View source for Common Security and Defence Policy

{{Short description|Defence policy of the European Union}}
{{About|the [[European Union]]'s (EU) own defence arm|the EU's relationship with [[NATO]], which [[Treaty on European Union|TEU]] Article 42(2) describes as the "main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence"|European Union–NATO relations}}
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{{Redirect|CSDP}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox national military
| name               = Common Security and Defence Policy<br>(European Defence Union)
| image              = [[File:Coat of arms of the European Union Military Staff.svg|140px]]
| caption            = Arms of the [[European Union Military Staff|Military Staff]] (EUMS), which includes the EU's permanent [[Operational headquarters of the European Union|operation headquarters]], [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability|MPCC]]
| founded            = 1999 (as the European Security and Defence Policy)
| current_form       = 2009 ([[Treaty of Lisbon]])
| headquarters       = [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability|Military]] (MPCC) and [[Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability|Civilian]] (CPCC) Planning and Conduct Capabilities, [[Kortenberg building]], Brussels, Belgium
| website            = [https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/common-security-and-defence-policy-csdp_en eeas.europa.eu]
| chief minister     = [[Kaja Kallas]]
| chief minister_title = [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]]
| minister           = [[Lieutenant General|LTG]] [[Michiel van der Laan]]
| minister_title     = [[Director General of the European Union Military Staff|Director General of the Military Staff]]
| commander          = [[General officer|GEN]] [[Robert Brieger]]
| commander_title    = [[Chairman of the European Union Military Committee|Chairman of the Military Committee]]
| active             = 1,410,626 (2016)<ref name="eda.europa1">[http://www.eda.europa.eu/info-hub/defence-data-portal Defence Data Portal], Official 2005–2017 defence statistics from the European Defence Agency</ref>
| reserve            = 2,330,803 
| amount             = €223.4 billion ($249.3 billion) (2018)<ref name="eda.europa2"/>
| percent_GDP        = 1.5% (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/brochures/eda---defence-data-report-2019-2020.pdf |title=Defence Data 2019-2020: Key findings and analysis |publisher=European Defence Agency}} p.3</ref>
| history            = [[History of the Common Security and Defence Policy]]
}}
The '''Common Security and Defence Policy''' ('''CSDP''') is the [[European Union]]'s (EU) course of action in the fields of defence and [[Defence diplomacy|crisis management]], and a main component of the EU's [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (CFSP).

The CSDP involves the deployment of [[List of military and civilian missions of the European Union|military or civilian missions]] to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]]. Military missions are carried out by [[Defence forces of the European Union|EU forces]] established with secondments from the [[Member state of the European Union|member states]]' armed forces. The CSDP also entails [[alliance|collective self-defence]] amongst member states{{efn|name= Csdp}} as well as a [[Permanent Structured Cooperation]] (PESCO) in which 26 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural [[European integration|integration]]. The [[Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy|CSDP structure]] – headed by the Union's [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]] (HR/VP), [[Kaja Kallas]], and sometimes referred to as the '''European Defence Union''' ('''EDU''') in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P8-TA-2016-0435&language=EN|title=Texts adopted - Tuesday, 22 November 2016 - European Defence Union – P8_TA(2016)0435|website=www.europarl.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name="European Commission - PRESS RELEASE">{{cite press release |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-5205_en.htm |agency=European Commission |title=European Commission welcomes first operational steps towards a European Defence Union}}</ref><ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://eppgroup.eu/document/119334 |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225235344/http://www.eppgroup.eu/document/119334 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Efn|Akin to the EU's [[banking union]], [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union|economic and monetary union]] and [[European Union Customs Union|customs union]].}} – comprises:

*the [[European Commission]]'s [[Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space|Defence Industry Directorate-General]]
*the [[European External Action Service|External Action Service]]'s (EEAS) [[Crisis Management and Planning Directorate]] (CMPD) and permanent Operation Headquarters (OHQs) for [[Command and control structure of the European Union|command and control]] (C2) at the military/civilian strategic level, i.e. the [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability|MPCC]] and [[Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability|CPCC]].
*a number of [[Foreign Affairs Council]] (FAC) preparatory bodies – such as the [[European Union Military Committee|Military Committee]] (EUMC)
*four [[Agencies of the European Union|agencies]], including the [[European Defence Agency|Defence Agency]] (EDA).

The EU command and control structures are much smaller than the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]'s (NATO) Command Structure (NCS), which has been established for territorial defence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helferich |first=John |date=2024 |title=Trapped in the grey zone: NATO-CSDP relations in a new era of European security governance |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-024-00647-9 |journal=International Politics |language=en |doi=10.1057/s41311-024-00647-9 |issn=1740-3898|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has been agreed that NATO's [[Allied Command Operations]] (ACO) may be used for the conduct of the EU's missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, is the EU's first permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the [[European Defence Fund]] (EDF, established in 2017) marks the first time the [[Budget of the European Union|EU budget]] is used to finance multinational defence projects.

Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the High Representative, adopted by the Foreign Affairs Council, generally requiring unanimity, to be then implemented by the High Representative.

{{Politics of the European Union}}

==History==
{{incomprehensible|section|date=March 2024|talk=Incomprehensible table}}
{{Main|History of the Common Security and Defence Policy}}
{{multiple image
 | align = left

| image1 = Henri IV quarter, Palace of Fontainebleau.jpg
 | width1 = 250
| caption1 = The commands of [[Western Union (alliance)|Western Union]] service branches were situated in the [[Palace of Fontainebleau]] from 1948 until they were transformed into NATO's [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe]] in 1951.
 | image2 = Organisation of the European Defence Community.svg
 | width2 = 380
 | caption2 = Organizational chart for the [[European Defence Community]] (EDC), which – if ratified – would create a unified European defence force. This force would represent an autonomous European pillar within NATO, under the authority of the [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe|Supreme Commander]].

 | image3 =
 | width3 = 123
 | caption3  = ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' illustration of divisions planned for the EDC, which in 1954 failed to acquire French ratification.
}}
The [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war period]] saw several short-lived or ill-fated initiatives for European defence [[European integration|integration]] intended to protect against potential Soviet or German aggression: The [[Western Union (alliance)|Western Union]] (WU, also referred to as the [[Treaty of Brussels|Brussels Treaty]] Organisation, BTO) and the proposed [[Treaty establishing the European Defence Community|European Defence Community]] (EDC) were respectively cannibalised by the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO) and rejected by the French Parliament. The largely dormant [[Western European Union]] (WEU) succeeded the WU's remainder in 1955.

In 1970 the [[European Political Cooperation]] (EPC) brought about the [[European Communities]]' (EC) initial foreign policy coordination. Opposition to the addition of security and defence matters to the EPC led to the reactivation of the WEU in 1984 by its member states, which were also EC member states.

European defence integration gained momentum soon after the end of the Cold War, partly as a result of the [[Yugoslavia and the European Economic Community#1988–1992|EC's failure to prevent the Yugoslav Wars]]. In 1992, the WEU was given [[Petersberg Declaration|new tasks]], and the following year the [[Treaty of Maastricht]] founded the EU and replaced the EPC with the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (CFSP) [[Three pillars of the European Union|pillar]]. In 1996 NATO agreed to let the WEU develop a so-called '''European Security and Defence Identity''' ('''ESDI''').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/european_security_defence_identity.html|title=Glossary of summaries - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref> The 1998 [[Saint-Malo declaration|St. Malo declaration]] signalled that the traditionally hesitant [[United Kingdom]] was prepared to provide the EU with autonomous defence structures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/138147|title=EU to spend €1.5bn a year on joint defence|website=EUobserver|date=7 June 2017 }}</ref> This facilitated the transformation of the ESDI into the '''European Security and Defence Policy''' ('''ESDP''') in 1999, when it was transferred to the EU. In 2003 the EU deployed its first CSDP missions, and adopted the [[European Security Strategy]] identifying common threats and objectives. In 2009, the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] introduced the present name, CSDP, while establishing the EEAS, the mutual defence clause and enabling a subset of member states to pursue defence integration within PESCO. In 2011 the WEU, whose tasks had been transferred to the EU, was dissolved. In 2016 [[European Union Global Strategy|a new security strategy]] was introduced, which along with the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]], the [[Brexit|British withdrawal]] from the EU and the [[2016 United States presidential election|election of Donald Trump]] as US president have given the CSDP a new impetus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helferich |first=John |last2=De France |first2=Olivier |date=2022 |title=Les spectres de la défense européenne se raniment |url=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2022/02/04/les-spectres-de-la-defense-europeenne-se-raniment/ |journal=Le Grand Continent}}</ref>

===Deployments===
{{Main|List of military and civilian missions of the European Union}}
[[File:Map of EU interventions overseas.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Since 2002, the European Union has intervened abroad thirty-five times in three different continents.{{cn|date=July 2024}}{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=Should clarify how this is defined. Note that the number is given as 30 at the article [[List of military and civilian missions of the European Union]].}}]]
The first deployment of European troops under the ESDP, following the 1999 declaration of intent, was in March 2003 in the Republic of Macedonia (now [[North Macedonia]]). [[European Union Military Operation in the Republic of Macedonia|Operation Concordia]] used NATO assets and was considered a success and replaced by a smaller police mission, [[EUPOL Proxima]], later that year. Since then, there have been other small police, justice and monitoring missions. As well as in the Republic of Macedonia, the EU has maintained its deployment of peacekeepers in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], as part of [[European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Operation Althea]].<ref>Christopher S. Chivvis, [http://www.ifri.org/files/Securite_defense/Focus_strategique_5_Chivvis_PESD.pdf "Birthing Athena. The Uncertain Future of ESDP"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627111238/http://www.ifri.org/files/Securite_defense/Focus_strategique_5_Chivvis_PESD.pdf |date=27 June 2008 }}, ''Focus stratégique'', Paris, Ifri, March 2008.</ref>

Between May and September 2003 EU troops were deployed to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) during "[[Operation Artemis]]" under a mandate given by [[UN Security Council Resolution 1484]] which aimed to prevent further atrocities and violence in the [[Ituri Conflict]] and put the DRC's peace process back on track. This laid out the "framework nation" system to be used in future deployments. The EU returned to the DRC during July–November 2006 with [[EUFOR RD Congo]], which supported the [[United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|UN mission there]] during the country's elections.

