View source for D with stroke

{{Short description|Variant of the letter D, used in Sámi alphabets, Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet, and Vietnamese}}
{{For|a list of letters that are written in uppercase with the glyph '''Đ'''|D with stroke (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|đ|ð}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox grapheme
| letter = Đ đ
| image = File:Latin letter D with stroke.svg
| imageclass = skin-invert-image
| name = D with stroke
| fam1 = <hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero><hiero>O31</hiero>
| fam2 = [[Image:Proto-semiticD-02.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Dalet]]
| fam3 = [[File:PhoenicianD-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Early Phoenician Dalet]]
| fam4 = [[Image:Phoenician daleth.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Dalet]]
| fam5 = [[Delta (letter)|Δ δ]]
| fam6 = [[Old Italic scripts|𐌃]]
| fam7 = [[D|D d]]
| equivalents = {{hlist
  |[[Dje|Ђ ђ]]
  |[[Gje|Ѓ ѓ]]
  |[[Serbo-Croatian|Dj dj]]
  |[[Dzhe|Џ џ]]
  |[[French language|D` d`]]
}}
| phonemes = {{flex list
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|dʑ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|dz]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |[{{IPAlink|ð}}]
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Vietnamese alphabet|ɗe˧]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |[{{IPAlink|ɗ}}]
  |<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Vietnamese alphabet|ʔd]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
  |[{{IPAlink|z}}]
  |[{{IPAlink|j}}]
  |[{{IPAlink|θ}}]
}}
| image2 = File:D with stroke through bowl - uppercase and lowercase.svg
| imageclass2 = skin-invert-image
| typedesc = ic
| type = alphabet
| language = [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Jarai language|Jarai]], [[Kiowa language|Kiowa]], [[Moro language|Moro]], [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]], [[Northern Sami|Northern Sami]], [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sami]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
}}

'''Đ''' (lowercase: '''đ''', [[Latin alphabet]]), known as '''crossed D''' or '''dyet''', is a letter formed from the base character [[D|D/d]] overlaid with a [[bar (diacritic)|crossbar]]. Crossing was used to create [[eth]] (ð), but eth has an [[uncial]] as its base whereas ''đ'' is based on the straight-backed roman ''d,'' like in the [[sámi language |Sámi languages]] and [[vietnamese language | Vietnamese]]. Crossed ''d'' is a letter in the alphabets of several languages and is used in [[linguistics]] as a [[voiced dental fricative]].

== Appearance ==
In the lowercase, the crossbar is usually drawn through the [[Ascender (typography)|ascender]], but when used as a phonetic symbol it may be preferred to draw it through the [[bowl (typography)|bowl]], in which case it is known as a barred ''d''.<ref name="unicode">{{cite book |author=The Unicode Consortium |year=2003 |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Addison-Wesley Developers Press |page=432}}</ref> In some African languages' orthographies, such as that of [[Moro language|Moro]], the barred ''d'' is preferred.<ref>[http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n2847.pdf ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2  Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Orthographic Character JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2847R]</ref>

In the uppercase, the crossbar normally crosses just the left stem, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.<ref name="Le Ba Khanh">Example: {{cite book|author=Lê Bá Khanh|author2=Lê Bá Kông|title=Vietnamese-English/English-Vietnamese Dictionary|edition=7th printing|location=[[New York City]]|publisher=[[Hippocrene Books]]|year=1991|isbn=0-87052-924-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780870529245}}</ref>

The ''DE'' ligature should not be confused with the ''Đ''.{{Contradictory inline|reason=Is the ligature the same as the letter.|date=September 2024|section=Spanish}} That ligature was used stylistically in pre-19th century Spanish as a contraction for {{lang|es|de}}, as a D with an E superimposed. For example, {{lang|es|Universidad}} <span lang="es" style="font-variant-ligatures: historical-ligatures">DE</span> {{lang|es|Guadalajara}}.

