [[United States]], [[Japan]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], and [[France]] have the most negative net migration.
 
{{row hover highlight}}
{| class="mw-datatable wikitable sortable"
! rowspan=2 | Country
! colspan=2 | Immigrants
! colspan=2 | Emigrants
! colspan=2 | Net migration
|-
! Rank !! People
! Rank !! People
! Rank !! People
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela}} || 1 || 248,105 || 30 || 5,680 || 1 || +242,425
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}} || 2 || 175,251 || 3 || 154,017 || 3 || +21,234
|-
| {{flag|Japan}} || 3 || 62,296 || 2 || 204,814 || 63 || -142,518
|-
| {{flag|Paraguay}} || 4 || 49,842 || 6 || 79,897 || 54 || -30,055
|-
| {{flag|Bolivia}} || 5 || 49,289 || 15 || 28,612 || 4 || +20,677
|-
| {{flag|Italy}} || 6 || 47,193 || 4 || 133,398 || 61 || -86,205
|-
| {{flag|Spain}} || 7 || 39,028 || 5 || 133,244 || 62 || -94,216
|-
| {{flag|Argentina}} || 8 || 36,910 || 10 || 49,267 || 49 || -12,357
|-
| {{flag|Haiti}} || 9 || 32,796 || 86 || 0 || 2 || +32,796
|-
| {{flag|Uruguay}} || 10 || 30,537 || 21 || 14,762 || 5 || +15,775
|-
| {{flag|China}} || 11 || 24,632 || 9 || 57,602 || 55 || -32,970
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || 12 || 22,410 || 1 || 517,519 || 64 || -495,109
|-
| {{flag|Germany}} || 13 || 20,625 || 7 || 70,888 || 59 || -50,263
|-
| {{flag|Chile}} || 14 || 19,596 || 18 || 18,976 || 28 || +620
|-
| {{flag|Peru}} || 15 || 19,074 || 19 || 16,458 || 17 || +2,616
|-
| {{flag|Lebanon}} || 16 || 15,664 || 86 || 0 || 6 || +15,664
|-
| {{flag|Cuba}} || 17 || 14,798 || 86 || 0 || 7 || +14,798
|-
| {{flag|France}} || 18 || 12,138 || 8 || 65,761 || 60 || -53,623
|-
| {{flag|South Korea}} || 19 || 10,981 || 86 || 0 || 8 || +10,981
|-
| {{flag|Colombia}} || 20 || 8,700 || 32 || 4,685 || 14 || +4,015
|-
| {{flag|Angola}} || 21 || 8,184 || 86 || 0 || 9 || +8,184
|-
| {{flag|Syria}} || 22 || 8,003 || 86 || 0 || 10 || +8,003
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 23 || 6,281 || 11 || 44,175 || 56 || -37,894
|-
| {{flag|Senegal}} || 24 || 6,267 || 46 || 670 || 11 || +5,597
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || 25 || 5,384 || 22 || 14,628 || 47 || -9,244
|-
| {{flag|Poland}} || 26 || 4,421 || 51 || 340 || 13 || +4,081
|-
| {{flag|DR Congo}} || 27 ||  4,375 || 86 || 0 || 12 || +4,375
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}} || 28 || 4,219 || 17 || 22,974 || 51 || -18,755
|-
| {{flag|Egypt}} || 29 || 3,957 || 67 || 130 || 15 || +3,827
|-
| {{flag|Switzerland}} || 30 || 3,789 || 13 || 42,715 || 57 || -38,926
|-
| {{flag|Nigeria}} || 31 || 3,505 || 86 || 0 || 16 || +3,505
|-
| {{flag|Mexico}} || 32 || 3,400 || 27 || 6,964 || 39 || -3,564
|-
| {{flag|Austria}} || 33 || 2,968 || 29 || 6,173 || 38 || -3,205
|-
| {{flag|Israel}} || 34 || 2,554 || 25 || 8,673 || 44 || -6,119
|-
| {{flag|Ghana}} || 35 || 2,459 || 83 || 13 || 18 || +2,446
|-
| {{flag|Guyana}} || 36 || 2,407 || 42 || 1,260 || 26 || +1,147
|-
| {{flag|Ecuador}} || 37 || 2,195 || 37 || 2,774 || 32 || -579
|-
| {{flag|Romania}} || 38 || 2,164 || 44 || 690 || 21 || +1,474
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}} || 39 || 2,151 || 20 || 16,345 || 50 || -14,194
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}} || 40 || 2,094 || 86 || 0 || 19 || +2,094
|-
| {{flag|Canada}} || 41 || 2,014 || 14 || 31,568 || 53 || -29,554
|-
| {{flag|South Africa}} || 42 || 2,014 || 35 || 3,535 || 35 || -1,521
|-
| {{flag|Greece}} || 43 || 1,956 || 39 || 2,258 || 31 || -302
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}} || 44 || 1,936 || 41 || 1,321 || 29 || +615
|-
| {{flag|Mozambique}} || 45 || 1,809 || 86 || 0 || 20 || +1,809
|-
| {{flag|Russia}} || 46 || 1,761 || 50 || 431 || 22 || +1,330
|-
| {{flag|Cabo Verde}} || 47 || 1,516 || 52 || 301 || 24 || +1,215
|-
| {{flag|Jordan}} || 48 || 1,338 || 70 || 105 || 23 || +1,233
|-
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || 50 || 1,274 || 45 || 671 || 30 || +603
|-
| {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} || 51 || 1,199 || 86 || 0 || 25 || +1,199
|-
| {{flag|India}} || 52 || 1,118 || 86 || 0 || 27 || +1,118
|-
| {{flag|French Guiana}} || 54 || 896 || 16 || 25,729 || 52 || -24,833
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}} || 55 || 804 || 24 || 9,533 || 46 || -8,729
|-
| {{flag|Norway}} || 58 || 728 || 28 || 6,256 || 43 || -5,528
|-
| {{flag|Australia}} || 57 || 747 || 12 || 43,321 || 58 || -42,574
|-
| {{flag|Panama}} || 61 || 660 || 38 || 2,406 || 36 || -1,746
|-
| {{flag|Finland}} || 62 || 655 || 40 || 1,889 || 34 || -1,234
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}} || 65 || 626 || 33 || 4,605 || 41 || -3,979
|-
| {{flag|Czechia}} || 68 || 566 || 43 || 1,150 || 33 || -584
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}} || 77 || 346 || 26 || 8,319 || 45 || -7,973
|-
| {{flag|Suriname}} || 78 || 346 || 31 || 5,566 || 42 || -5,220
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}} || 86 || 217 || 23 || 11,800 || 48 || -11,583
|-
| {{flag|North Korea}} || 88 || 182 || 36 || 2,841 || 37 || -2,659
|-
| {{flag|Luxembourg}} || 111 || 68 || 34 || 3,722 || 40 || -3,654
|}

===Immigration===

{{Main|Immigration to Brazil}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Immigration to Brazil, by national origin, periods from 1830 to 1933<br />Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics ([[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]])
|- align="center"
!Origin
| 1830–1855
| 1856–1883
| 1884–1893
| 1894–1903
| 1904–1913
| 1914–1923
| 1924–1933
| 1934–2023
|- align="center"
| Portuguese
| 16,737
| 116,000
| 170,621
| 155,542
| 384,672
| 201,252
| 233,650
| 400,000
|- align="center"
| Italians
|align="center"| —
| 100,000
| 510,533
| 537,784
| 196,521
| 86,320
| 70,177
|- align="center"
| Spaniards
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 113,116
| 102,142
| 224,672
| 94,779
| 52,400
|- align="center"
| Germans
| 2,008
| 30,000
| 22,778
| 6,698
| 33,859
| 29,339
| 61,723
|- align="center"
| Japanese
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 11,868
| 20,398
| 110,191
|- align="center"
| Lebanese
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 96
| 7,124
| 45,803
| 20,400
| 20,400
|- align="center"
| Others
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| 66,524
| 42,820
| 109,222
| 51,493
| 164,586
|}

Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the formation, structure and history of the population in Brazil, influencing culture, economy, education, racial issues, etc. Brazil has received the third largest number of immigrants in the [[Western Hemisphere]].

Brazil's structure, legislation and settlement policies for arriving immigrants were much less organized than in Canada and the United States at the time. Nevertheless, an [[Immigrant Inn]] (''Hospedaria dos Imigrantes'') was built in 1886 in São Paulo, and quick admittance and recording routines for the throngs of immigrants arriving by ship at the seaports of [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], [[Rio de Janeiro (city)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Santos (São Paulo)|Santos]], [[Paranaguá]], [[Florianópolis]] and [[Porto Alegre]] were established. The São Paulo State alone processed more than 2.5&nbsp;million immigrants in its almost 100 years of continuous operation. People of more than 70 different nationalities were recorded.