Geographically, EU missions outside the Balkans and the DRC have taken place in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Sudan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and [[Ukraine]]–[[Moldova]]. There is also a judicial mission in [[Iraq]] ([[EUJUST Lex]]). On 28 January 2008, the EU deployed its largest and most multi-national mission to Africa, [[EUFOR Tchad/RCA]].<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=1366&lang=en "EUFOR Tchad/RCA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214224814/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=1366&lang=en |date=14 December 2014 }} consilium.europa.eu</ref> The UN-mandated mission involves troops from 25 EU states (19 in the field) deployed in areas of eastern [[Chad]] and the north-eastern [[Central African Republic]] in order to improve security in those regions. [[EUFOR Tchad/RCA]] reached full operation capability in mid-September 2008, and handed over security duties to the UN (MINURCAT mission) in mid-March 2009.<ref>Benjamin Pohl (2013). [http://euroakadeemia.ee/materjalid/Logic%20of%20the%20EU%20crises%20mang.pdf "The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175238/http://euroakadeemia.ee/materjalid/Logic%20of%20the%20EU%20crises%20mang.pdf |date=14 December 2014 }}, ''European Security'', 22(3): 307–325, {{doi|10.1080/09662839.2012.726220}}, p. 311.</ref>

The EU launched its first maritime CSDP operation on 12 December 2008 ([[Operation Atalanta]]).  The concept of the European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) was created on the back of this operation, which is still successfully combatting [[piracy off the coast of Somalia]] almost a decade later.  A second such intervention was launched in 2015 to tackle migration problems in the southern Mediterranean ([[EUNAVFOR Med]]), working under the name [[Operation Sophia|Operation SOPHIA]].

Most of the CSDP missions deployed so far are mandated to support [[Security sector governance and reform|security sector reforms]] (SSR) in host-states. One of the core principles of CSDP support to SSR is local ownership. The EU Council defines ownership as "the appropriation by the local authorities of the commonly agreed objectives and principles".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifp-ew.eu/resources/EU_Concept_for_ESDP_support_to_Security_Sector_Reform.pdf|title=EU Concept for ESDP support to Security Sector Reform}}</ref> Despite EU's strong rhetorical attachment to the local ownership principle, research shows that CSDP missions continue to be an externally driven, top-down and supply-driven endeavour, resulting often in the low degree of local participation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title='Here is your mission, now own it!' The rhetoric and practice of local ownership in EU interventions|first=Filip|last=Ejdus|date=2 October 2017|journal=European Security|volume=26|issue=4|pages=461–484|doi=10.1080/09662839.2017.1333495|doi-access=free|hdl=1983/d77fa2b0-82f5-4bc7-82f8-0d796a02c2cd|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==Structure==
{{Main|Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy}}
The CSDP involves [[List of military and civilian missions of the European Union|military or civilian missions]] being deployed to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]]. Military missions are carried out by [[Defence forces of the European Union|EU forces]] established with contributions from the [[Member state of the European Union|member states]]' armed forces. The CSDP also entails [[alliance|collective self-defence]] amongst member states{{efn|name= Csdp |1=The responsibility of collective self-defence within the CSDP is based on Article 42.7 of TEU, which states that this responsibility does not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain member states, referring to policies of neutrality. See [[Neutral country#European Union|Neutral country§European Union]] for discussion on this subject.According to the [[s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title V: General Provisions on the Union's External Action Service and Specific Provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy#SECTION 2: PROVISIONS ON THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY|Article 42.7]] "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with [[s:Charter of the United Nations#Article 51|Article 51 of the United Nations Charter]]. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States."
 Article 42.2 furthermore specifies that [[NATO]] shall be the main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence for EU member states that are also NATO members.}} as well as a [[Permanent Structured Cooperation]] (PESCO) in which 26 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural [[European integration|integration]]. The CSDP structure, headed by the Union's [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]] (HR/VP), Kaja Kallas, comprises:
*the [[Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space|Defence Industry Directorate-General]] of the [[European Commission]]
*relevant sections of the [[European External Action Service|External Action Service]] (EEAS) — including the [[European Union Military Staff|Military Staff]] (EUMS) with its so-called [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability]] (MPCC)
*a number of [[Foreign Affairs Council]] (FAC) preparatory bodies – such as the [[European Union Military Committee|Military Committee]] (EUMC)
*four [[Agencies of the European Union|agencies]], including the European [[European Defence Agency|Defence Agency]] (EDA).

While the EU has a [[Command and control structure of the European Union|command and control (C2) structure]], it has no standing permanent military structure along the lines of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]'s (NATO) [[Allied Command Operations]] (ACO), although it has been agreed that ACO resources may be used for the conduct of the EU's CSDP missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, does however represent the EU's first step in developing a permanent military headquarters. In parallel, the newly established [[European Defence Fund]] (EDF) marks the first time the [[Budget of the European Union|EU budget]] is used to finance multinational defence projects. The CSDP structure is sometimes referred to as the '''European Defence Union''' ('''EDU'''), especially in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="European Commission - PRESS RELEASE"/><ref name="Archived copy"/>{{Efn|Akin to the EU's [[banking union]], [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union|economic and monetary union]] and [[European Union Customs Union|customs union]].}}

Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the HR/VP, adopted by the FAC, generally requiring unanimity, and then implemented by the HR/VP.
{{anchor|EUc2}}
{{European Union command and control structure}}

==Strategy==
{{Main|European Union Global Strategy}}
The European Union Global Strategy (EUGS) is the updated doctrine of the EU to improve the effectiveness of the CSDP, including the defence and security of the members states, the protection of civilians, cooperation between the member states' armed forces, management of immigration, crises etc. Adopted on 28 June 2016,<ref>EEAS [https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf (June 2016) Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe] A Global Strategy for the
European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy</ref> it replaces the [[European Security Strategy]] of 2003. The EUGS is complemented by a document titled "Implementation Plan on Security and Defense" (IPSD).<ref>Council of the European Union  [https://www.coe-civ.eu/kh/implementation-plan-on-security-and-defence (2016) Implementation Plan on Security and Defence]</ref>
[[Deterrence theory]] is applied to deter aggressors as one of the core mandates of Common Security and Defence Policy, yet lacks credibility due to insufficient resources.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2017.1370581 | doi=10.1080/13533312.2017.1370581 | title=The Credibility of European Union Military Operations' Deterrence Postures | date=2018 | last1=Nováky | first1=Niklas I. M. | journal=International Peacekeeping | volume=25 | issue=2 | pages=191–216 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Forces==
{{Main|Defence forces of the European Union}}
A new Action Plan on military mobility and cyber resilience was released 10 November 2022.<ref name= aPmm2 >Tim Martin [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/european-commission-launches-new-defense-package-with-military-mobility-and-cyber-focus/ (11 November 2022) European Commission launches new defense package, with military mobility and cyber focus]  Action Plan on Military Mobility 2.0</ref>

===National===
{{EU military personnel}}
The CSDP is implemented using civilian and military contributions from [[Member states of the European Union|member states]]' armed forces, which also are obliged to [[alliance|collective self-defence]] based on [[Treaty on European Union]] (TEU).

Five EU states host nuclear weapons: France has its own nuclear programmes, while Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands host US nuclear weapons as part of NATO's [[Nuclear sharing#NATO|nuclear sharing policy]]. Combined, the EU possesses 300 warheads, and hosts between 90 and 130 US warheads. Italy hosts 70-90 [[B61 nuclear bomb]]s, while Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands 10-20 each one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2008/06/usaf-report-%E2%80%9Cmost%E2%80%9D-nuclear-weapon-sites-in-europe-do-not-meet-us-security-requirements.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310160809/http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2008/06/usaf-report-%E2%80%9Cmost%E2%80%9D-nuclear-weapon-sites-in-europe-do-not-meet-us-security-requirements.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2013|title=USAF Report: "Most" Nuclear Weapon Sites in Europe Do Not Meet US Security Requirements » FAS Strategic Security Blog|date=10 March 2013}}</ref> The EU has the third largest arsenal of nuclear weapons, after the United States and Russia.