== Uses by language ==

[[File:Constellations9thcentury(p.31)Text2.png|thumb|left|upright|A 9th century Latin manuscript. The abbreviation '''{{lang|la|ſcđo}}''' ({{lang|la|secundo}}, "second") occurs on the third line.]]

=== African languages ===
A lowercase ''đ'' appeared alongside a lowercase [[African D|retroflex D]] in a 1982 revision of the [[African reference alphabet]]. This revision of the alphabet eliminated uppercase forms, so there was no conflict between ''ɖ'' and ''đ''.

=== Kven ===
The letter ''Đ'', which is not used in [[Finnish language|standard Finnish]], became used in [[Kven language]] texts in the early 2020's, with its users as of March 2025 including the [[Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection]] (e.g. ''{{lang|fkv|Omavalmhiuđen tarkistuslista}}''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dsb.no/siteassets/sikkerhverdag/egenberedskap/brosjyren/dsb-egenberedskap-kvensk-web.pdf|title=Näin olet myötä vahvistamassa Norjan valmhiutta|lang=fkv|publisher=[[Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection]]|accessdate=14 March 2025}}</ref> [[NRK]] (e.g. ''{{lang|fkv|Pienemät piđot [[Horten]]issa}}''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/kvensk/kvaanin-tuuli-puhalttaa-etela-norjassa-1.16271064|title=Kväänin tuuli puhalttaa Etelä-Norjassa|lang=fkv|accessdate=14 March 2025|author=Tomi Vaara|date=26 January 2023|publisher=[[NRK]]}}</ref> and Kainun Institutti (e.g. ''{{lang|fkv|Sillä heiđän kieli oon muuttunu omhaan laihiin.}}'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvenskinstitutt.no/kvener/kainulaiset-eli-kvaanit/|title=Kainulaiset eli kväänit|accessdate=14 March 2025|lang=fkv|publisher=Kainun Institutti}}</ref>

=== Latin ===
''Đ'' was used in [[Medieval Latin]] to mark [[abbreviation]]s of words containing the letter ''d''. For example, {{lang|la|hđum}} could stand for {{lang|la|h<u>ere</u>dum}} "of the heirs". Similar crossbars were added to other letters to form abbreviations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bischoff |first=Bernhard |year=1990 |title=Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/latinpalaeograph00bisc |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/latinpalaeograph00bisc/page/n159 150]}}</ref>

=== South Slavic languages<!-- This section is linked from [[Serbian language]] --> ===

The letter Đ/đ is used to write the [[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate]], {{IPAblink|dʑ}}, similar to the {{angbr|j}} in "'''j'''am".<ref name="Maretić" /> 

The crossed ''d'' was introduced by the Serbian [[philologist]] [[Đuro Daničić]] in 1878 for use in [[Serbo-Croatian]] in his ''Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language'', replacing the older digraphs ''dj'' and ''gj''.<ref name="Maretić">Maretić, Tomislav. ''Gramatika i stilistika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika'', p. 14-15. 1899.</ref> Daničić modeled the letter after the [[Icelandic alphabet|Icelandic]] and [[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]] letter [[eth]], albeit representing a different sound. In 1892 it was officially introduced in [[Croatia]]n and [[Slavonia]]n schools (in the [[Habsburg]] [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] where the [[Croatian language]] was official) and so definitively added to [[Gaj’s Latin alphabet]].<ref name="Maretić" /> The letter thereafter gradually entered daily use,<ref name="Maretić" /> spreading throughout [[Serbo-Croatian]] and then to [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] (its Latin transliterations are heavily influenced by Serbo-Croatian from the Yugoslav period){{citation needed|date=January 2025}}.