Following the trend of several other countries in the Americas, which encouraged immigration from many countries, Brazil quickly became a [[melting pot]] of races and nationalities, but being peculiar in the sense of having the highest degree of intermarriage in the world. Immigrants found a strong social and cultural tolerance toward [[inter-racial marriage]], including large numbers of [[Mulatto]]es (European and African), [[Caboclo]]s (Indian and European) and mixed European, African and Indian people, though it was not accompanied by an entire lack of racism. Correspondingly, the same mentality reflected in low psychological and social barriers regarding intermarriage between Europeans, [[Middle Easterners]] and Asians of several origins, as well as between people of different religions.

===History of immigration===

It is postulated that the Americas were settled by three migratory waves from Northern Asia. The Native Brazilians are thought to descend from the first wave of migrants, who arrived in the region around 9000 BC. The main Native Brazilian groups are the [[Tupi people|Tupi]]-[[Guarani people|Guarani]], the [[Jê peoples|Jê]], the [[Arawaks]] and the Caraibas ([[Kalina people|Kalina]] or Caribs). The [[Tupi people|Tupi]]-[[Guarani people|Guarani]] nation, originally from the [[Paraná river]] basin and also one of the largest of the Native-Paraguayan nations, had spread all along the Brazilian coastline from South to North and came to be known by the Portuguese as "Os Índios da Língua Geral" ("The Indians of the General Language"); the [[Jê peoples|Jê]] nation occupied most of the interior of the country from [[Maranhão]] to [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]. The Arawaks and the Caribs, the last ones to get in contact with the Portuguese, lived in the North and Northwest of Brazil.

The European [[immigration to Brazil]] started in the 16th century, with the vast majority of them coming from [[Portugal]]. In the first two centuries of colonization, 100,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil (around 500 colonists per year). In the 18th century, 600,000 Portuguese arrived (6,000 per year).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6brasilEstat.html |title=Memórias da Emigração Portuguesa |access-date=2007-08-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904020730/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6brasilEstat.html |archive-date=4 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first region to be settled by the Portuguese was [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeastern Brazil]], followed by the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast region]]. The original Amerindian population of Brazil (between two and five million) largely died from disease or violence or was assimilated into the Portuguese population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/brazil/35.htm|title=Brazil – Amerindians|website=countrystudies.us|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> The [[Mameluco]]s (or [[Caboclo]]s, a mixed race between Europeans and Amerindians) have always been present in many parts of Brazil.

Another important ethnic group, Africans, first arrived as [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]]. Many came from [[Guinea-Bissau]], or from West African countries – by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] and modern-day [[Angola]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], Mozambique, [[Benin]] and [[Nigeria]]. By the time of the end of the [[Brazilian slave trade|slave trade]] in 1850, around six million slaves had been brought to Brazil–50% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas. Nowadays, there are still small immigration waves coming from the African continent. The largest influx of European immigrants to Brazil occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the ''Memorial do Imigrante'' statistics data, Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953.<ref name="Memorial 1870/1907">{{cite web |title=Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil – 1870/1907 |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e1.htm |language=pt |access-date = 20 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005222/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e1.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 13 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="Memorial 1908/1953">{{cite web |title=Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil – 1908/1953 |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e2.htm |language=pt |access-date = 20 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005258/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e2.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 13 June 2007}}</ref>

These immigrants were divided in two groups: a part of them was sent to [[South Region, Brazil|Southern Brazil]] to work as small farmers. However, the biggest part of the immigrants was sent to [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Brazil]] to work in the coffee plantations. The immigrants sent to Southern Brazil were mainly [[Germans]] (starting in 1824, mainly from [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Pomerania]], Hamburg, [[Westphalia]], etc.) Italians (starting in 1875, mainly from the [[Veneto]] and [[Lombardia]]), [[Austrians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Ukrainians]] and [[Russians]]. In the South, the immigrants established rural communities that retain a cultural connection with their ancestral homelands. In Southeast Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italians (mainly from the [[Veneto]], [[Campania]], [[Calabria]] and [[Lombardia]]), Portuguese (mainly from [[Beira Alta Province|Beira Alta]], [[Minho (province)|Minho]] and [[Alto Trás-os-Montes]]) and  [[Spaniards]] (mainly from [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Andalusia]]).

Notably, the first half of the 20th century saw a large inflow of Japanese (mainly from [[Honshū]], [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]]) and Levantine Christians from [[Lebanon]] (and few from [[Syria]]). These Christian Levantine immigrants were wrongly called "[[Turkish people|Turks]]" by many Brazilians because their original countries were still under Ottoman rule back in the period when their immigration to Brazil began. The number of actual Turks who immigrated to Brazil was in fact very small. Chinese, Taiwanese and Koreans influx became common after the 1950s.

===IBGE's 1998 PME===

On the other hand, in 1998, the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], within its preparation for the 2000 census, experimentally introduced a question about "origem" (origin/ancestry) in its "Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego" (Monthly Employment Research), to test the viability of introducing that variable in the census<ref name= Schwartzman />{{rp |3}} (the IBGE ended by deciding against the inclusion of questions about it in the census). This research interviewed about 90,000 people in six metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, and Recife).<ref name = Schwartzman />{{rp | note 3, p. 3}}  To this day, it remains the only actual published survey about the immigrant origin of Brazilians.

Here are its results:<ref name = Schwartzman />{{rp | table 6, p. 10}}

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Brazilian Population, by [[ancestry]], 1998<ref name=Schwartzman>{{cite web|url= http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf |title=Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil | first = Simon | last = Schwartzman}}</ref>
|-
!Ancestry ||%
|-align="right"
|align=left|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]]||align="right"|86.09%
|-align="right"
|align=left|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]||10.46%
|-align="right"
|align=left|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italians|Italian]]||10.41%
|-align="right"
|align=left|[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]]||6.64%
|-align="right"
|align=left|Black||5.09%
|-align="right"
|align=left|{{flagicon|Spain}} Spanish||4.40%
|-align="right"
|align=left|{{flagicon|Germany}} German||3.54%
|-align="right"
|align=left|African||2.06%
|-align="right"
|align=left|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japanese||1.34%
|-align="right"
|align=left|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]]/[[Syrian]]||0.48%
|-align="right"
|align=left| Jewish||0.20%
|-align="right"
|align=left|Others ||2.81%
|-align="right"
|align=left|'''Total‡'''||'''133.52%'''
|}

‡This is higher than 100% because of multiple answers. Many Brazilians are unaware of their ancestry, especially those whose ancestors migrated to Brazil long ago; hence the high number who declared themselves only as Brazilians.

===Emigration===

In the second half of the 1980s, Brazilians from various socioeconomic backgrounds started to emigrate to other countries in search of better economic opportunities.

By the 1990s, nearly 1.9 million Brazilians were living outside the country, mainly in the United States, Paraguay and Japan,<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanchanta |first=Mariko |date=19 July 2007 |title=Signs betray 'hidden workers' of Japan |newspaper= [[Financial Times]] |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/70f96792-360f-11dc-ad42-0000779fd2ac.html |access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> but also in Italy, Portugal, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Spain and Israel. Despite the surge in the phenomenon, there were no specific policies implemented by the government to encourage or discourage this emigration process.<ref name="Shaping Brazil">Amaral, Ernesto F. (2005) [http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?id=311 "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration"], Migration Policy Institute website. Retrieved 13 June 2007.</ref> Thanks to the favourable outlook of the Brazilian economy and due to the crisis that hit countries such as Japan, Portugal or the United States, emigration of Brazilian citizens stagnated – with many returning to their home country – until 2011, when 1,898,762 Brazilians were living abroad.

The 2000 Brazilian census provides some information about the high number of migrants returning to Brazil. For instance, of those who reported residing in another country less than 10 years before the 2000 census, 66.9 percent were Brazilians. If only the returning migrants (former Brazilian immigrants) are considered, 26.8 percent of Brazilians came from Paraguay, 17 percent came from Japan, and 15.8 percent came from the United States.<ref name="Shaping Brazil"/>

As political unrest, increasing violence, inflation, soaring unemployment rates and an economic crisis hit Brazil, millions of citizens moved abroad starting in 2011, generating the largest emigration process ever witnessed in Brazilian history, since Brazil has historically been a land of immigrants. In 2021 more than 4.4 million Brazilians live abroad,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasileiros no exterior |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/portal-consular/arquivos/14-09_brasileiros-no-exterior.pdf | publisher = MRE}}</ref> this is an increase of around 132% compared to the previous 10 years.

The largest Brazilian community abroad, comprising almost half of the diaspora, is the one in the US, where around 2,000,000 [[Brazilian Americans|Brazilians]] live;  they are present especially in Florida. Almost 300,000 Brazilians, hence 6.8% of all Brazilians living abroad, lived in other [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Portuguese-speaking countries]] (94% in Portugal). In the same year around 680,000 Brazilians, hence 15.5% of the Brazilian diaspora, lived in [[List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language|Spanish-speaking countries]], with the majority found in neighbouring countries such as [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]].