====Expenditure and personnel====
{{further|List of countries by military expenditures}}

The following table presents the military expenditures of the members of the European Union in [[euro]]s (€). The combined military expenditure of the [[Member state of the European Union|member states]] amounted to €223.4 billion in 2018.<ref name="eda.europa2">[https://www.eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/brochures/eda-defence-data-2017-2018 Defence Data 2017–2018], Official 2018 defence statistics from the European Defence Agency</ref> This represents 1.4% of [[Economy of the European Union|European Union GDP]]. European military expenditure includes spending on joint projects such as the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] and joint [[European defence procurement|procurement of equipment]]. The European Union's combined active military forces in 2016 totaled 1,410,626 personnel.<ref name="eda.europa1" />

In a speech in 2012, Swedish General [[Håkan Syrén]] criticised the spending levels of European Union countries, saying that in the future those countries' military capability will decrease, creating "critical shortfalls".<ref>{{cite news |title=Some EU states may no longer afford air forces-general |first=Adrian |last=Croft |url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSL5E8KJJSL20120919?irpc=932 |work=Reuters |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=31 March 2013}}</ref>

In May 2025, EU member states agreed to launch a €150bn loans-for-arms fund backed by the bloc’s shared budget. The initiative will allow EU countries to borrow from Brussels and spend on weapons systems and platforms through joint procurement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foy |first=Henry |last2=Tamma |first2=Paola |date=2025-05-19 |title=EU agrees to launch €150bn loans-for-arms scheme |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b5c95e3d-74e2-4eb5-a88b-9e650cb93ce2 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

'''Guide to table:'''
* All figure entries in the table below are provided by the European Defence Agency for the year 2017, except for Germany's personnel figure, which is for 2016. Figures from other sources are not included.
* The "operations & maintenance expenditure" category may in some circumstances also include finances on-top of the nations defence budget.
* The categories "troops prepared for deployed operations" and "troops prepared for deployed and sustained operation" only include land force personnel.

{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="text-align:right; width:100%;"
! class="unsortable"| <small>Member state</small>
! style="width:14.5%;" | <small>Expenditure (€ mn.)</small>
! style="width:14.5%;" | <small>Per capita (€)</small>
! style="width:14.5%;" | <small>% of GDP</small>
! style="width:14.5%;" | <small>Operations & maintenance expenditure (€ mn.)</small>
! style="width:14.5%;" | <small>Active military personnel</small>
! style="width:14.5%;" | <small>Land troops prepared for deployed and sustained operations</small>
!<small>Reserve personnel</small> 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{small|[[Austrian Armed Forces|Austria]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 2,673 || 301 || 0.74 || 574 || 24,190 || 1,100
|950,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BEL}} {{small|[[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgium]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 5,672 || 349 || 1.1 || 680 || 27,789 || 1,293
|3,300 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BUL}} {{small|[[Military of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 1,140 || 109 || 1.56 || 118 || 30,218 || 1,168
|3,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CRO}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Croatia|Croatia]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 950 || 149 || 1.5 || 154  || 14,862 || 796
|18,343 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CYP}} {{small|[[Cypriot National Guard|Cyprus]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 470 || 409 || 1.83 || 63 || 20,000 || 0
|75,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CZE}} {{small|[[Military of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>}}|| 3,310 || 184 || 1.46 || 474 || 23,036 || 672
|3,236
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EST}} {{small|[[Military of Estonia|Estonia]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 748 || 363 || 2.31 || 158 || 6,178 || 100
|60,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FIN}} {{small|[[Finnish Defence Forces|Finland]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 4,873 || 523 || 2.15 || 919 || 7,515 || 1,738
|900,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FRA}} {{small|[[French Armed Forces|France]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 49,700 || 609 || 1.79 || 10,201 || 208,251 || 17,000
|38,550
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GER}} {{small|[[German Armed Forces|Germany]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 57,300 || 489 || 1.53 ||  || 177,608 || 
|29,200 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 7,086 || 393 || 3.82 || 504 || 106,624 || 2,432
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 2,200 || 122 || 1.66 || 492 || 23,846 || 1,000
|20,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 780 || 191 || 0.31 || 103 || 9,500 || 850
|1,778 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{small|[[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 26,310 || 339 || 1.6 || 1,583 || 181,116 ||
|18,300 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 758 || 243 || 2.23 || 132 || 5,686 || 75
|3,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LTU}} {{small|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuania]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 1,028 || 256 || 2.13 || 145 || 14,350 ||
|26,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LUX}} {{small|[[Luxembourg Army|Luxembourg]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 389 || 484 || 0.56 || 30 || 824 || 57
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Malta}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 54 || 122 || 0.51 || 8 || 1,808 || 30
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NLD}} {{small|[[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 12,900 || 507 || 1.5 || 2,144 || 40,196 || 1,500
|5,046 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POL}} {{small|[[Polish Armed Forces|Poland]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 11,940 || 226 || 2.2 || 1,918 || 106,500 || 60
|75,400 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POR}} {{small|[[Portuguese Armed Forces|Portugal]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 3,975 || 235 || 1.6 || 142 || 32,726 || 1,698
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ROM}} {{small|[[Romanian Armed Forces|Romania]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 5,590 || 185 || 2.0 || 277 || 69,542 || 2,961
|50,000 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVK}} {{small|[[Military of Slovakia|Slovakia]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 1,520 || 183 || 1.75 || 198 || 13,152 || 846
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVN}} {{small|[[Military of Slovenia|Slovenia]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 548 || 204 || 1.04 || 72 || 6,342 || 707
|1,000 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{small|[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 15,660 || 231 || 1.2 || 1,891 || 120,812 || 7,410
|15,150 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SWE}} {{small|[[Swedish Armed Forces|Sweden]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 5,620 || 460 || 1.1 || 1,973 || 14,500 || 750
|34,500 
|-class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|EU}} {{small|[[European Union|EU]]}}<ref name="eda.europa1"/>|| 222,194 || 365 || 1.50 || || 1,287,171 ||
|2,330,803
|}

====Naval forces====

{{update section|date=November 2018}}

[[File:Charles De Gaulle (R91) underway 2009.jpg|thumb|''[[French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91)|Charles de Gaulle]]'' aircraft carrier is one of the largest commissioned warships in the European Union.]]
The combined component strength of the naval forces of member states is some 514 commissioned warships. Of those in service, 4 are [[fleet carrier]]s. The EU also has 4 [[amphibious assault ship]]s and 20 amphibious support ships in service. Of the EU's 49 submarines, 10 are [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear-powered submarines]] while 39 are conventional attack submarines.

[[Operation Atalanta]] (formally European Union Naval Force Somalia) is the first ever (and still ongoing) naval operation of the European Union. It is part of a larger global action by the EU in the [[Horn of Africa]] to deal with the [[Somalia|Somali]] crisis. As of January 2011, twenty-three EU nations participate in the operation.

France and Italy have [[Blue-water navy|blue-water navies]].<ref>Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (1996). Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57. {{ISBN|9780275953102}}</ref>

'''Guide to table:'''
* Ceremonial vessels, research vessels, supply vessels, training vessels, and [[icebreaker]]s are not included.
* The table only counts [[warship]]s that are commissioned (or equivalent) and active.
* Surface vessels [[Displacement (ship)|displacing]] less than 200 [[tonne]]s are not included, regardless of other characteristics.
* The "amphibious support ship" category includes [[amphibious transport dock]]s and [[dock landing ship]]s, and [[Landing Ship, Tank|tank landing ships]].
* Frigates over 6,000 tonnes are classified as destroyers.
* The "patrol vessel" category includes missile boats.
* The "anti-mine ship" category includes [[mine countermeasures vessel]]s, [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]]s and [[minehunter]]s.
* Generally, total tonnage of ships is more important than total number of ships, as it gives a better indication of capability.