The crossed ''d'' is today considered a distinct letter, and is placed between [[Dž]] and [[E]] in [[alphabetical order]]. Its [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] equivalent is [[Ђ|Ђ ђ]].<ref name="Maretić" /> Its partial equivalent in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] is [[Ѓ|Ѓ ѓ]] (because only some dialects contain the {{IPA|/dʑ/}} sound). When a true ''đ'' is not available or desired, it is [[transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]] as ''dj'' in modern Serbo-Croatian, and as ''gj'' in Macedonian. The use of ''dj'' in place of ''đ'' used to be more common in Serbo-Croatian texts, but it is falling out of practice.
[[Image:Wright germanic spirants.gif|350px|thumb|right|An example of '''đ''' being used for a voiced dental fricative in the [[phonetic transcription]] of early [[Germanic languages]], alongside [[ƀ]] for [[voiced bilabial fricative|bilabial]] and [[ʒ]] for [[voiced velar fricative|velar]], from [[Joseph Wright (linguist)|Joseph Wright]]'s ''Old High German Primer'' (1906).]]

=== Sámi languages ===
In the present-day orthographies of [[Northern Sámi language|Northern Sámi]], [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] and [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]], ''đ'' represents the fricative {{IPAblink|ð}}. It is considered a distinct letter and placed between [[D]] and [[E]] in [[alphabetical order]].

=== Vietnamese ===
[[File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.pdf|page=95|thumb|right|upright|A page from the '''đ''' section of de Rhodes's {{lang|la|Dictioniarum Annamiticum}}, a 1651 Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary. As with the [[B with flourish]], Đ only appears in lowercase in de Rhodes's works.]]

''Đ'' is the seventh letter of the [[Vietnamese alphabet]], after ''D'' and before ''E''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bài Tập Tại Nhà #1|trans-title=Homework Practice #1|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=Lạc Hồng Vietnamese Language School|page=1|date=August 7, 2009|access-date=November 17, 2013|url=http://www.vscso.org/lachong/Classes/2007/Cap2A/Bai%20Tap%20Tai%20Nha%201%20-%20Hoc%20on.pdf|archive-date=January 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105202904/http://www.vscso.org/lachong/Classes/2007/Cap2A/Bai%20Tap%20Tai%20Nha%201%20-%20Hoc%20on.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Traditionally, digraphs and trigraphs like ''CH'' and ''NGH'' were considered letters as well, making ''Đ'' the eighth letter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tài Liệu Cho Giáo Viên|trans-title=Teaching Materials|publisher=La Vang Vietnamese Language School|date=October 28, 2011|access-date=November 18, 2013|page=1|url=http://truongvietngu.cdmelavang.com/downloads/TaiLieuGVFall2011.pdf|language=vi}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Đ'' is a letter in its own right, rather than a ligature or letter-diacritic combination; therefore, ''đá'' would come after ''dù'' in any alphabetical listing.

''Đ'' represents a [[voiced alveolar implosive]] ({{IPA|/ɗ/}}) or, according to [[Laurence Thompson|Thompson]] (1959), a [[Glottalization|preglottalized]] [[voiced alveolar stop]] ({{IPA|/ʔd/}}).<ref name="Thompson 1959">{{cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Laurence|author-link=Laurence Thompson|title=Saigon phonemics|journal=[[Language (journal)|Language]]|publisher=[[Linguistic Society of America]]|volume=35|issue=3|year=1959|pages=458–461|doi=10.2307/411232|jstor=411232}}</ref> Whereas ''D'' is pronounced as some sort of dental or alveolar stop in most Latin alphabets, an unadorned ''D'' in Vietnamese represents either {{IPA|/z/}} (Hanoian) or {{IPA|/j/}} (Saigonese).