Other major communities are found in countries such as the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (220,000 [[Brazilians in the United Kingdom|Brazilians in 2021]]), [[Canada]] (122,500 [[Latin American Canadians|Brazilians in 2021]]) [[Ireland]] (70,000 [[Brazilians in Ireland|Brazilians in 2021]]) and [[Australia]] (60,000 [[Brazilian Australians|Brazilians in 2021]]).

There are also noticeable Brazilian communities in countries once source of immigrants such as [[Japan]] (210,000 [[Brazilians in Japan|Brazilians in 2021]]), [[Italy]] (162,000 Brazilians in 2021), [[Germany]] (140,000 [[Brazilians in Germany|Brazilians in 2021]]), [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] (65,000 Brazilians in 2021) and [[Lebanon]] (21,000 Brazilians in 2021). Many of the Brazilians found in these countries are descendants of the early [[Immigration to Brazil|immigrants who came to Brazil in the early 1900s]].

There is also a sizeable Brazilian community in France (172,000 [[Brazilians in France|Brazilians in 2021]]), almost equally split between [[Metropolitan France]] and [[French Guiana|French Guyana]].

==Racial composition==
[[File:Municípios do Brasil - Grupos étnico-raciais predominantes.png|thumb|upright=2|A map of predominant racial groups by municipality.
{{legend|#0000FF|White majority}}
{{legend|#FF0000|Pardo (Mixed-race) majority}}
{{legend|#00FF00|Indigenous majority}}
{{legend|#FFFF00|Black majority}}
]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Races in Brazil (2022)<ref name="G1"/>
|label1 = [[Pardo Brazilians|Brown]] 
|value1 = 45.34
|color1 = Grey
|label2 = [[White Brazilians|White]]
|value2 = 43.46
|color2 = #1f77b4
|label3 = [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]
|value3 = 10.17
|color3 = #2ca02c
|label4 = [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
|value4 = 0.60
|color4 = #d62728
|label5 = [[Asian Brazilians|Yellow (East-Asian descent)]]
|value5 = 0.42
|color5 = Yellow
}}
{{Main|Race and ethnicity in Brazil}}


Brazilians are one of the most diverse populations in the world, as a result of the crosses between peoples from three continents: the European colonizers, represented mainly by the Portuguese; African slaves; and the autochthonous Amerindians.<ref name="mtdna"/>  By 1500, around 2.5 million indigenous people were living in the area of what is now Brazil. It is estimated that about 500,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil, between 1500 and 1808. The Portuguese-Amerindian admixture started soon after the arrival of the first Portuguese, in 1500. The native groups underwent a demographic decline due to conflicts with colonizers and diseases. Africans were brought to Brazil as slaves, beginning in the middle of the 16th century, to work on sugarcane plantations and, later, in the gold and diamond mines and on coffee plantations.<ref name="mtdna"/> Portugal remained as the only significant source of European immigrants to Brazil until 1808, when Brazilian ports were legally opened to all friendly nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carvalho-Silva |first1=Denise R. |last2=Santos |first2=Fabrício R. |last3=Rocha |first3=Jorge |last4=Pena |first4=Sérgio D.J. |title=The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=January 2001 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=281–286 |doi=10.1086/316931 |pmid=11090340 |pmc=1234928 }}</ref> From then, Brazil received increasing numbers of immigrants, mostly from Portugal, followed by Italy, Spain, and Germany. In the 20th century, Asian immigrants also starting arriving, mainly from Japan, but also from Lebanon and Syria.<ref name="mtdna"/>

The [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE), which has conducted censuses in Brazil since 1940, racially classifies the Brazilian population in five categories: Branco (White), "Pardo" (brown), Preto (Black), Amarelo (Yellow - for people of East-Asian descent, such as Japanese, Chinese, Korean), and Indígena (Indigenous). Brazilians tend to classify themselves racially based on physical appearance, such as skin pigmentation, hair type, nose shape, and lip shape. There appears to be no racial descent rule operational in Brazil and it is even possible for two full siblings differing in color to belong to completely diverse racial categories. A 2016 survey found out that approximately 17–19% of Brazilian families have full siblings who are identified as different races. More than 80% of families with different-race siblings had one sibling identified as White and another identified as Pardo (brown). About 40% of families with one White and one non-White parent have different-race siblings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parra |first1=Flavia C. |last2=Amado |first2=Roberto C. |last3=Lambertucci |first3=José R. |last4=Rocha |first4=Jorge |last5=Antunes |first5=Carlos M. |last6=Pena |first6=Sérgio D. J. |title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=7 January 2003 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 |doi-access=free |pmid=12509516 |pmc=140919 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alves-Silva |first1=Juliana |last2=da Silva Santos |first2=Magda |last3=Guimarães |first3=Pedro E.M. |last4=Ferreira |first4=Alessandro C.S. |last5=Bandelt |first5=Hans-Jürgen |last6=Pena |first6=Sérgio D.J. |last7=Prado |first7=Vania Ferreira |title=The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=August 2000 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=444–461 |doi=10.1086/303004 |pmid=10873790 |pmc=1287189 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Francis-Tan |first1=Andrew |title=Light and shadows: An analysis of racial differences between siblings in Brazil |journal=Social Science Research |date=July 2016 |volume=58 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.02.003 |pmid=27194664 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="320" heights="300" caption="Distribution of racial groups in Brazil">
File:Brazil_Mixed_Alone_in_2022.svg|alt=|[[Pardo Brazilians]]
File:Brazil_White_Alone_in_2022.svg|alt=|[[White Brazilians]]
File:Brazil_Black_Alone_in_2022.svg|alt=|[[Black Brazilians]]
File:Brazil_Native_Alone_in_2022.svg|alt=|[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilians]]
</gallery>

===White Brazilians===
{{Main|White Brazilians}}
[[File:Mapa emigrantes italianos.png|thumb|right|Italian regional immigration to Brazil, which has the most people of Italian origin outside Italy. Unlike other countries with Italian immigrants, Brazil prioritized [[Northern Italy]] which it considered more developed]]
[[File:Kolonien_Suedbrasilien.png|thumb|right|German settlements in [[Southern Brazil]]]]
According to the 2022 census, there were 88,2 million White Brazilians, comprising 43.5% of Brazil's population,<ref name="G1"/> although most Brazilians have some degree of European ancestry. Descendants of Europeans are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although they are most concentrated in the south and southeastern parts of the country.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Surnames and ancestry in Brazil|journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 12|issue=5|pages=e0176890|date=8 May 2020 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0176890|pmid= 28481940|last1=Monasterio |first1= Leonardo |bibcode= 2017PLoSO..1276890M |pmc= 5421764 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Júnior |first1= Judicael Clevelario |title=A participação da imigração na formação da população brasileira |trans-title=The participation of immigration in the formation of the Brazilian population |language=pt |journal=Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População |date=1997 |volume=14 |issue=1/2 |pages=51–71 |url=https://www.rebep.org.br/revista/article/view/421}}</ref>
A survey conducted in 1998 by the Minas Gerais sociologist Simon Schwartzman interviewed about 34 million Brazilians, of whom nearly 20 million declared themselves white. Asked the ethnic origin of the participants of white race, a plurality pointed only Brazilian origin (53%).
More than half, however, managed to point to a foreign origin: 17.2% indicated Portuguese ancestry, 16.50% Italian, 9.42% Spanish, 6.51% German and 12.32% other origins, which include Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Lithuanian, Dutch, Austrian, Swiss, French, Hungarian, Norwegian, partial distant African, indigenous, British, American Confederate, Jewish (mostly Ashkenazi, but also Sephardi including Jews from Morocco and Egypt) and Arab.<ref>{{cite web | work = Monografias |url= https://www.monografias.com/pt/trabalhos/fora-diversidade-identidades/fora-diversidade-identidades2.shtml#_Toc143094349 |title=Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil|access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2096133|doi = 10.2307/2096133|title = How 4.5 Million Irish Immigrants Became 40 Million Irish Americans: Demographic and Subjective Aspects of the Ethnic Composition of White Americans|journal = American Sociological Review|volume = 59|issue = 1|pages = 64–82|year = 1994|last1 = Hout|first1 = Michael|last2 = Goldstein|first2 = Joshua R.}}</ref>
Many Whites in Brazil have some Amerindian and/or African ancestry (similarly found in [[European-American]]s<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sitesled.com/members/racialreality/americans.html|title=Racial Reality – European-Americans |website= Sitesled |access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081202132327/http://www.sitesled.com/members/racialreality/americans.html|archive-date=2 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Argentines of European descent|European-Argentines]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/01/16/sociedad/s-03415.htm|title=El 56% de los argentinos tiene antepasados indígenas |website=Clarin |date=16 January 2005|access-date=21 August 2006|archive-date=27 May 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100527043229/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/01/16/sociedad/s-03415.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nowadays, European-Brazilians come from a very diverse background, which includes:

*[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]: Most Brazilians are fully or partly of Portuguese ancestry. Portuguese settlers began arriving in 1500. Immigration increased during the 18th century and reached its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 

*[[Italians]] started arriving in Brazil in 1875, making up the main group of immigrants in the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Maria Stella Ferreira |title=O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972) |trans-title=The role of international migration on the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 to 1972) |language=pt |journal=Revista de Saúde Pública |date=June 1974 |volume=8 |issue=suppl |pages=49–90 |doi= 10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003 |doi-access=free }}</ref> First they settled in rural communities across Southern Brazil. In the early 20th century, they mostly settled in the coffee plantations in the Southeast, later moving to São Paulo capital to work in factories or starting their own businesses in trade, services and industry like businessman and industrialist [[count Francesco Matarazzo]]. In [[São Paulo]], which came to be labeled an "Italian city" in the early twentieth century, Italians engaged mainly in the incipient industry and urban services activities. They came to represent 60% of the 60,000 workers employed in São Paulo factories in 1901.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://brasil500anos.ibge.gov.br/territorio-brasileiro-e-povoamento/italianos/os-imigrantes-nas-cidades.html|title=São Paulo capital, uma cidade italiana e os misteres profissionais dos imigrantes italianos |website= Brasil500anos | publisher = IBGE |access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref>  [[Talian dialect|Talian]], or the [[Venetian language|Venetian]] dialect, is the third most spoken mother tongue in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BR|title=Veneto|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/vec|title=Venetian or Talian|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

*The first [[Germans]] arrived in Brazil in 1824. Most of them established themselves in rural communities across Southern Brazil, such as [[São Leopoldo]], [[Novo Hamburgo]], [[Blumenau]] and [[Pomerode]]. According to [[Ethnologue]], [[Standard German]] is spoken by 1.5 million people and [[Brazilian German]] encompass assorted dialects, including [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] spoken by over 3 million Brazilians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferraz |first1=Aderlande Pereira |title=O panorama lingüístico brasileiro: a coexistência de línguas minoritárias com o português |trans-title=The Brazilian linguistic panorama: the coexistence of minority languages with Portuguese |language=pt |journal=Filologia e Linguística Portuguesa |date=2 June 2007 |volume=0 |issue=9 |pages=43 |id={{CORE output|268344903}} |doi=10.11606/issn.2176-9419.v0i9p43-73 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pupp Spinassé |first1=Karen |title=Os imigrantes alemães e seus descendentes no Brasil : a língua como fator identitário e inclusivo |trans-title=German immigrants and their descendants in Brazil: language as an identity and inclusive factor |language=pt |journal=Conexão Letras |date=2008 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=125–140 |hdl=10183/20697 }}</ref><ref>Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson: Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1996</ref>

*[[Polish people|Poles]] came in significant numbers to Brazil after 1870. Most of them settled in the State of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], working as small farmers.
*[[Spaniards]] came in large numbers to Brazil, starting in the late 19th century. Most of them were attracted to work in the coffee plantations in the [[São Paulo (state)|state of São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mae.es/es/MenuPpal/Paises/ArbolPaises/Brasil/Nota+pais/ |title=Datos Básicos | publisher = MAE |access-date= 2006-11-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061102034924/http://www.mae.es/es/MenuPpal/Paises/ArbolPaises/Brasil/Nota+pais/ |archive-date= 2 November 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*[[Ukrainians]] came mostly in the late 19th century. Currently they number approximately 980,000, most of whom live in a compact settlement in south central [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].<ref>{{Citation | title = South-Central Paraná | url = http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/south_america/brazil/about_destin/southcentralparana.html | publisher = Pacific Island Travel | access-date = April 8, 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080903043907/http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/south_america/brazil/about_destin/southcentralparana.html | archive-date=3 September 2008 }}, taken from {{Citation | title = Brazil: the Rough Guide | first1 = David | last1  = Cleary | first2 = Dilwyn | last2 = Jenkins | first3 = Oliver | last3 = Marshall | first4 = Jim | last4 = Hine | date = 22 March 1998 | publisher = Rough Guides | isbn = 1-85828-223-3}}</ref>

{{See also|Dutch Brazilian|German Brazilian|Italian Brazilian|Polish Brazilian|Portuguese Brazilian |Spanish Brazilian|Ukrainian Brazilian}}

===Mixed-race/Pardo-Brazilians===
{{Main|Pardo Brazilians}}
Brazil does not have a category for multiracial people, but a [[Pardo]] (brown) one, which may include [[caboclo]]s, mulatos, cafuzos (local ethnonyms for people of noticeable mixed European and Amerindian, African and European, and Amerindian and African descent, i.e., [[mestizo]]s, [[mulatto]]es and [[zambo]]s, respectively), the multiracial result of their intermixing (despite most of White and Black Brazilians possessing some degree of race-mixing, since brownness in Brazil is a matter of phenotype) and assimilated, [[Westernization|westernized]] indigenous people.<ref name=Telles>{{cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell/page/81 81–84]|title=Race in Another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil|url= https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell|url-access= registration|author=Edward Eric Telles|chapter=Racial Classification|year=2004 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-691-11866-6}}</ref><ref name=KertzerArel>{{cite book|title=Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses |author=David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel|pages=63–64|year=2002|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-00427-5}}</ref>

The Pardos make up 45.3% or 92.1 million people of Brazil's population.<ref name="census2022">{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | title=Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem | date=22 December 2023 | access-date=22 December 2023 | archive-date=22 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222234415/https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | url-status=live }}</ref> They live in the entire territory of Brazil. Although, according to DNA resources, most Brazilians possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, less than 45% of the country's population classified themselves as being part of this group due to phenotype.<ref name= pmid21359226>{{cite journal |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Di Pietro |first2= Giuliano |last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes |first3=Mateus |last4=Genro |first4=Julia Pasqualini |last5= Hutz |first5=Mara H. |last6=Kehdy |first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes |last7=Kohlrausch |first7= Fabiana |last8=Magno |first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana |last9=Montenegro |first9=Raquel Carvalho |last10=Moraes |first10=Manoel Odorico |last11= de Moraes |first11=Maria Elisabete Amaral |last12= de Moraes |first12= Milene Raiol |last13=Ojopi |first13=Élida B. |last14=Perini |first14=Jamila A. |last15=Racciopi |first15=Clarice |last16= Ribeiro dos Santos |first16=Ândrea Kely Campos |last17=Rios Santos |first17=Fabrício |last18=Romano-Silva |first18= Marco A. |last19=Sortica |first19=Vinicius A. |last20=Suarez Kurtz |first20=Guilherme |title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected |journal=PLOS ONE |date=16 February 2011 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=e17063 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |pmid=21359226 |pmc=3040205 |bibcode= 2011PLoSO...617063P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Afro-Brazilians===
{{Main|Afro-Brazilians}}
According to the 2022 census, there are 20.7 million self-declared Black Brazilians, about 10.2% of the population.<ref name="census2022" />

Although the majority of Brazilians have at least some degree of African heritage, the racial makeup of black Brazilians themselves is very mixed and most of them have a significant degree of white admixture with a minor indigenous component, the range of white admixture for Afro-Brazilians is typically between 30% and 70%; Brazilians with more than 80% of their genes coming from African ancestry are a subgroup minority.<ref name=pmid21359226/>

===Asian/Yellow Brazilians===
{{Main|Asian Brazilians}}
According to the 2022 census, self-declared Yellow Brazilians number 850,130, or 0.42% of Brazil's population. Yellow is the term used for people of [[East Asian people|East Asian]] (Japanese, Korean, Chinese).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exame.com/brasil/censo-2022-populacao-que-se-declara-amarela-diminui-60-em-uma-decada/|title=Censo 2022: população que se declara amarela diminui 60% em uma década &#124; Exame|website=exame.com}}</ref> In 2022, Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that there were 2 million Japanese descendants in Brazil.<ref name="mofa">{{cite web|access-date=October 8, 2022 |language=en |title=Japan-Brazil Relations (Basic Data) |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/brazil/data.html}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Brazil has the largest population of Japanese descent outside Japan.<ref name="PNAD 2005">{{cite web |title= PNDA Census 2005 race |url= http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf |language=pt |access-date=26 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825023323/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf |archive-date= 25 August 2007 |df=dmy}}</ref> [[Japanese immigration in Brazil|Japanese immigration to Brazil]] started on 18 June 1908, when the Japanese ship Kasato-Maru arrived in the [[Port of Santos]], south of [[São Paulo]], carrying the first 781 people to take advantage of a bilateral agreement promoting immigration.