{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="text-align:right; width:100%;"
! class="unsortable" | <small>Member state</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | <small>[[Fleet carrier]]</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | <small>[[Amphibious assault&nbsp;ship]]</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | <small>Amphibious support&nbsp;ship</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | <small>[[Destroyer]]</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | <small>[[Frigate]]</small> 
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | <small>[[Corvette]]</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#c0ffc0; width:7.6%;"  | <small>[[Patrol boat|Patrol vessel]]</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#ddfbff; width:7.6%;"  | <small>[[Mine-countermeasure vessel|Anti-mine ship]]</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#c0c0ff; width:7.6%;" | <small>[[Ballistic missile submarine|Missile sub.]]</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#c0c0ff; width:7.6%;" | <small>[[Submarine|Attack sub.]]</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="width:7.6%;" | <small>Total</small>
! data-sort-type="number" style="width:7.6%;" | <small>Tonnage</small>
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{small|[[Austrian Armed Forces|Austria]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BEL}} {{small|[[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgium]]}}<ref>[http://www.mil.be/navycomp/index.asp?LAN=nl Marinecomponent Hoofdpagina]. Mil.be. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  || 2 ||  || 2 || 5 ||  ||  || 9 || 10,009
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BUL}} {{small|[[Military of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]}} ||  ||  || 1 ||  || 4 || 3 || 1 || 10 ||  ||  || 18 || 15,160
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CRO}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Croatia|Croatia]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 5 || 2 ||  ||  || 7 || 2,869
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CYP}} {{small|[[Cypriot National Guard|Cyprus]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||5
|  ||  ||  || 5
||0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CZE}} {{small|[[Military of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]}}}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  0
|| 0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|DNK}} {{small|[[Danish Defence|Denmark]]}}<ref>Jane's Fighting Ships 2009</ref> ||  ||  ||  || 5 || 4 ||  || 9 ||  ||  ||  || 18 || 51,235
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EST}} {{small|[[Military of Estonia|Estonia]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 3 ||  ||  || 3 || 2,000
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FIN}} {{small|[[Finnish Defence Forces|Finland]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 4 || 4 || 12 ||  ||  || 20 || 5,429
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FRA}} {{small|[[French Armed Forces|France]]}}<ref name="French Navy Ship List">"French Navy Ship List (defense.gouv.fr)".[http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/decouverte/equipements-moyens-materiel-militaire|French Navy Ship List], 22 October 2011.</ref> || 1{{efn|[[French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle|Aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle]]}} || 3 ||  || 13 || 11 ||  || 20 || 18 || 4 || 6 || 76 || 319,195
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GER}} {{small|[[German Armed Forces|Germany]]}}<ref>{{in lang|de}} [http://www.marine.de/portal/a/marine Offizieller Internetauftritt der Marine]. www.marine.de. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  ||  || 3 || 7 || 5 || 8 || 15 ||  || 6 || 44 || 82,790
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref>[http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/ Πολεμικό Ναυτικό – Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220103755/http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/ |date=20 February 2007 }}. Hellenicnavy.gr. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  || 9 ||  || 13 ||  || 33<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/el/|title=Πολεμικό Ναυτικό - Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα - Αρχική|website=www.hellenicnavy.gr|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203043220/http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/el/|archive-date=3 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| 4 ||  || 11<ref name=":0" />|| 70 || 138,565
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref>[http://www.military.ie/ Home | Defence Forces]. Military.ie. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 8 ||  ||  ||  || 8 || 11,219
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{small|[[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]]}}<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/navi/Pagine/Homepage.aspx Marina Militare]. Marina.difesa.it. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> || 2{{efn|[[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour|Aircraft carrier Cavour]]; New universal ship of [[Italian landing helicopter dock Trieste|Trieste]] has the function of aircraft carrier and amphibious assault ship.}}|| <small>(1)</small>{{efn|name=fn2|New universal ship of [[Italian landing helicopter dock Trieste|Trieste]] has the function of aircraft carrier and amphibious assault ship.}} || 3{{efn|[[San Giorgio-class amphibious transport dock]]}} || 4 || 16 || 5 || 11 || 10 ||  || 8 || 59 || 303,411
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 5 ||  ||  || 5 || 3,025
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LTU}} {{small|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuania]]}}<ref>{{in lang|lt}} [http://kariuomene.kam.lt/kariuomene/en/structure_1469/naval_force.html Lithuanian Armed Forces :: Structure » Navy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017003206/http://kariuomene.kam.lt/kariuomene/en/structure_1469/naval_force.html |date=17 October 2014 }}. Kariuomene.kam.lt (21 January 2010). Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 4 || 4 ||  ||  || 8 || 5,678
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LUX}} {{small|[[Luxembourg Army|Luxembourg]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Malta}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]]}}<!--verified in 08.2020--><ref>{{cite web |title=P61-P62 (Offshore) |url=https://afm.gov.mt/en/equipment/maritimevessells/Pages/P61-P62.aspx |website=[[Armed Forces of Malta]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616022813/https://afm.gov.mt/en/equipment/maritimevessells/Pages/P61-P62.aspx |archive-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 2 ||  ||  ||  || 2 || 1,419
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|NLD}} {{small|[[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]}}<ref>[http://www.defensie.nl/marine Koninklijke Marine | Ministerie van Defensie]. Defensie.nl. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref>}} ||  ||  || 2 || 4 || 2 ||  || 4 || 6 ||  || 4 || 22 || 116,308
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POL}} {{small|[[Polish Armed Forces|Poland]]}}<ref>{{in lang|pl}} [http://www.mw.mil.pl/ Marynarka Wojenna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911202225/http://www.mw.mil.pl/ |date=11 September 2018 }}. Mw.mil.pl. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  || 5 ||  || 2 || 1 || 3 || 19 ||  || 3 || 28 || 19,724
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POR}} {{small|[[Portuguese Armed Forces|Portugal]]}}<ref>[http://www.marinha.pt/PT/Pages/homepage.aspx Marinha Portuguesa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122094017/http://www.marinha.pt/PT/Pages/homepage.aspx |date=22 November 2012 }}. Marinha.pt. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  || 5 || 7 || 7 ||  ||  || 2 || 23 || 34,686
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ROM}} {{small|[[Romanian Armed Forces|Romania]]}}<ref>{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.navy.ro/en/index1.html Fortele Navale Române]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Navy.ro. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  || 3 || 7 || 6 || 5 ||  ||  || 21 || 23,090
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVK}} {{small|[[Military of Slovakia|Slovakia]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 0 ||0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVN}} {{small|[[Military of Slovenia|Slovenia]]}}<ref>[http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/slovensko-obalo-bo-varovala-kresnica/90464 Slovensko obalo bo varovala "Kresnica" :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija]. Rtvslo.si. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 1 ||  1||  ||  || 2|| 435
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{small|[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]]}}<!--verified in 11.2018--><ref>[http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/buquessuperficie/prefLang-en/ Presentación Buques de Superficie – Ships – Armada Española]. Armada.mde.es. Retrieved on 22 November 2018.</ref> || 1{{efn|name=fn1|Spain withdrew last classic [[Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias|aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias]] in 2013 (currently in reserve). New universal ship of [[Spanish ship Juan Carlos I|Juan Carlos I]] has the function of fleet carrier and amphibious assault ship.}} || <small>(1)</small>{{efn|name=fn1}} || 2{{efn|[[Galicia-class landing platform dock]]}}|| 5{{efn|[[Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate|F-100 class]]}} || 6{{efn|[[Santa María-class frigate|Santa María class]]}}|| || 23 || 6 ||  || 3 || 46 || 148,607
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SWE}} {{small|[[Swedish Armed Forces|Sweden]]}}<ref>[http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/Organisation/The-Royal-Swedish-Navy/ The Swedish Navy – Försvarsmakten] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118182921/http://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/Organisation/The-Royal-Swedish-Navy/ |date=18 November 2011 }}. Forsvarsmakten.se (2 September 2008). Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 6 ||  || 11 ||  || 5 || 22 || 14,256
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EU}} {{small|'''[[European Union|EU]]'''}} || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''22''' || '''34''' || '''75''' || '''38''' ||'''156'''||'''136''' || '''4''' ||'''48'''||<span style="display:none">514</span> '''~516''' ||<span style="display:none">1,309,110</span> '''~1,309,110'''
|}

====Land forces====
{{update section|date=November 2018}}

[[File:Leopard 2A6, PzBtl 104.jpg|thumb|The [[Leopard 2]] main battle tank]]
Combined, the member states of the European Union maintain large numbers of various land-based military vehicles and weaponry.

'''Guide to table:'''
* The table is not exhaustive and primarily includes vehicles and EU-[[NATO]] member countries under the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE treaty). Unless otherwise specified.
* The CFE treaty only includes vehicles stationed within Europe, vehicles overseas on operations are not counted.
* The "main battle tank" category also includes tank destroyers (such as the Italian [[B1 Centauro]]) or any self-propelled armoured fighting vehicle, capable of heavy firepower. According to the CFE treaty.
* The "armoured fighting vehicle" category includes any armoured vehicle primarily designed to transport infantry and equipped with an automatic cannon of at least 20&nbsp;mm calibre. According to the CFE treaty.
* The "artillery" category includes self-propelled or towed [[howitzers]] and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] of 100&nbsp;mm calibre and above. Other types of artillery are not included regardless of characteristics. According to the CFE treaty.
* The "attack helicopter" category includes any rotary wing aircraft armed and equipped to engage targets or equipped to perform other military functions (such as the [[AgustaWestland Apache|Apache]] or the [[AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat|Wildcat]]). According to the CFE treaty.
* The "military logistics vehicle" category includes logistics trucks of 4-tonne, 8-tonne, 14-tonne or larger, purposely designed for military tasking. Not under CFE treaty.

{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="text-align:right; width:100%;"
! style="width:11.5%;" | <small>Member state</small>
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:16.7%;" | <small>[[Main battle tank]]</small>
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:16.7%;" | <small>[[Armoured fighting vehicle]]</small>
! style="background-color:#c0ffc0; width:16.7%;" | <small>[[Artillery]]</small>
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:16.5%;" | <small>[[Attack helicopter]]</small>
! style="background-color:#c0c0ff; width:16.7%;" | <small>[[Military logistics|Military logistics vehicle]]</small>
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{small|[[Austrian Armed Forces|Austria]]}} || 56 || 364 || 90 || || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BEL}} {{small|[[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgium]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || || 521 || 155 || 27 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BUL}} {{small|[[Military of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 362 || 681 || 1,035 || 12 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CRO}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Croatia|Croatia]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://arhiv.braniteljski-portal.hr//hrvatska/13624 |title=Braniteljski portal &#124; ...Ne pitaj što domovina može učiniti za tebe, nego što ti možeš učiniti za Domovinu |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220832/http://arhiv.braniteljski-portal.hr//hrvatska/13624 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 75 || 283 || 127 || 10 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CYP}} {{small|[[Cypriot National Guard|Cyprus]]}} || 134 || 169 || 234 || 15 || 398
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CZE}} {{small|[[Military of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/>}} || 123 || 501 || 182 || 24 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|DNK}} {{small|[[Danish Defence|Denmark]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 46 || 229 || 56 || 12 || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EST}} {{small|[[Military of Estonia|Estonia]]}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.delfi.ee/news/paevauudised/eesti/eesti-hangib-soomest-haubitsaid?id=21331721 | title=Eesti hangib Soomest haubitsaid}}</ref> ||  ||  ||74  ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FIN}} {{small|[[Finnish Defence Forces|Finland]]}} || 200 || 1,080 || 722 || 25 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FRA}} {{small|[[French Armed Forces|France]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 450 || 6,256 || 349 || 283 || 10,746 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GER}} {{small|[[German Armed Forces|Germany]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 815 || 1,774 || 401 || 158 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 1,622 || 2,187 || 1,920 || 29 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 90 || 634 ||35|| 8 || 471 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.ie/en/army/organisation/army-corps/artillery/|title=The Artillery Corps|website=www.military.ie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703164107/https://www.military.ie/en/army/organisation/army-corps/artillery/ |archive-date=2015-07-03}}</ref> ||  ||107  ||36  ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{small|[[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 1,176 || 3,145 || 1,446 || 107 || 10,921
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LTU}} {{small|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuania]]}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.deagel.com/country/Lithuania_c0120.aspx | title=Lithuania}}</ref> ||  || 88 ||96  ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LUX}} {{small|[[Luxembourg Army|Luxembourg]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Malta}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NLD}} {{small|[[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 16 || 634 || 135 || 21 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POL}} {{small|[[Polish Armed Forces|Poland]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://washington.mfa.gov.pl/en/about_the_embassy/waszyngton_us_a_en_embassy/waszyngton_us_a_en_military_attach/waszyngton_us_a_109 |title=The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303124236/http://washington.mfa.gov.pl/en/about_the_embassy/waszyngton_us_a_en_embassy/waszyngton_us_a_en_military_attach/waszyngton_us_a_109 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1,675 || 3,110 || 1,580 || 83 || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POR}} {{small|[[Portuguese Armed Forces|Portugal]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 220 || 425 || 377 ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ROM}} {{small|[[Romanian Armed Forces|Romania]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 857 || 1,272 || 1,273 || 23 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVK}} {{small|[[Military of Slovakia|Slovakia]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 30 || 327 || 68 ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVN}} {{small|[[Military of Slovenia|Slovenia]]}} || 76  ||52  || 63 ||  ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{small|[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 484 || 1,007 || 811 || 27 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SWE}} {{small|[[Swedish Armed Forces|Sweden]]}} || 120 || 978 || 268 ||  ||
|-class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EU}} {{small|'''[[European Union|EU]]'''}}<ref name="CAFET">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279983/2013.pdf Ministry of Defence - Vehicle & Aircraft Holdings within the scope of the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty: Annual: 2013 edition], gov.uk, (pp.10-13), Accessed 28 November 2014</ref> || '''8,413''' || '''25,421''' || '''11,259''' || '''822''' ||
|}