The Vietnamese alphabet was formally described for the first time in the 17th-century text {{lang|la|Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem}}, attributed to a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, possibly [[Francisco de Pina]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics|first=Roland|last=Jacques|location=Bangkok|publisher=Orchid Press|year=2002|isbn=9748304779}}</ref> or Filipe Sibin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gesammelte Studien|series=Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I.|publisher=[[Jesuit Historical Institute]]|year=1963|volume=21|page=12|language=pt|quote=…e a «&nbsp;Manuductio ad linguam Tunckinensem&nbsp;» do Padre Filipe Sibin SI…}}</ref> This passage about the letter ''Đ'' was later incorporated into [[Alexandre de Rhodes]]' seminal {{lang|la|[[Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum]]}}:<ref name="Hon Viet">{{cite journal|title=Alexandre de Rhodes có phải là cha đẻ của chữ Quốc ngữ?|trans-title=Was Alexandre de Rhodes the father of the Vietnamese alphabet?|author=Nguyễn Minh Hoàng|journal=Hồn Việt|access-date=November 17, 2013|url=http://honvietquochoc.com.vn/bai-viet/3028-alexandre-de-rhodes-co-phai-la-cha-de-cua-chu-quoc-ngu.aspx|language=vi|archive-date=October 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017173357/http://honvietquochoc.com.vn/bai-viet/3028-alexandre-de-rhodes-co-phai-la-cha-de-cua-chu-quoc-ngu.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Quotation|Another letter written with the symbol đ is completely different than our own and is pronounced by raising the tip of the tongue to the palate of the mouth, immediately removing it, without in any way touching the teeth, for example ''đa đa'': partridge. And this letter is very commonly used at the beginning of a word.|{{lang|la|Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem}}{{refn|group=note|As printed in ''Hồn Việt'':<ref name="Hon Viet" /> {{lang|la|Alterum đ notatur eo signo, quia est omnino diversù à nostro et pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguae ad palatum oris illamque statim amovendo absque eo, quod ullo modo dentes attingat, ùt}} {{lang|vi|đa đa}}: {{lang|la|perdrix. Et haec littera est valde in usu in principio dictionis.}}<p>As paraphrased by de Rhodes:<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Lingue annamiticæ seu tunchinensis brevis declaratio|title=Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanicum, et latinum|first=Alexandre|last=de Rhodes|location=Rome|publisher=[[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]]|year=1651|page=3|url={{fullurl:File:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.pdf|page=493}}|language=la}}</ref> {{lang|la|...estque vitium linguæ, aliud đ notatur eo signo quia est omninò diversum à nostro & pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguæ ad palatum oris, illamque statim amovendo, absque eo quod ullo modo dentes attingat ut}} {{lang|vi|đa đa}}, {{lang|la|perdix: & hæc litera est valdè in usu in principio dictionis.}}</p>}}}}

On older typewriters, {{key press|Đ}} was located where {{key press|Z}} would be in the French [[AZERTY]] layout.<ref>{{flickr-inline2|photos/13712099@N05/1503345730/|VietNamese Typewriter}}</ref> Alternatively, a hyphen can be [[Overstrike|overstruck]] onto a D.

On computers without support for a Vietnamese [[character set]] or [[Unicode]], ''Đ'' is encoded as <code>DD</code> and ''đ'' as <code>dd</code> according to the [[Vietnamese Quoted-Readable]] standard. Vietnamese computer users typically input ''Đ'' as {{key press|D}}{{key press|D}} in the [[Telex (IME)|Telex]] and VIQR input methods or as {{key press|D}}{{key press|9}} in the [[VNI]] input method. In the absence of an input method, the [[TCVN 6064:1995]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] Vietnamese keyboard layouts map ZA0-09 ({{key press|0}} on a U.S. keyboard) to ''đ'', or ''Đ'' when holding down {{key press|shift}}. The Windows layout also maps ZA0-11 ({{key press|1==}}) to ₫.

Other modes of communication also have dedicated representations of ''Đ''. In [[Vietnamese Braille]], it is {{Braille cell|145}}, which corresponds to ''D'' in [[French Braille]]. In the [[Vietnamese sign languages|Vietnamese manual alphabet]], ''Đ'' is produced by touching the thumb to the index finger. In [[Morse code]], it is rendered –&nbsp;·&nbsp;·&nbsp;–&nbsp;·&nbsp;·, corresponding to Telex's "DD".<ref>{{cite web|title=Morse Code|location=Albuquerque, New Mexico|publisher=Our Lady of La Vang Eucharistic Youth Society|year=2011|access-date=October 12, 2014|url=http://tntt.lavangnm.org/morsecode.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022053116/http://tntt.lavangnm.org/morsecode.shtml|archive-date=October 22, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Spanish ===
The Spanish language uses Đ as a ligature of the word "de" (Spanish for "of").{{Contradictory inline|reason=The ligature is not the same as the letter.|date=September 2024|section=Appearance}} It is rarely typed, but commonly used on signs and in handwritten text.<gallery>
File:DE ligature.JPG|Sign with the letter Đ, in Oaxaca, Mexico
File:DE ligature.svg|Spanish letter Đ, in the font Coruña
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chihuahua.svg| Spanish letter Đ used on the Coat of Arms of the [[Chihuahua_(state)|State of Chihuahua]] Mexico.
</gallery>