There are also smaller communities of Korean people and Chinese origin.<ref name= "portuguese.cri.cn">{{cite web|url= http://portuguese.cri.cn/165/2007/05/22/1@67710.htm |title='Estou orgulhoso com a minha raiz da China' —Leone Da Silveira Lee, primeiro e único general brasileiro com descendência chinesa|trans-title='I am proud of my Chinese roots' —Leone da Silveira Lee, the first and only Brazilian general of Chinese descent|language= pt |website=China Rádio International online |date= 22 May 2007|access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref>

===Native Brazilians===
{{Main|Indigenous peoples in Brazil}}
The [[Amerindian]]s make up 0.8% of Brazil's population, or about 1.6 million people. Over half of them (867,000 ou 51,2%) live in the regions of the [[Amazon rainforest]] ("[[Amazônia Legal]]").<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Censo 2022: o que explica alta de quase 90% na população indígena |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/c6pw10g6w4xo |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref> Millions of Brazilians possess at least one Native South American ancestor, according to a mitochondrial DNA study, but only 0.8% self-identify as indigenous, due to race-mixing.<ref name="mtdna">{{cite journal | pmc=1287189 | pmid=10873790 | doi=10.1086/303004 | volume= 67 | issue=2 | title= The ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA lineages | date=August 2000 | journal= Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=444–61 | last1 = Alves-Silva | first1 = J | last2 = da Silva Santos | first2 = M | last3 = Guimarães | first3 = PE | display-authors = etal}}</ref>

=== Genetic studies ===
[[Brazilians#Genetic studies|Genetic studies have shown]] the Brazilian population as a whole to have European, African and Native American components.
A 2015 autosomal DNA genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|title=Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries|first1=Ronald|last1=Rodrigues de Moura |first2= Antonio Victor Campos|last2=Coelho|first3=Valdir|last3=de Queiroz Balbino |first4= Sergio |last4= Crovella |first5= Lucas André Cavalcanti|last5=Brandão|date=10 September 2015|journal=American Journal of Human Biology |volume= 27 |issue= 5|pages=674–80|doi=10.1002/ajhb.22714|pmid = 25820814|hdl=11368/2837176 |s2cid=25051722|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Region<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
!European
!African
!Native American
|- 
| [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]]
| 51%
| 16%
| 32%
|- 
| [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]]
| 69%
| 16%
| 15%
|- 
| [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West Region]]
| 72%
| 15%
| 12%
|- 
| [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]]
|75%
|15%
|10%
|- 
| [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]]
| 90%
| 5%
| 5%
|}

An autosomal [[DNA]] study (2011), with nearly 1000 samples from every major race group ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks", according to their respective proportions) all over the country found out a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component.<ref name="PLOS One1">{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected|year=2011|last1=Pena|first1=Sérgio D. J.|last2=Di Pietro|first2=Giuliano|last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes|first3=Mateus|last4=Genro|first4=Julia Pasqualini|last5=Hutz|first5=Mara H.|last6=Kehdy|first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes|last7=Kohlrausch|first7=Fabiana|last8=Magno|first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana|last9=Montenegro|first9=Raquel Carvalho|last10=Moraes|first10=M. O.|last11=De Moraes|first11=M. E.|last12=De Moraes|first12=M. R.|last13=Ojopi|first13=E. B.|last14=Perini|first14=J. A.|last15=Racciopi|first15=C|last16=Ribeiro-Dos-Santos|first16=A. K.|last17=Rios-Santos|first17=F|last18=Romano-Silva|first18=M. A.|last19=Sortica|first19=V. A.|last20=Suarez-Kurtz|first20=G|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=2|pages=e17063|pmid=21359226|pmc=3040205|editor1-last=Harpending|editor1-first=Henry|display-authors=8|bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

"In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South". The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil<ref>[http://www.amigodoador.com.br/estatisticas.html Profile of the Brazilian blood donor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028205753/http://www.amigodoador.com.br/estatisticas.html |date=October 28, 2011 }}. Amigodoador.com.br. Retrieved on 2012-05-19.</ref>), and also public health institutions personnel and health students.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Region<ref name="PLOS One1"/>
! European
! African
! Native American
|-
| [[Northern Brazil]]
| 68.80%
| 10.50%
| 18.50%
|-
| [[Northeast Brazil]]
| 71.10%
| 16.30%
| 12.40%
|-
| [[Southeast Brazil]]
| 74.20%
| 17.30%
| 7.30%
|-
| [[Southern Brazil]]
| 79.50%
| 10.30%
| 9.40%
|}

An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a predominant degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. 'Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban
populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within each population rather than among population'.<ref name=pmid24073242>{{cite journal |last1=Saloum de Neves Manta |first1=Fernanda |last2=Pereira |first2=Rui |last3=Vianna |first3=Romulo |last4=Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de Araújo |first4=Alfredo |last5=Leite Góes Gitaí |first5=Daniel |last6=Aparecida da Silva |first6=Dayse |last7=de Vargas Wolfgramm |first7=Eldamária |last8=da Mota Pontes |first8=Isabel |last9=Ivan Aguiar |first9=José |last10=Ozório Moraes |first10=Milton |last11=Fagundes de Carvalho |first11=Elizeu |last12=Gusmão |first12=Leonor |last13=O'Rourke |first13=Dennis |title=Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels |journal=PLOS ONE |date=20 September 2013 |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=e75145 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 |pmid=24073242 |pmc=3779230 |bibcode= 2013PLoSO...875145S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Region'<ref name="wiley1">{{cite journal |last1=Lins |first1=Tulio C. |last2=Vieira |first2=Rodrigo G. |last3=Abreu |first3=Breno S. |last4=Grattapaglia |first4=Dario |last5=Pereira |first5=Rinaldo W. |title=Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |date=2009 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=187–92 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.20976 |pmid=19639555 |s2cid=205301927 |url=https://repositorio.ucb.br:9443/jspui/handle/123456789/7489 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
!European
!African
!Native American
|-
| [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]]
| 51%
| 17%
| 32%
|-
| [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]]
| 73%
| 16%
| 11%
|-
| [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West Region]]
| 75%
| 15%
| 10%
|-
| [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]]
| 73%
| 17%
| 10%
|-
| [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]]
| 92%
| 3%
| 5%
|}

An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found a similar profile: "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico".<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=20129458 | doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006 | volume=4 | issue=2 | title=Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population | date=Feb 2010 | journal=Forensic Sci Int Genet | pages=e61–3| last1=De Assis Poiares | first1=L | last2=De Sá Osorio | first2=P | last3=Spanhol | first3=F. A. | last4=Coltre | first4=S. C. | last5=Rodenbusch | first5=R | last6=Gusmão | first6=L | last7=Largura | first7=A | last8=Sandrini | first8=F | last9=Da Silva | first9=C. M. }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Region<ref name="Poiares">{{cite journal |last1=de Assis Poiares |first1=Lilian |last2=de Sá Osorio |first2=Paulo |last3=Spanhol |first3=Fábio Alexandre |last4=Coltre |first4=Sidnei César |last5=Rodenbusch |first5=Rodrigo |last6=Gusmão |first6=Leonor |last7=Largura |first7=Alvaro |last8=Sandrini |first8=Fabiano |last9=da Silva |first9=Cláudia Maria Dornelles |title=Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |date=February 2010 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e61–e63 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006 |pmid=20129458 }}</ref>
!European
!African
!Native American
|- 
| [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]]  
| 60.6%
| 21.3%
| 18.1%
|- 
| [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]]
| 77.3%
| 16.1%
| 6.6%
|- 
| [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West Region]]
| 70.3%
| 19.7%
| 10.0%
|- 
| [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]]
|67.7%
|25.0%
|7.3%
|- 
| [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]]
| 91.5%
| 4.3%
| 4.2%
|}

A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!Region<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
!European
!African
!Native American
|- 
| [[North Region, Brazil|North Region]]  
| 51%
| 16%
| 32%
|- 
| [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]]
| 77%
| 16%
| 7%
|- 
| [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West Region]]
| 78%
| 14%
| 8%
|- 
| [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]]
|72%
|19%
|9%
|- 
| [[South Region, Brazil|South Region]]
| 91%
| 5%
| 4%
|}

Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations".<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=19639555 | doi=10.1002/ajhb.20976 | volume=22 | title=Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs | year=2010 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Biol. | pages=187–92 | last1 = Lins | first1 = TC | last2 = Vieira | first2 = RG | last3 = Abreu | first3 = BS | last4 = Grattapaglia | first4 = D | last5 = Pereira | first5 = RW| issue=2 | s2cid=205301927 | url= https://repositorio.ucb.br:9443/jspui/handle/123456789/7489 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65.90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24.80%) and the Native American (9.3%).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/5542/1/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf |title= The impact of migrations in the constitution of Latin American populations|website=Repositório |access-date=30 August 2017|archive-date=1 October 2018 | publisher = UnB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181001064711/http://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/5542/1/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