====Air forces====
{{update section|date=November 2018}}

The air forces of EU member states operate a wide range of military systems and hardware. This is primarily due to the independent requirements of each member state and also the national defence industries of some member states. However such programmes like the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] and [[Eurocopter Tiger]] have seen many European nations design, build and operate a single weapons platform. 60% of overall combat fleet was developed and manufactured by member states, 32% are US-origin, but some of these were assembled in Europe, while remaining 8% are soviet-made aircraft. As of 2014, it is estimated that the European Union had around 2,000 serviceable combat aircraft ([[fighter aircraft]] and [[ground-attack aircraft]]).<ref name="Flightglobal">[https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-2020/135665.article - Flight International], [[Flightglobal.com]], Accessed 19 September 2020</ref>

The EUs air-lift capabilities are evolving with the future introduction of the [[Airbus A400M]] (another example of EU defence cooperation). The A400M is a [[tactical airlift]]er with [[Strategic airlift|strategic]] capabilities.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/a400m.cfm "RAF – A400m."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430164301/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/a400m.cfm |date=30 April 2009 }} ''RAF, MOD.''  Retrieved: 15 May 2010.</ref> Around 140 are initially expected to be operated by 5 member states (Luxembourg, France, Germany, Spain and Belgium).

'''Guide to tables:'''
* The tables are sourced from figures provided by [[Flightglobal.com|Flight International]] for the year 2020.
* Aircraft are grouped into three main types (indicated by colours): <span style="color:red">red</span style="color:red"> for combat aircraft, <span style="color:green">green</span style="color:green"> for aerial refueling aircraft, and <span style="color:#f3f781">yellow</span style="color:#f3f781"> for strategic and tactical transport aircraft.
* The two "other" columns include additional aircraft according to their type sorted by colour (i.e. the "other" category in red includes combat aircraft, while the "other" category in grey includes both aerial refueling and transport aircraft). This was done because it was not feasible allocate every aircraft type its own column.
* Other aircraft such as trainers, helicopters, UAVs and reconnaissance or surveillance aircraft are not included in the below tables or figures.

;Fighter and ground-attack
{| class="wikitable sortable"   style="text-align:right;" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
! class="unsortable"| <small>Member state</small>
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|Gripen]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]]
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Panavia Tornado|Tornado]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|Other}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|Total}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{small|[[Austrian Armed Forces|Austria]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || 15 || || ||  || || || || || || 15
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BEL}} {{small|[[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgium]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || (37 ordered) || 51 || || || 51 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BUL}} {{small|[[Military of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || (16 ordered) || || 12 [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]]<br/>7 [[Sukhoi Su-25|Su-25]] || 19
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CRO}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Croatia|Croatia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || 6 (6 ordered) || || || || || || 6&nbsp;[[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] || 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CYP}} {{small|[[Cypriot National Guard|Cyprus]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || || || || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CZE}} {{small|[[Military of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/>}} ||  || 14 || ||  || || (24 ordered) || || || 24&nbsp;[[Aero L-159 Alca|L-159]] || 38
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|DNK}} {{small|[[Danish Defence|Denmark]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || 10 (17 ordered) || 41 || || || 51
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EST}} {{small|[[Military of Estonia|Estonia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || || || || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FIN}} {{small|[[Finnish Defence Forces|Finland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || ||(64 ordered)  || || 61 || || 61
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FRA}} {{small|[[French Armed Forces|France]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || 139 (63 ordered) || 93 || || || || || || 232
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GER}} {{small|[[German Armed Forces|Germany]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || 129 (35 ordered) || || ||  || 65 IDS & 21 [[Tornado ECR]]|| (35 ordered) || || || || 212
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || 19 (5 ordered) || 29 || || (40 ordered)  || 152<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1239962384|title=The military balance 2021|date=2021|others=James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies|isbn=978-1-000-41545-2|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1239962384}}</ref>|| || 17&nbsp;[[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4]] || 217<ref name=":1" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || 14 (4 ordered) || ||  || || || || || || 14
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{small|[[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || 89 || || ||  || 33 IDS & 13&nbsp;[[Tornado ECR]]|| 30 (60 ordered) || || || 12&nbsp;[[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II|Harrier&nbsp;II]] || 177<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/ |title = Aeronautica Militare}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || || || || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LTU}} {{small|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||   || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LUX}} {{small|[[Luxembourg Army|Luxembourg]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || || || || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Malta}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || || || || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NLD}} {{small|[[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || 40 (12 ordered) || || || || 40
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POL}} {{small|[[Polish Armed Forces|Poland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || (32 ordered) || 48 || || 12 [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|T-50]] (36 ordered)<br/>28 [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]] 
32&nbsp;[[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22]]
| 120
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POR}} {{small|[[Portuguese Armed Forces|Portugal]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || 25 || || || 25
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ROM}} {{small|[[Romanian Armed Forces|Romania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || ||  (32 ordered)|| 26 (23 ordered) || || || 26
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVK}} {{small|[[Military of Slovakia|Slovakia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || 2 (12 ordered) || || || 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVN}} {{small|[[Military of Slovenia|Slovenia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || ||  || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{small|[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || 68 (45 ordered) || || ||  || || || || 81 || 12&nbsp;[[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II|Harrier&nbsp;II]]|| 161
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SWE}} {{small|[[Swedish Armed Forces|Sweden]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || 94 (70 ordered) || ||  || || || || || || 94
|-class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EU}} {{small|'''[[EU]]'''}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/>|| '''301 (80)''' ||'''122 (74)''' || '''164 (74)''' || '''122''' || '''132''' || '''80 (353)''' || '''345 (51)''' || '''142''' || '''162'''||'''1567'''
|}
;Aerial refueling and transport
{| class="wikitable sortable"   style="text-align:right;" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
! class="unsortable"| <small>Member state</small>
! style="background-color:#c0ffc0; width:7.6%;" | [[Airbus A330 MRTT|A330 MRTT]]
! style="background-color:#c0ffc0; width:7.6%;" | [[Lockheed Martin KC-130|KC-130]]
! style="background-color:#c0ffc0; width:7.6%;" | [[Boeing KC-767|KC-767]]
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Airbus A400M Atlas|A400M]]}}
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]]}}
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[CASA/IPTN CN-235|CN-235]]}}{{small|[[EADS CASA C-295|C-295]]}}
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Alenia C-27J Spartan|C-27J]]}}
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Embraer C-390 Millennium|C-390]]}}
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | [[Let L-410 Turbolet|L-410]]
! style="background-color:; width:7.6%;" | {{small|Other}}
! style="background-color:; width:7.6%;" | {{small|Total}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{small|[[Austrian Armed Forces|Austria]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || 3 || || || (4 ordered) || || 8 [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|PC-6]] || 11
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BEL}} {{small|[[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgium]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || 7 || || || || || || || 7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BUL}} {{small|[[Military of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || || 3 || || 2 || 1 [[Pilatus PC-12|PC-12]] || 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CRO}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Croatia|Croatia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CYP}} {{small|[[Cypriot National Guard|Cyprus]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CZE}} {{small|[[Military of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/>}} ||  || || || || || 6 || || || 6|| || 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|DNK}}{{small|[[Danish Defence|Denmark]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || 4 || || || || || || 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EST}} {{small|[[Military of Estonia|Estonia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || || || || || 2 [[PZL M28 Skytruck|An-28/M28]] || 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FIN}} {{small|[[Finnish Defence Forces|Finland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || 3 || || || || 3 [[Learjet 35]] 
6 [[Pilatus PC-12|PC-12NG]] 
| 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FRA}} {{small|[[French Armed Forces|France]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || 12 || 2 || || 24 (26 ordered) || 16 || 27 || || || || 2 [[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]] <br />1 [[Airbus A330|A330]] <br />5 [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|DHC-6]] <br />25 [[SOCATA TBM|TBM 700]]<br />5 [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|PC-6]] <br />10 [[Embraer EMB 121 Xingu|EMB-121]] <br />6 [[Dassault Falcon 10|Falcon 10]] || 135 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GER}} {{small|[[German Armed Forces|Germany]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  ||  3|| || 45 (8 ordered) || 3|| || || || || 2 [[Airbus A321|A321]] || 53
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || 5 || || 8 || || || 2 [[Beechcraft Super King Air|King Air 350]]|| 15
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || || || 1 (1 ordered) || || 2 [[Airbus A319|A319]]|| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || ||2 (1 ordered)  || || || ||4 [[Pilatus PC-12|PC-12NG]]   ||6 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{small|[[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  ||  4||  4|| || 9 || || 10 || || || 11 [[Piaggio P.180 Avanti|P180]]
3 [[Dornier 228]]
| 41
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LTU}} {{small|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || || 3 || (3 ordered) ||  2|| || 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LUX}} {{small|[[Luxembourg Army|Luxembourg]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || 1 || || || || || || || 1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Malta}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || || || || ||1 [[Britten-Norman Islander|BNT-2]]<br />3 [[Beechcraft King Air|King Air 200]]
||4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NLD}} {{small|[[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || 4 || || || (5 ordered) || || || 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POL}} {{small|[[Polish Armed Forces|Poland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || 5 || 16 || || || || 37 [[PZL M28 Skytruck|An-28]]|| 58
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POR}} {{small|[[Portuguese Armed Forces|Portugal]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || 4 || 11 || || 2 (4 ordered) || || 1 [[Dassault Falcon 900|Falcon 900]]|| 18
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ROM}} {{small|[[Romanian Armed Forces|Romania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || 6 || || 7 || || || 1 [[Antonov An-26|An-26]]|| 14
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVK}} {{small|[[Military of Slovakia|Slovakia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || ||  2|| || 6|| || 8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SLO}} {{small|[[Military of Slovenia|Slovenia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  || || || || || ||  1  (1 ordered)|| ||  1|| 2 [[Pilatus PC-6 Porter|PC-6]]|| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{small|[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  (1 ordered)|| || || 14 (13 ordered) || 7 || 28 (16 ordered) || || || || 7 [[CASA C-212 Aviocar|C212]] <br>6 [[Cessna Citation V|Citation V]] <br>3 [[Beechcraft Super King Air|King Air 90]] || 65 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SWE}} {{small|[[Swedish Armed Forces|Sweden]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||  ||  1|| || || 5 || || || (4 ordered) || || 4 [[Saab 340]] || 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Shared within EU part of [[Airbus A330 MRTT#Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet|MMF]]|| 8 (5 ordered) || || || || || || || || ||  3 [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]]|| 11
|-class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EU}} {{small|'''[[EU]]'''}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || '''20 (6)'''|| '''10''' || '''4'''|| '''91 (47)'''|| '''71'''|| '''93 (17)'''|| '''34 (1)'''|| '''3 (21)'''|| '''17'''|| '''160'''|| '''503'''
|}