== Other uses ==

=== Phonetic transcription ===

The lowercase ''đ'' is used in some [[phonetic transcription]] schemes to represent a [[voiced dental fricative]] {{IPA|[ð]}} (English ''th'' in '''''th'''is''). [[Eth]] (ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but the crossed ''d'' has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standard [[typewriter]], by overlaying a [[hyphen]] over a ''d''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pullum |first=Geoffrey K. |author-link=Geoffrey K. Pullum |author2=Ladusaw, William A. |year=1996 |title=[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]] |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=36–37}}</ref>

=== Currency symbols ===

A minuscule form of the letter, đ, is the symbol of the [[Vietnamese đồng|đồng]], the currency of Vietnam, by a 1953 decree by [[Hồ Chí Minh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sắc lệnh của Chủ tịch Nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa số 162/SL|trans-title=Decree number 162/SL of the President of Vietnam|author=Ho Chi Minh|author-link=Ho Chi Minh|publisher=[[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]]|date=May 20, 1953|url=http://moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=1119|language=vi}}</ref> The [[South Vietnamese đồng]], on the other hand, was symbolized "Đ.", in majuscule. In Unicode, the Vietnamese đồng symbol is properly represented by {{unichar|20ab|Dong sign}}, but {{unichar|0111|Latin small letter D with stroke}} is often used instead. In Vietnamese, the đồng sign is written after the amount in superscript, often underlined.

The uppercase form, Ð, is used as the currency symbol for the [[cryptocurrency]] [[Dogecoin]].

=== Chemistry ===

[[Dispersity]] is represented by the symbol Đ, and is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture, referring to either molecular mass or degree of polymerization.

=== Disambiguation ===

In Japanese handwriting, the letter D may be written as {{lang|ja-Latn|Đ}} to clearly distinguish it from the letter O or the digit 0. This is similar to writing [[barred Z|Z]] or 7 with a bar to distinguish them from 2 and 1 respectively.

== Computer encoding ==
{{charmap
|0110
|name1 = LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE
|0111
|name2 = LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE
|map1 = [[ISO/IEC 8859-2|ISO Latin-2]], [[ISO/IEC 8859-4|-4]], [[ISO/IEC 8859-16|-10]]
|map1char1 = D0
|map1char2 = F0
|map2 = [[ISO/IEC 8859-10|Latin-6]]
|map2char1 = A9
|map2char2 = B9
|namedref1 = [[PostScript]]
|ref1char1 = Dcroat, Dslash
|ref1char2 = dcroat, dmacron
|namedref2 = [[LaTeX]]
|ref2char1 = \DJ
|ref2char2 = \dj
}}
In Unicode, both crossed ''d'' and barred ''d'' are considered [[glyph variant]]s of U+0111.<ref name="unicode"/>

Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital [[eth]], Ð, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.

As part of [[WGL4]], ''Đ'' and ''đ'' can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems.

== See also ==
* [[Eth]] (Ð, ð), used in the [[Faroese language#Alphabet|Faroese]] and [[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]] languages
* [[African D]] (Ɖ, ɖ)
* [[I with bar]] (Ɨ, ɨ)
* [[U with bar]] (Ʉ, ʉ)

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Latin script|D|stroke}}

[[Category:Palaeography]]
[[Category:South Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Sámi languages]]
[[Category:Vietnamese language]]
[[Category:Vietnamese alphabets]]
[[Category:Latin letters with diacritics|D stroke]]
[[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols|D stroke]]