São Paulo state, the most populous state in Brazil, with about 40 million people, showed the following composition, according to an autosomal study from 2006: European genes account for 79% of the heritage of the people of São Paulo, 14% are of African origin, and 7% Native American.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Genomic ancestry of a sample population from the state of São Paulo, Brazil|first1=Luzitano Brandão|last1=Ferreira|first2=Celso Teixeira|last2=Mendes|first3=Cláudia Emília Vieira |last3=Wiezel|first4=Marcelo Rizzatti|last4=Luizon|first5=Aguinaldo Luiz|last5=Simões|date=1 September 2006 |journal= American Journal of Human Biology|volume=18|issue=5|pages=702–705|doi=10.1002/ajhb.20474|pmid = 16917899 |s2cid= 10103856 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A study from 2013 found the following composition in São Paulo state: 70% European, 20% African, 6% Asian and 4% Native American.<ref name=":75145">{{cite journal|title=Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels|first1=Fernanda Saloum de Neves|last1= Manta|first2= Rui|last2= Pereira |first3= Romulo |last3=Vianna|first4=Alfredo Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de|last4=Araújo|first5=Daniel Leite Góes|last5=Gitaí|first6=Dayse Aparecida |last6= da Silva|first7=Eldamária de Vargas|last7=Wolfgramm|first8=Isabel da Mota|last8=Pontes|first9=José Ivan |last9= Aguiar|first10=Milton Ozório|last10=Moraes|first11=Elizeu Fagundes |last11= de Carvalho|first12= Leonor |last12= Gusmão |date=20 September 2013|journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 8 |issue= 9 |page = e75145 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 |pmid = 24073242|pmc=3779230|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875145S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Another study focused on highly admixed populations yielded similar results.<ref name="Whole-genome sequencing of 1,171 el">{{cite journal |last1=Naslavsky |first1= Michel S. |last2=Scliar |first2=Marilia O. |last3=Yamamoto |first3=Guilherme L. |last4= Wang |first4=Jaqueline Yu Ting |last5=Zverinova |first5=Stepanka |last6=Karp |first6=Tatiana |last7=Nunes |first7=Kelly |last8= Ceroni |first8=José Ricardo Magliocco |last9=De Carvalho |first9=Diego Lima |last10=Da Silva Simões |first10=Carlos Eduardo |last11=Bozoklian |first11= Daniel |last12=Nonaka |first12=Ricardo |last13=Dos Santos Brito Silva |first13=Nayane |last14= da Silva Souza |first14= Andreia |last15=De Souza Andrade |first15=Heloísa |display-authors=1 |year=2022 |title= Whole-genome sequencing of 1,171 elderly admixed individuals from Brazil |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page= 1004 |doi= 10.1038/s41467-022-28648-3 |pmc=8897431 |pmid=35246524 |last16=Passos |first16=Marília Rodrigues Silva |last17= Castro |first17= Camila Ferreira Bannwart |last18=Mendes-Junior |first18=Celso T. |last19=Mercuri |first19=Rafael L. V. |last20= Miller |first20=Thiago L. A. |last21=Buzzo |first21=Jose Leonel |last22=Rego |first22=Fernanda O. |last23= Araújo |first23= Nathalia M. |last24=Magalhães |first24=Wagner C. S. |last25=Mingroni-Netto |first25=Regina Célia |last26= Borda |first26= Victor |last27=Guio |first27=Heinner |last28=Rojas |first28=Carlos P. |last29=Sanchez |first29=Cesar |last30= Caceres |first30= Omar}}</ref>

===Races and ethnicities by region===
{{Further|Brazil socio-geographic division}}

====South====
{{Further|Centro-Sul}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Races in the South Region (2022 census)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/|title=Panorama do Censo 2022|website=Panorama do Censo 2022}}</ref>
|label1 = [[White Brazilians|White]]
|value1 = 72.6
|color1 = #1f77b4
|label2 = [[Pardo Brazilians|Mixed]] 
|value2 = 21.7
|color2 = Grey
|label3 = [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]
|value3 = 5.0
|color3 = #2ca02c
|label4 = [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]]
|value4 = 0.4
|color4 = Yellow
|label5 = [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
|value5 = 0.3
|color5 = #d62728
}}

According to the 2022 census, in the South Whites make up 72.6% of the population, Pardo (brown) 21.7%, Blacks 5%, 0.4% Yellow (Asian descent) and 0.3% Indigenous <ref name="uol_"/>

The South of Brazil is the region with the largest percentage of Whites. According to the 2005 census, people of Whites account for 87% of the population.<ref name="PNAD 2005" /> In colonial times, this region had a very small population.

The region what is now [[Southern Brazil]] was originally settled by [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] peoples, mostly [[Guarani people|Guarani]] and [[Kaingang]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.paginadogaucho.com.br/indi/grupo.htm |title= Grupos indígenas e sua distribuição | work = Página do Gaúcho |access-date= 1 January 2008|archive-date=2 February 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090202133555/http://www.paginadogaucho.com.br/indi/grupo.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> Only a few settlers from [[São Paulo]] were living there. This situation made the region vulnerable to attacks from neighboring countries. This fact forced the King of [[Portugal]] to decide to populate the region. For this, settlers from the Portuguese [[Azores]] islands were sent to the coast in 1617.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.infoescola.com/historia/imigracao-acoriana-no-brasil/ |title=Imigração Açoriana no Brasil - História |first= Mayra |last=Poubel|website=InfoEscola}}</ref>

To stimulate the immigration to Brazil, the king offered several benefits for the Azorean couples. Between 1748 and 1756, six thousand [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] from the Azores moved to the coast of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]. They were mainly newly married who were seeking a better life. At that time, the Azores were one of the poorest regions of Portugal.

They established themselves mainly in the [[Santa Catarina Island]], nowadays the region of Florianópolis. Later, some couples moved to [[Rio Grande do Sul]], where they established [[Porto Alegre]], the capital. The Azoreans lived on fishing and agriculture, especially flour. They composed over half of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina's population in the late 18th century.<ref name="joixqa">{{cite web | work = Terra brasileira |url= http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/regioes/7tipos/acores.html |title=Imigrantes: Açorianos|date=31 December 2007 |access-date= 30 August 2017|url-status=usurped|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071231170219/http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/regioes/7tipos/acores.html|archive-date= 31 December 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The state of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] was settled by colonists from São Paulo due to their proximity (Paraná was part of São Paulo until the mid-19th century).

With the development of cattle in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, African slaves began arriving in large numbers. By 1822, Africans were 50% of Rio Grande do Sul's population. This number decreased to 25% in 1858 and to only 2.2% in 2015. Most of them came from [[Angola]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.riogrande.com.br/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092430/http://www.riogrande.com.br/historia/colonizacao6.htm |url-status=dead| work =RS Virtual | title = Colonização |archivedate=29 September 2007}}</ref>

After independence from Portugal (1822) the Brazilian government started to stimulate the arrival of a new wave of immigrants to settle the South. In 1824 they established [[São Leopoldo]], a German community. Major Schaeffer, a German who was living in Brazil, was sent to Germany in order to bring immigrants. From [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], the Major brought the immigrants and soldiers. Settlers from Germany were brought to work as small farmers, because there were many land holdings without workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoescola.com/historia/imigracao-alema-no-rio-grande-do-sul/ |title= Imigração alemã no Rio Grande do Sul - História|first=Misleine Neris de Souza|last=Silva|website=InfoEscola}}</ref>

To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised large tracts of land, where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. The first years were not easy. Many Germans died of tropical disease, while others left the colonies to find better living conditions. The German colony of São Leopoldo was a disaster. Nevertheless, in the following years, a further 4,830 Germans arrived at São Leopoldo, and then the colony started to develop, with the immigrants establishing the town of [[Novo Hamburgo]] (''New Hamburg'').<ref>{{Citation | publisher = UFRGS | url = 
https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/21349/000737124.pdf?sequence=1 | title = Novo Hamburgo}}.</ref>

From São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, the German immigrants spread into others areas of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], mainly close to sources of rivers. The whole region of [[Vale dos Sinos]] was populated by Germans. During the 1830s and part of the 1840s German immigration to Brazil was interrupted due to conflicts in the country ([[Ragamuffin War]]). The immigration restarted after 1845 with the creation of new colonies. The most important ones were [[Blumenau]], in 1850, and [[Joinville]] in 1851, both in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina state]]; these attracted thousands of German immigrants to the region.  In the next five decades, other 28 thousand Germans were brought to Rio Grande do Sul to work as small farmers in the countryside.<ref>{{Cite web| publisher = Itamarati | url= http://www.mre.gov.br/CDBRASIL/ITAMARATY/WEB/ingles/consnac/imigra/alemaes/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716191844/http://www.mre.gov.br/CDBRASIL/ITAMARATY/WEB/ingles/consnac/imigra/alemaes/ |url-status= dead |title= Germans |archivedate=16 July 2007}}</ref> By 1914, it is estimated that 50 thousand Germans settled in this state.