===Multinational===
====Established at Union level====
[[File:Nordic Battle Group ISTAR Training (5014209533).jpg|thumb|[[Irish Army]] personnel from the [[Nordic Battle Group]] at an exercise in 2010]]
The Helsinki Headline Goal Catalogue is a listing of [[rapid reaction force]]s composed of 60,000 troops managed by the European Union, but under control of the countries who deliver troops for it.

Forces introduced at Union level include:
*The '''[[EU Battlegroup|battle groups]]''' ('''BG''') adhere to the CSDP, and are based on contributions from a coalition of member states. Each of the eighteen Battlegroups consists of a [[battalion]]-sized force (1,500 troops) reinforced with combat support elements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/Battlegroups.pdf |title=Choose a language - Consilium |access-date=10 January 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428231839/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/Battlegroups.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC 150307"/> The groups rotate actively, so that two are ready for deployment at all times. The forces are under the direct control of the [[Council of the European Union]]. The Battlegroups reached full operational capacity on 1 January 2007, although, as of January 2013 they are yet to see any military action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21569718-europeans-ability-deploy-force-abroad-falling-mali-shows-it-still-needed-europe|title=Europe in a foreign field|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 January 2013}}</ref> They are based on existing ''ad hoc'' missions that the [[European Union]] (EU) has undertaken and has been described by some as a new "[[standing army]]" for Europe.<ref name="BBC 150307">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6441417.stm New force behind EU foreign policy] BBC News – 15 March 2007</ref> The troops and equipment are drawn from the [[Member States of the European Union|EU member states]] under a "lead nation". In 2004, [[United Nations]] Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] welcomed the plans and emphasised the value and importance of the Battlegroups in helping the UN deal with troublespots.<ref>[http://www.forumoneurope.ie/eng/index.asp?docID=567 Value of EU 'Battlegroup' plan stressed by Annan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213180054/http://www.forumoneurope.ie/eng/index.asp?docID=567 |date=13 February 2009 }} forumoneurope.ie 15 October 2004</ref>
*The '''[[European Medical Command|Medical Command]]''' ('''EMC''') is a planned medical command centre in support of [[Military operations of the European Union|EU missions]], formed as part of the [[Permanent Structured Cooperation]] (PESCO).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/epsc/publications/strategic-notes/defence-europe_en|title=In Defence of Europe - EPSC - European Commission|website=EPSC|date=31 March 2016}}</ref> The EMC will provide the EU with a permanent medical capability to support operations abroad, including medical resources and a rapidly deployable medical task force. The EMC will also provide medical evacuation facilities, triage and resuscitation, treatment and holding of patients until they can be returned to duty, and emergency dental treatment. It will also contribute to harmonising medical standards, certification and legal (civil) framework conditions.<ref name="europa.eu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/32079/pesco-overview-of-first-collaborative-of-projects-for-press.pdf|title=Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) first collaborative PESCO projects}}</ref>
*The '''[[EUFOR Crisis Response Operation Core|Force Crisis Response Operation Core]]''' ('''EUFOR CROC''') is a flagship defence project under development as part of [[Permanent Structured Cooperation]] (PESCO). EURFOR CROC will contribute to the creation of a "full spectrum force package" to speed up provision of military forces and the EU's crisis management capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/32079/pesco-overview-of-first-collaborative-of-projects-for-press.pdf|title=Project outlines}}</ref> Rather than creating a standing force, the project involves creating a concrete catalogue of military force elements that would speed up the establishment of a force when the EU decides to launch an operation. It is land-focused and aims to generate a force of 60,000 troops from the contributing states alone. While it does not establish any form of "[[European army]]", it foresees an deployable, interoperable force under a single command.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2017/10/SPB91-Biscop.pdf?type=pdf|title=European Defence: What's in the CARDs for PESCO?}}</ref> Germany is the lead country for the project, but the French are heavily involved and it is tied to President [[Emmanuel Macron]]'s proposal to create a [[European Intervention Initiative|standing intervention force]]. The French see it as an example of what PESCO is about.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/macron-eu-to-unveil-military-pact-projects/|title=EU unveils military pact projects|date=10 December 2017|first=Jacopo|last=Barigazzi|work=Politico|access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref>

====Provided through Article 42.3 TEU====
[[File:Eurocorps Strasbourg passage de commandement 28 juin 2013 14.jpg|thumb|Personnel of the European Corps in Strasbourg, France, during a change of command ceremony in 2013]] 
This section presents an incomplete list of forces and bodies established intergovernmentally amongst a subset of [[Member states of the European Union|member states]]. These organisations will deploy forces based on the collective agreement of their member states. They are typically technically listed as being able to be deployed under the auspices of NATO, the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]] (EU) through Article 42.3 of TEU, the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]], or any other international entity.

However, with the exception of the Eurocorps, very few have actually been deployed for any real military operation, and none under the CSDP at any point in its history.

Land Forces:
*The '''[[Eurocorps]]''' is an army corps of approximately 1,000 soldiers stationed in [[Strasbourg]], France. Based in the French city of [[Strasbourg]], the corps is the nucleus of the [[Franco-German Brigade]].<ref name=korphistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurocorps.org/ |title= Eurocorps' official website / History|access-date=23 February 2008 }}</ref>
*The '''[[I. German/Dutch Corps]]''' is a multinational formation consisting of units from the [[Royal Dutch Army|Dutch]] and [[German Army|German]] armies. Due to its role as a NATO High Readiness Forces Headquarters, soldiers from other NATO member states, the [[Military of the United States|United States]], [[Military of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Norwegian Defence Force|Norway]], [[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]], [[Military of Italy|Italy]], the [[British Armed Forces|United Kingdom]] amongst others, are also stationed at Münster.
* The '''[[Multinational Corps Northeast]]''', a Danish-German-Polish multinational corps
* The '''[[European Gendarmerie Force]]''', an intervention force with militarised police functions which specializes in crisis management.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/09662839.2012.747511|title = The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems?|journal = European Security|volume = 22|pages = 1–20|year = 2013|last1 = Arcudi|first1 = Giovanni|last2 = Smith|first2 = Michael E.|s2cid = 153388488|doi-access = free}}</ref>

Aerial:
*The '''[[European Air Transport Command]]''' exercises operational control of the majority of the [[aerial refueling]] capabilities and [[military transport aircraft|military transport]] fleets of its participating nations. Located at [[Eindhoven Airport|Eindhoven Airbase]] in the Netherlands, the command also bears a limited responsibility for exercises, aircrew training and the harmonisation of relevant national air transport regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zie.nl/video/algemeen/Eindhoven-regelt-internationale-militaire-luchtvaart/m1aztdof6jpc|title=Eindhoven regelt internationale militaire luchtvaart}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eda.europa.eu/info-hub/news/2012/11/30/claude-france-arnould-visits-eatc-headquarters |title=Claude-France Arnould Visits EATC Headquarters |publisher=Eda.europa.eu |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The command was established in 2010 to provide a more efficient management of the participating nations' assets and resources in this field.

Naval:
*The '''[[European Maritime Force]]''' ('''EUROMARFOR''' or '''EMF''') is a non-[[Standing army|standing]],<ref name="whatis">[http://www.euromarfor.org/images/stories/EUROMARFOR_arte_final.pdf EUROMARFOR – At Sea for Peace pamphlet]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref> military force<ref>{{cite book |title=Euro-Mediterranean security: a search for partnership |last=Biscop |first=Sven |year=2003 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7546-3487-4 |page=53 }}</ref> that may carry out [[naval warfare|naval]], [[aerial warfare|air]] and [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious]] operations, with an activation time of 5 days after an order is received.<ref name="retro">[http://www.euromarfor.org/images/stories/pdfs/retrospectiva_29ago11.pdf EUROMARFOR Retrospective – Portuguese Command]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, page 12. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref> The force was formed in 1995 to fulfill missions defined in the [[Petersberg tasks|Petersberg Declaration]], such as [[Command of the sea|sea control]], [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian]] missions, [[peacekeeping]] operations, crisis response operations, and [[peace enforcement]].

==Participation, relationship with NATO==
{{Further|European Union–NATO relations}}
Out of the [[European Union member state|27 EU member states]], 23 are also members of NATO. Another four NATO members are EU applicants—Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Turkey. Two others—Iceland and Norway—have opted to remain outside of the EU, however participate in the [[European Single Market|EU's single market]]. The memberships of the EU and NATO are distinct, and some EU member states are traditionally neutral on defence issues. Several EU member states were formerly members of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. Denmark had an [[Opt-outs in the European Union|opt-out from the CSDP]],<ref name="eda.europa1"/> however voted in a [[2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum|referendum in 2022]] to begin to participate in the policy area.

{{Participation in Euro-Atlantic defence arrangements}}
The [[Berlin Plus agreement]] is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between [[NATO]] and the EU on 16 December 2002.<ref name=NATO1>NATO, ''Berlin Plus agreement'', 21 June 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/shape/news/2003/shape_eu/se030822a.htm |title=SHAPE Information |access-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817094713/http://www.nato.int/shape/news/2003/shape_eu/se030822a.htm |archive-date=17 August 2007 }}</ref> These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's [[1999 Washington summit]], sometimes referred to as the ''CJTF mechanism'',<ref>[[The Heritage Foundation]] report, 4 October 2004: "Through the CJTF mechanism, NATO member states do not have to actively participate actively in a specific mission if they do not feel their vital interests are involved, but their opting out [...] would not stop other NATO members from participating in an intervention if they so desired." {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090205165920/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/bg1803.cfm]}}</ref> and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations.

[[File:CSDP utility.svg|550px|center|thumb|Chart presented in 2012 by then [[Director General of the European Union Military Staff|Director General]] of the [[European Union Military Staff|Military Staff]] Lt. gen. [[Ton van Osch]], asserting that the utility of the combined civilian and military components of the EU policy could be considered more effective than NATO for a limited level of conflict.]]


==EUCAP Somalia==
The EUCAP Somalia<ref>{{Cite web |title=About EUCAP Somalia |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-som/about-eucap-somalia_en?s=332 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> is an example of an unarmed, non-executive, civilian Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) Mission. aimed at strengthening maritime security capacities, police sector, as well as promoting the [[Rule of law|Rule of Law]] in [[Somalia]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Décision 2012/389/PESC du Conseil du 16 juillet 2012 relative à la mission de l'Union européenne visant au renforcement des capacités maritimes régionales dans la Corne de l'Afrique (EUCAP NESTOR) |date=2012-07-16 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012D0389 |access-date=2024-09-27 |language=fr}}</ref> It provides strategic level advice, mentoring and training, on issues ranging from coast guard and police functions to police-prosecution cooperation and the drafting of laws. Initially launched as EUCAP Nestor<ref>{{Cite web |title=EUCAP NESTOR, Somali Coastguard and Maritime Police Unit Visit Operation Atalanta Flagship HNLMS Tromp {{!}} EUNAVFOR |url=https://eunavfor.eu/news/eucap-nestor-somali-coastguard-and-maritime-police-unit-visit-operation-atalanta-flagship |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=eunavfor.eu}}</ref> in 2012, the mission was reconfigured to focus on Somalia, thus renamed by the  Council of the European Union, EUCAP Somalia in 2016.

In December 2024, the Council of European Union extended the [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/12/16/horn-of-africa-and-somalia-operation-atalanta-eutm-and-eucap-somalia-s-mandates-extended-for-two-years/ Mission’s mandate] to February 2027.

The most prominent goals of the Mission are to help Somalia to generate well trained police forces in line with the [https://press.un.org/en/2018/sc13341.doc.htm Somali Transition Plan], contribute to secure one of the EU’s vital maritime trade routes, and assist to draft and implement sound legislative frameworks, including accountability systems. 

=== Background ===
The mission was established in response to the persistent challenges posed by maritime insecurity in the Western Indian Ocean, particularly piracy, illegal fishing, human trafficking, and arms smuggling. These issues severely impacted both the security and economic stability of Somalia and the surrounding region. Somalia’s extensive coastline (the longest in mainland Africa) was unprotected for years due to the collapse of the government in the early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Missions in Somalia: Successes, Challenges and Future Prospects |url=https://www.pubaffairsbruxelles.eu/opinion-analysis/eu-missions-in-somalia-successes-challenges-and-future-prospects/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=PubAffairs Bruxelles |language=en-US}}</ref> Piracy flourished in the absence of effective maritime governance, leading to international efforts to assist the country in reclaiming control over its waters. EUCAP Somalia emerged as part of these efforts, complementing other international missions such as [[Operation Atalanta]] and [[European Union Training Mission in Somalia|EUTM Somalia]].

=== Mandates ===

==== From 2012 to 2016 ====
EUCAP Nestor's mandate is divided into two objectives: strengthening the maritime capacities of the beneficiary countries (excluding Somalia) and training a coastal police force and judges in Somalia, the primary aim being to get the countries in the region to work together to strengthen action at sea. EUCAP Nestor operates in five countries: [[Djibouti]], [[Kenya]], [[Seychelles]], Somalia ([[Puntland]]/[[Somaliland]]) and [[Tanzania]]. This is why it is relatively large in terms of staff numbers, with almost 200 people spread across the different countries. These experts provide legal, strategic and operational advice on maritime safety.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gros-Verheyde |first=Nicolas |date=May 16, 2012 |title=EUCAP Nestor, une mission de 200 personnes aux multiples facettes |url=https://www.bruxelles2.eu/2012/05/16/eucap-nestor-une-mission-de-200-personnes-aux-multiples-facettes/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://www.bruxelles2.eu/2012/05/16/eucap-nestor-une-mission-de-200-personnes-aux-multiples-facettes/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-15 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref>

==== From 2016 to 2021 ====
When the name was changed in December 2016, so too was the mandate. EUCAP Somalia will drop its regional ambitions and focus solely on Somalia, and more specifically on the Coast Guard, with a view to strengthening ‘Somali maritime law enforcement capabilities’. The mandate is not limited to piracy, but covers any criminal activity or offence committed on the coast or in the sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decision - 2022/2445 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2022/2445/oj |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

==== From 2021 to 2024 ====
In December 2020, the Council of the European Union extended EUCAP's mandate until 31 December 2024. From 2021 onwards, the mission will also be helping Somalia to strengthen its police capabilities, in particular by developing the Federal Darwish police force and reinforcing the INTERPOL National Central Bureau in [[Mogadishu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Déclarations officielles de politique étrangère du 06 janvier 2021 |url=https://basedoc.diplomatie.gouv.fr/vues/Kiosque/FranceDiplomatie/kiosque.php?fichier=bafr2021-01-06.html#Chapitre5#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://basedoc.diplomatie.gouv.fr/vues/Kiosque/FranceDiplomatie/kiosque.php?fichier=bafr2021-01-06.html#Chapitre5#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-15 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> The EU's budget for the period 2023-2024 allocated is 81 million €.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About EUCAP Somalia {{!}} EEAS |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-som/about-eucap-somalia_en?s=332 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

'''Current mandate from 2025 to 2027'''

In December 2024, the Council of European Union extended the [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/12/16/horn-of-africa-and-somalia-operation-atalanta-eutm-and-eucap-somalia-s-mandates-extended-for-two-years/ Mission’s mandate] to February 2027. EUCAP Somalia is tasked to advise, train, and equip the Somali Police Force and to support the development of a legal framework for Somalia’s internal security architecture. The mission’s work also includes providing monitoring support to regional maritime police forces, including the Somaliland and [[Puntland Maritime Police Force|Puntland Maritime Police Forces]], to bolster maritime law enforcement and security. The Mission’s budget for its current mandate is €110 million and total staff of 169 [https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-som/about-eucap-somalia_en?s=332 members].