Another immigration boom to this region started in 1875. Communities with Italian immigrants were also created in southern Brazil. The first colonies to be populated by Italians were created in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul ([[Serra Gaúcha]]). These were [[Garibaldi (city)|Garibaldi]] and [[Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul|Bento Gonçalves]]. These immigrants were predominantly from [[Veneto]], in northern Italy. After five years, in 1880, the great numbers of Italian immigrants arriving caused the Brazilian government to create another Italian colony, [[Caxias do Sul]]. After initially settling in the government-promoted colonies, many of the Italian immigrants spread themselves into other areas of Rio Grande do Sul seeking further opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/museumaciel/imigracao-italiana-no-rio-grande-do-sul/ |title=Imigração Italiana no Rio Grande do Sul – Museu Etnográfico da Colônia Maciel|website= UFPEL}}</ref>

They created many other Italian colonies on their own, mainly in highlands, because the lowlands were already populated by Germans and native ''gaúchos''. The Italian established many vineyards in the region. Nowadays, the wine produced in these areas of Italian colonization in southern Brazil is much appreciated within the country, though little is available for export. In 1875, the first Italian colonies were established in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], which lies immediately to the north of Rio Grande do Sul. The colonies gave rise to towns such as [[Criciúma]], and later also spread further north, to [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]].

A significant number of [[Polish people|Poles]] have settled in Southern Brazil. The first immigrants arrived in 1869 and until 1959, it is estimated that over 100,000 Poles migrated to Brazil,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Decol |first1=René D. |title= Uma história oculta: a imigração dos países da Europa do Centro-Leste para o Brasil |trans-title=A hidden story: immigration from Central European countries to Brazil |language=pt |journal=Anais |date=24 February 2016 |pages=1–12 |url= http://www.abep.org.br/publicacoes/index.php/anais/article/view/973 }}</ref> 95% of whom were peasants. The State of Paraná received the majority of Polish immigrants, who settled mainly in the region of [[Curitiba]], in the towns of Mallet, Cruz Machado, São Matheus do Sul, Irati, and União da Vitória.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.infoescola.com/historia/imigracao-polonesa-no-brasil/|title=Imigração Polonesa no Brasil - História |first= Mayra |last=Poubel|website=InfoEscola}}</ref>

====Southeast====
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Races in the Southeast Region (2022 census)<ref name="auto1"/>
|label1 = [[White Brazilians|White]]
|value1 = 49.9
|color1 = #1f77b4
|label2 = [[Pardo Brazilians|Mixed]]
|value2 = 38.7
|color2 = Grey
|label3 = [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]
|value3 = 10.6
|color3 = #2ca02c
|label4 = [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]]
|value4 = 0.7
|color4 = Yellow
|label5 = [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
|value5 = 0.1
|color5 = #d62728
}}

According to the 2022 census, in the Southeast Whites make up 49.9% of the population, Pardo (brown) 38.7%, Blacks 10.6%, Yellow (Asian descent) 0.7% and  Indigenous 0.1%.<ref name="uol_"/> The [[Southeastern Brazil|Southeastern region]] of Brazil is the most ethnically diverse and most populated part of the country.

Southeast Brazil is home to the oldest Portuguese village in the Americas, [[São Vicente, São Paulo]], established in 1532.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.rankbrasil.com.br/maismais/turismo/saovicente/ | work = RankBrasil | title = São Vicente | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071224114234/http://www.rankbrasil.com.br/maismais/turismo/saovicente/default.asp | archive-date= 24 December 2007}}</ref> The region, since the beginning of its colonization, is a [[melting pot]] of Africans, Natives, and Europeans. The Indigenous peoples of the region were enslaved by the Portuguese.

The race mixing between the indigenous females and their European masters produced the [[Bandeirante]], the colonial inhabitant of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], who formed expeditions that crossed the interior of Brazil and greatly increased the Portuguese colonial territory. The main language spoken by these people of mixed Indian/Portuguese heritage was [[Língua geral]], a language that mixed [[Tupi people|Tupi]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] words.

In the late 17th century the Bandeirantes found gold in the area that nowadays is [[Minas Gerais]]. A [[gold rush]] took place in Brazil and thousands of Portuguese colonists arrived during this period. The confrontation between the Bandeirantes and the Portuguese for obtaining possession of the mines led to the [[Emboabas' War]].

The Portuguese won the war. The Amerindian culture declined, giving space to a stronger Portuguese cultural domination. In order to control the wealth, the Portuguese Crown moved the capital of Brazil from [[Salvador, Bahia]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Thousands of African slaves were brought to work in the gold mines.

They were landed in Rio de Janeiro and sent to other regions. By the late 18th century, Rio de Janeiro was an "African city": most of its inhabitants were slaves. No other place in the world had as many slaves since the end of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.pdt-rj.org.br/colunistas.asp?id=40 | title = Colunistas | publisher = PDT – RJ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081205094756/http://www.pdt-rj.org.br/colunistas.asp?id=40 | archive-date=5 December 2008}}</ref> In 1808 the Portuguese royal family, fleeing from [[Napoleon]], took charge in Rio de Janeiro. Some 23,000 Portuguese nobles moved to Brazil. The change in region was significant, becoming more European.

After independence and principally after 1850, Southeast Brazil was "inundated" by European immigrants, who were attracted by the government to replace the African slaves in the coffee plantations.  Most immigrants landed in the [[Port of Santos]] and have been forwarded to the coffee farms within São Paulo.

The vast majority of the immigrants came from Italy. Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953. The large number of Italians are visible in many parts of Southeast Brazil. Their descendants are nowadays predominant in many areas. For example, Northeast São Paulo is 45% Italian.<ref>{{Citation | title = Nordeste em busca de investidores | url = http://www.lorenzato.org.br/nordeste%20em%20busca%20de%20investidores.asp | publisher = Fundação Lorenzato | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081120122118/http://www.lorenzato.org.br/nordeste%20em%20busca%20de%20investidores.asp | archive-date= 20 November 2008 }}</ref>

The arrival of immigrants from several parts of Europe, the [[Middle-East]] and Asia produced an ethnically diverse population. The city of [[Bastos, Brazil|Bastos]], in São Paulo, is 11.4% [[Japanese-Brazilian|Japanese]]. The city of São Paulo is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan itself.<ref>{{Cite web | work = Visite São Paulo |url= http://www.visitesaopaulo.com/english/city/itineraries-saopaulo.htm|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080107110018/http://www.visitesaopaulo.com/english/city/itineraries-saopaulo.htm|url-status= dead |title= Itineraries |archivedate=7 January 2008}}</ref>

====Northeast====
{{Further|Nordeste (socio-geographic division)}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Races in the Northeast Region (2022 census)<ref name="auto1"/>
|label1 = [[Pardo Brazilians|Mixed]] 
|value1 = 59.6
|color1 = Grey
|label2 = [[White Brazilians|White]]
|value2 = 26.7
|color2 = #1f77b4
|label3 = [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]
|value3 = 13.0
|color3 = #2ca02c
|label4 = [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
|value4 = 0.6
|color4 = #d62728
|label5 = [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]]
|value5 = 0.1
|color5 = Yellow
}}

According to the 2022 census, people reported as "Pardo" (brown) make up 59.6% of the population, Whites 26.7% and Blacks 13.0%.<ref name="uol_">{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2023/12/22/pardos-sao-maioria-no-norte-nordeste-e-centro-oeste-brancos-no-sul-e-sudeste.htm|title=Pardos são maioria no Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste; brancos, no Sul e Sudeste|date=22 December 2023|website=UOL}}</ref>

The ethnic composition of the population starts in the 16th century.  The Portuguese settlers brought few women, which led to relationships with the Indian women. Later, interracial relationships occurred between Portuguese males and African females. The coast, in the past the place where millions of African slaves arrived (mostly from modern-day [[Angola]], [[Ghana]], Nigeria and [[Benin]]) to work in sugarcane plantations, is where nowadays there is a predominance of [[Mulatto]]es, those of African and European ancestry. In the interior, there is a predominance of Indian and European mixture.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = Colégio Ined | url= http://www.colegioined.com.br/CF/patio/surpresas/regioes_brasil/nordeste.htm |title=Regiões do Brasil|date=5 January 2008 |access-date= 30 August 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080105045115/http://www.colegioined.com.br/CF/patio/surpresas/regioes_brasil/nordeste.htm|archive-date=5 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====North====
{{Further|Amazônia Legal}}
{{Further|Nordeste (socio-geographic division)}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Races in the North Region (2022 census)<ref name="auto1"/>
|label1 = [[Pardo Brazilians|Mixed]] 
|value1 = 67.2
|color1 = Grey
|label2 = [[White Brazilians|White]]
|value2 = 20.7
|color2 = #1f77b4
|label3 = [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]
|value3 = 8.8
|color3 = #2ca02c
|label4 = [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
|value4 = 3.1
|color4 = #d62728
|label5 = [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]]
|value5 = 0.2
|color5 = Yellow
}}

According to the 2022 census, in the North Pardo (brown) make up 67.2% of the population, Whites 20.7%, Blacks 8.8%, Indigenous 3.1% and Yellow (Asian descent) 0.2% .<ref name="uol_"/>
[[Northern Brazil]], largely covered by the [[Amazon rainforest]], is the Brazilian region with the largest [[Amerindian]] influences, both in culture and ethnicity. Inhabited by diverse indigenous tribes, this part of Brazil was reached by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 17th century, but it started to be populated by non-Indians only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The exploitation of [[Natural rubber|rubber]] used in the growing industries of automobiles, has emerged a huge migration to the region.