=== [https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-som/about-eucap-somalia_en?s=332 Three pillars of EUCAP Somalia] ===

# '''Support     the development of Somali Police Forces''' by enhancing their capabilities through     advising, training and equipping Somali Police Forces in line with the     Somali Security Sector Development Plan, ensuring the police are better     prepared to maintain security and stability across the country.
# '''Strengthen     Maritime Police Capacities''' in and around the three main Somali ports (Mogadishu,     Berbera and Bossaso) by providing capacity building on coast guard     functions.
# '''Promote the rule of law''' by working with Somali authorities to enhance accountability within the police force and across the criminal justice chain. This includes supporting the development of legal frameworks necessary for the effective functioning of law enforcement, and security actors in both land and maritime domains, fostering governance and accountability.

=== Achievements ===
Since its reconfiguration in 2016, EUCAP Somalia has made significant strides in enhancing Somalia’s maritime security capabilities. Recent achievements include improving the Somali Police Force's (SPF) command, control, and communication capabilities, as well as enhancing their ability to manage security incidents in Mogadishu. EUCAP has deployed a specialized multinational team to support the SPF's Maritime Police Unit and has played a key role in the development of Somaliland’s Coast Guard, conducting joint exercises with [[Operation Atalanta|EUNAVFOR Operation ATALANTA]]. The mission also trained and equipped the Puntland Maritime Police Force, enhancing their capacity to enforce maritime law. Additionally, EUCAP has supported the Somali Attorney General’s Maritime Crimes Unit by providing training in internal procedures and investigations and launching an internship program for young lawyers. Despite the progress, Somalia continues to face challenges in maritime governance due to political instability and resource limitations, but EUCAP remains committed to addressing these issues with Somali authorities and international partners.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2020/sipri-background-papers/european-union-training-mission-somalia-assessment |title=The European Union Training Mission in Somalia: An Assessment |date=November 2020 |publisher=SIPRI |language=en}}</ref>

[https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025/EUCAP%20infosheet%20Feb%202025.pdf '''Mission's achievements during mandate 2022 - 24''']

* Increased the Somali Police Force command, control and communication capability.
* Trained Somali Police Force trainers for co-training activities.
* Enabling the establishment of the Maritime Rescue and Coordination Center in Mogadishu to enhance maritime security coordination along the Somali coastline and in regional waters.
* Supported the development of Somaliland Coast Guard, including through joint exercises with EUNAVFOR Operation ATALANTA and the provision of maritime equipment.
* Trained mobile training units for Somaliland Coast Guard and Somaliland Police.
* Trained and equipped the Puntland Maritime Police Force - Maritime Police Unit, enhancing their law enforcement capabilities.
* Supporting the maritime crimes unit of the Somali Attorney General's Office in internal procedures and maritime crimes investigations as well as an internship program for young lawyers in Mogadishu and Puntland. 
{{Portal|European Union
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|European Union}} 
*[[European Union–NATO relations]]
*[[European Union as an emerging superpower]]
*[[Security and defense pacts of the European Union]]
*[[European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure]]
*{{section link|Neutral country#European Union}}
*[[Strategic Compass for Security and Defence]]
===Defence-related EU initiatives===
*[[Military Mobility]]
*[[European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats]] (Hybrid CoE), an EU-supported intergovernmental think-tank

===Pan-European defence organisations (intergovernmental)===
*[[Finabel]], an organisation, controlled by the army [[chief of staff|chiefs of staff]] of its participating nations, that promotes cooperation and [[interoperability]] between the armies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://espace-finabel.eu/public/images/stories/Finabel/Finabel_UK-midres.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720160258/http://espace-finabel.eu/public/images/stories/Finabel/Finabel_UK-midres.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Finabel information folder: "Finabel: Contributing to European Army Interoperability since 1953"|archivedate=20 July 2011}}</ref>
*[[Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation]] (OCCAR), an organisation that facilitates and manages collaborative armament programmes through their lifecycle between its participating nations.
*[[European Air Group]] (EAG), an organisation that promotes cooperation and [[interoperability]] between the air forces of its participating nations.
*[[European Organisation of Military Associations and Trade Unions]] (EUROMIL)
*[[European Personnel Recovery Centre]] (EPRC), an organisation that contributes to the development and harmonisation of policies and standards related to [[personnel recovery]].
*[[European Intervention Initiative]]
*[[European Centre of Excellence for Civilian Crisis Management]]

===Regional, integorvernmental defence organisations in Europe===
*[[Nordic Defence Cooperation]] (NORDEFCO)
*[[Central European Defence Cooperation]] (CEDC)

===Atlanticist intergovernmental defence organisations===
*[[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO)
*[[Movement Coordination Centre Europe]] (MCCE), an organisation aiming to coordinate the use of airlift, sealift and land movement assets owned or leased by participating nations.

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100201024031/http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/analysisbooks/news/back/article/what-ambitions-for-european-defence-in-2020-2nd-edition/ Book – What ambitions for European defence in 2020?, European Union Institute for Security Studies]
*[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091223065119/http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/analysisbooks/news/back/article/european%2Dsecurity%2Dand%2Ddefence%2Dpolicybrthe%2Dfirst%2D10%2Dyears%2D1999%2D2009/ Book – European Security and Defence Policy: The first 10 years (1999–2009), European Union Institute for Security Studies]
*Book - Smith, Michael E. (2017). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/europes-common-security-and-defence-policy/BE414345DA4007E499DF855843D7CE43# 'Europe's Common Security and Defence Policy: Capacity-Building, Experiential Learning, and Institutional Change'] (Cambridge University Press).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100331215332/http://www.rpfrance.eu/IMG/pdf/Guide_to_the_ESDP_nov._2008_EN.pdf "Guide to the ESDP" nov.2008 edition] Exhaustive guide on ESDP's missions, institutions and operations, written and edited by the Permanent representation of France to the European Union.
*{{cite book
|title=Policy-Making in EU Security and Defense: An Institutional Perspective
|author=Dijkstra, Hylke
|edition=Hardback 240pp
|year=2013
|series=European Administrative Governance Series
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke
|isbn=978-1-137-35786-1}}
*{{cite book
|title=The Government and Politics of the European Union
|author=Nugent, Neill
|edition=Paperback 630pp
|year=2006
|series=The European Union Series
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, New York
|isbn=9780230000025}}
*{{cite book
|title=Security and Defence Policy in the European Union
|author=Howorth, Joylon
|edition=Paperback 315pp
|year=2007
|series=The European Union Series
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, New York
|isbn=978-0-333-63912-2}}
*[http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/vital/access/manager/Repository/unige:1407 PhD Thesis on Civilian ESDP - EU Civilian crisis management (University of Geneva, 2008, 441 p. in French)]
*{{cite journal
|title=NeoConOpticon: The EU Security-Industrial Complex
|journal = Statewatch: Newsletter|url=http://www.tni.org/detail_pub.phtml?&know_id=318
|author=Hayes, Ben
|edition=Paperback, 84 pp
|year=2009
|publisher=Transnational Institute/Statewatch
|issn=1756-851X}}
* Giovanni Arcudi & Michael E. Smith (2013). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09662839.2012.747511#preview The European Gendarmerie Force: a solution in search of problems?], ''European Security'', 22(1): 1–20, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09662839.2012.747511#.VJsgs_-AMA DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.747511]
* Teresa Eder (2014). [http://derstandard.at/1389857860322/Welche-Befugnisse-hat-die-Europaeische-Gendarmerietruppe-EGF Welche Befugnisse hat die Europäische Gendarmerietruppe?], ''Der Standard'', 5 Februar 2014.
* Alexander Mattelaer (2008). [http://www.ies.be/files/repo/IES%20working%20paper%205_Alexander%20Mattelaer.pdf ''The Strategic Planning of EU Military Operations – The Case of EUFOR Tchad/RCA''], IES Working Paper 5/2008.
* Benjamin Pohl (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175238/http://euroakadeemia.ee/materjalid/Logic%20of%20the%20EU%20crises%20mang.pdf The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations], ''European Security'', 22(3): 307–325, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09662839.2012.726220#.VI2xNns0-rI DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.726220]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429211047/http://www.diis.dk/sw87465.asp?csref=RSS "The Russo-Georgian War and Beyond: towards a European Great Power Concert"], ''Danish Institute of International Studies''.
* U.S Army Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), [http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/download.cfm?q=1026 ''Operation EUFOR TCHAD/RCA and the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073353/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/download.cfm?q=1026 |date=8 April 2018 }}, U.S. Army War College, October 2010
* Mai'a K. Davis Cross [http://www.press.umich.edu/3250714/security_integration_in_europe "Security Integration in Europe: How Knowledge-based Networks are Transforming the European Union."] University of Michigan Press, 2011.
*{{cite journal
| first =Graham
| last =Butler
|date=2020
| title =The European Defence Union and Denmark's Defence Opt-out: A Legal Appraisal
| journal =European Foreign Affairs Review
| volume =25
| issue =1
| pages =117–150
| doi =10.54648/EERR2020008
| s2cid =216432180
| url =https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/210783649/The_European_Defence_Union_and_Denmarks_defence_opt_out_Published_version_2020.pdf
}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title V: General Provisions on the Union's External Action Service and Specific Provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy#SECTION 2: PROVISIONS ON THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY|Article 42–46 of the Treaty on European Union: Provisions on the Common Security and Defence Policy}}
* {{Official website|https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/common-security-and-defence-policy-csdp_en}}, [[European External Action Service]]
* [https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/area/security-and-defence_en Security and Defence], European External Action Service
* [http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/defence-security/ EU cooperation on security and defence], [[Council of the European Union]]
* [http://www.europeandefenceconcept.eu CFSP operational instrument: A proposed CSDP evolution in the Eurocorps and ESDI in NATO]

{{Common Security and Defence Policy}}
{{European Union topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Common Security and Defence Policy| ]]
[[Category:Military of the European Union| ]]