Many people from the poor Northeast Brazil, mostly [[Ceará]], moved to the Amazon area. The contact between the Indians and the northeastern rubbers created the base of the ethnic composition of the region, with its mixed-race majority.

====Central-West====
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Races in the Central-West Region (2022 census)<ref name="auto1"/>
|label1 = [[Pardo Brazilians|Mixed]] 
|value1 = 52.4
|color1 = Grey
|label2 = [[White Brazilians|White]]
|value2 = 37.0
|color2 = #1f77b4
|label3 = [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]
|value3 = 9.1
|color3 = #2ca02c
|label4 = [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
|value4 = 1.0
|color4 = #d62728
|label5 = [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]]
|value5 = 0.4
|color5 = Yellow
}}
According to the 2022 census, in the Central-West Pardo (brown) make up 52.4% of the population, Whites 37%, Blacks 9.1%, Indigenous 1.2% and Yellow (East-Asian descent) 0.4%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://educa.ibge.gov.br/jovens/conheca-o-brasil/populacao/18319-cor-ou-raca.html|title=IBGE - Educa &#124; Jovens|first=Ana Laura Moura dos Santos|last=Azevedo|website=IBGE Educa Jovens}}</ref>
The [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West]] region of Brazil was inhabited by diverse Indians when the Portuguese arrived in the early 18th century. The Portuguese came to explore the precious stones that were found there. Contact between the Portuguese and the Indians created a mixed-race population. Until the mid-20th century, Central-West Brazil had a very small population. The situation changed with the construction of [[Brasília]], the new capital of Brazil, in 1960. Many workers were attracted to the region, mostly from northeastern Brazil.

A new wave of settlers started arriving from the 1970s. With the mechanization of agriculture in the South of Brazil, many rural workers of German and Italian origin migrated to Central-West Brazil. In some areas, they are already the majority of the population.

==Languages==
{{Main|Languages of Brazil|Portuguese language}}
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the only official language of Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Portuguese, the official language of Brazil |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/portuguese_language/ |archive-url= https://archive.today/20070615145847/http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/portuguese_language/ |url-status=dead |archive-date= 15 June 2007 |access-date=4 August 2007 |publisher=Brazilian Government official website }}</ref> It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, TV and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in [[the Americas]], making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity.

Many Amerindian languages are spoken daily in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of these communities have significant contact with Portuguese,<ref>{{cite web|title=Portuguese throughout the world |url= http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/portuguese_language/ |archive-url= https://archive.today/20070615145847/http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/portuguese_language/ |url-status=dead |archive-date= 15 June 2007 |access-date=4 August 2007 |publisher=Brazilian Government official website }}</ref> there are incentives stimulating preservation and the teaching of native languages. According to [[SIL International]], 133 Native American languages are currently endangered.  Some of the largest indigenous language groups include Arawak, Carib, Macro-Gê and Tupi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sil.org/americas/brasil/PortLang.htm |title=Línguas Indígenas |access-date= 2007-08-07 |url-status=dead | publisher = Summer institute of Linguistics |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070806111433/http://www.sil.org/americas/brasil/PORTLANG.HTM |archive-date= 6 August 2007 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> In 2006, the municipality of [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]] in the region of Cabeça do Cachorro (Northwestern region of the State of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]), has adopted some indigenous languages as some of its other official languages along with Portuguese.

Other languages are spoken by descendants of immigrants, who are usually bilingual, in small rural communities in Southern Brazil. The most important are the [[Brazilian German]] dialects, such as [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] and the [[East Pomeranian dialect]], and also the [[Talian dialect|Talian]], based on the Italian [[Venetian language]]. There are also bilingual speakers of [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] in Southern Brazil, especially [[Paraná state|Paraná]]. In the city of [[São Paulo]], [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] can be heard in the immigrant neighborhoods, such as [[Liberdade (district of São Paulo)|Liberdade]]. [[Yidish|Yiddish]] and [[Hebrew]] are used by Jewish communities mainly in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Brasília, Belo Horizonte and Recife as well as the [[Vlax Romani|Vlax Romani dialect]] by [[Gypsy|Romani]]  communities all across the nation.

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Brazil}}
According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] census 2010<ref name="census2010">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Accessed 07.08.2012.</ref> 64.6% are Roman Catholics; 24% are Protestants and other Christians, 8% are agnostics, [[Atheism|atheists]] or have no religion, 2% are followers of [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]], and 1% are members of other religions. Some of these religions are [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (1,100,000), [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Latter-day Saints]] (200,000), [[Buddhism]] (215,000), [[Judaism]] (86,000), and [[Islam in Brazil|Islam]] (27,000).<ref>{{cite web | title = Religion in Brazil | publisher=IBGE | year = 2000 | url = http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/populacao/religiao_Censo2000.pdf | access-date = 24 April 2007 }}</ref> In 2020, it was estimated that 48% were Roman Catholic; 33% Protestant; 14% irreligious; 2% Spiritist; 2% other Christian; 1% Afro-Brazilian religious; and 0.5% other.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-13 |title=50% dos brasileiros são católicos, 31%, evangélicos e 10% não têm religião, diz Datafolha {{!}} Política |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/01/13/50percent-dos-brasileiros-sao-catolicos-31percent-evangelicos-e-10percent-nao-tem-religiao-diz-datafolha.ghtml |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> In another 2020 study by the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]], Christians made up 90.77% of the population; among Christians, 70.57% were Roman Catholic; 15.12% Protestant; 12.23% Independents, 0.12% Orthodox, and 0.09% unaffiliated Christian.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Brazil {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=31c |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref> Kardecist spiritism was the second-largest religion practiced in Brazil as ARDA's 2020 study, with 4.83% of the population. Of its 3.03% irreligious population, 2.59% were agnostic and 0.44% atheist.<ref name=":1"/>

Brazil has the largest [[Roman Catholicism in Brazil|Roman Catholic]] population in the world.<ref name="PEWCATHOLIC">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/|title=The Global Catholic Population|date=13 February 2013|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

Followers of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were adherents of "traditional churches", mostly [[Lutheran]]s, [[Presbyterian]]s and [[Baptists]]. There are 120,000 Episcopalians in 9 dioceses (Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil). Since then, numbers of [[Pentecostal]] and Neopentecostal adherents have increased significantly.

[[Islam in Brazil]] was first practiced by African slaves.<ref>Lovejoy, Paul E., ''Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil'', Markus Wiener Pub., 2007. {{ISBN|1-55876-378-3}}.</ref> The Muslim population in Brazil is made up mostly of [[Arab]] immigrants.<ref name=oliveira2006>{{cite journal |last1=de Oliveira |first1=Vitória Peres |title=Islam in Brazil or the Islam of Brazil? |journal=Religião & Sociedade |date=2006 |volume=2 |url=http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-85872006000200002 }}</ref>

The largest population of Buddhists in Latin America lives in Brazil, due greatly to Brazil's large Japanese population.

==See also==
*[[Race and ethnicity in Brazil]]
*[[Demographics of Rio de Janeiro]]
*[[List of largest cities in Brazil]]
*[[Racial democracy]]
*''[[Brazilian Journal of Population Studies]]''
*[[Internal migration in Brazil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{CIA World Factbook|year=2006}}

==External links==
* [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/country-profiles/pdf/76.pdf United Nations "World Population Prospects": Country Profile – Brazil]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/country_overview/key_risk_indicators/population_by_age/population_by_age_annual_of_total%7Cchart/line$countries=brazil&sorting=list/european_union//title Population Statistics for Brazil]
* [https://archive.today/20150404121423/http://itbulk.org/population/population-by-country/ Build Brazil population graph 1960–2013 (World Bank data)]
* [https://archive.today/20150220095949/http://itbulk.org/population/population-projection-by-country/ Build Brazil population projection graph till 2100 (United Nations data)]
* [https://archive.today/20150404121433/http://itbulk.org/population/life-expectancy-by-country/ Build Brazil life expectancy at birth graph 1950–2013 (United Nations data)]

{{Brazil topics}}
{{Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil}}
{{Americas topic|Demographics of}}
{{Population country lists}}
{{Portal bar|Society|Brazil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Brazil}}
[[Category:Demographics of Brazil| ]]