View source for Central and Eastern Europe

{{Short description|Geographical subregion}}
{{About|the geographical subregion of Europe|the geopolitical subregion of Europe|East-Central Europe}}

'''Central and Eastern Europe''' is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in [[Baltic region|Northeast Europe]] (primarily the [[Baltic states|Baltics]]), [[Central Europe]] (primarily the [[Visegrád Group]]<ref>J. Kim, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary: Recent Developments, CRS 1996, Federation of American Scientists [https://fas.org/man/crs/92-051.htm on-line version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614123958/https://fas.org/man/crs/92-051.htm |date=2015-06-14 }}</ref><ref>J.Winiecki, East-Central Europe: A Regional Survey. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia in 1993, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5 (1994), pp. 709–734</ref>), [[Eastern Europe]], and [[Southeast Europe]] (primarily the [[Balkans]]), usually meaning former [[communist state]]s from the [[Eastern Bloc]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] in [[Europe]], as well as from former [[Yugoslavia]]. Scholarly literature often uses the abbreviations '''CEE''' or '''CEEC''' for this term.<ref>{{cite web |last=Inotai |first=András |url=http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/Article/tabid/191/ArticleType/articleview/ArticleID/21480/language/en-US/Default.aspx |title=BUDAPEST—Ghost of Second-Class Status Haunts Central and Eastern Europe |date=Autumn 2009 |publisher=Europe's World |access-date=2012-09-04 |archive-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112164420/http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/Article/tabid/191/ArticleType/articleview/ArticleID/21480/language/en-US/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Z. Lerman, C. Csaki, and G. Feder, ''Agriculture in Transition: Land Policies and Evolving Farm Structures in Post-Soviet Countries'', Lexington Books, Lanham, MD (2004), see, e.g., Table 1.1, p. 4.</ref><ref>J. Swinnen, ed., ''Political Economy of Agrarian Reform in Central and Eastern Europe'', Ashgate, Aldershot (1997).</ref> The [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) also uses the term "Central and Eastern European Countries" (CEECs) for a group comprising some of these countries. This term is sometimes used as an alternative to the term "Eastern Europe," for more neutral grouping.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mälksoo |first=Maria |date=2019-05-04 |title=The normative threat of subtle subversion: the return of 'Eastern Europe' as an ontological insecurity trope |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314 |journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=365–383 |doi=10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314 |s2cid=159184190 |issn=0955-7571|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Twardzisz |first=Piotr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUVYDwAAQBAJ&dq=east+europe+pejorative&pg=PR7 |title=Defining 'Eastern Europe': A Semantic Inquiry into Political Terminology |date=2018-04-25 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-77374-2 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Derek |date=July 1999 |title=Destination branding, niche marketing and national image projection in Central and Eastern Europe |journal=Journal of Vacation Marketing |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=227–237 |doi=10.1177/135676679900500303 |s2cid=154698941 |issn=1356-7667|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zarycki |first=Tomasz |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315819006/ideologies-eastness-central-eastern-europe-tomasz-zarycki |title=Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe |year=2014 |doi=10.4324/9781315819006|isbn=9781317818571 |s2cid=129401740 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern promise and Western pretension – 09/07/2018 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/my-europe-eastern-promise-and-western-pretension/a-45403613 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=DW |first1=Boris |last1=Kalnoky |language=en}}</ref>

{|
|[[File:European_Regions_EuroVoc_(Denmark_in_Northern_Europe).png|thumb|upright=1.2|European subregions according to [[EuroVoc]]:
<small>{{legend|#E62121|Central and Eastern Europe}}
{{legend|#0076D3|[[Northern Europe]]}}
{{legend|#F6D600|[[Southern Europe]]}}
{{legend|#67E863|[[Western Europe]]}}</small>]]
|[[File:Eastern-Europe-small.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Cold War (1985–1991)|pre-1989]] [[Eastern Bloc]] and [[SFR Yugoslavia]] (orange) superimposed on 2005 [[Boundaries between the continents of Earth#Asia and Europe|European borders]]]]
|}
[[File:Balto-Slavic.svg|thumb|304x304px|The map of the [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic language branch]]]]

==Definitions==
The term ''CEE'' includes the [[Eastern Bloc]] ([[Warsaw Pact]]) countries west of the post-[[World War II]] border with the former Soviet Union; the independent states in former Yugoslavia (which were not considered part of the Eastern bloc); and the three [[Baltic states]] – [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]] (which chose not to join the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] with the other 12 former republics of the USSR).
The CEE countries are further subdivided by their accession status to the [[Enlargement of the European Union|European Union]] (EU): the eight first-wave accession countries that joined the EU on 1 May 2004 ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Poland]], [[Hungary]], and [[Slovenia]]), the two second-wave accession countries that joined on 1 January 2007 ([[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]]) and the third-wave accession country that joined on 1 July 2013 ([[Croatia]]). According to the [[World Bank]] 2008 analysis, the transition to advanced market economies is over for all 10 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ECAEXT/Resources/publications/UnleashingProsperity.pdf |title=Unleashing Prosperity: Productivity Growth in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, D.C. |date=2008 |page=42 |first1=Asad |last1=Alam |first2=Paloma |last2=Anós Casero |first3=Faruk |last3=Khan |first4=Charles |last4=Udomsaph |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164552/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ECAEXT/Resources/publications/UnleashingProsperity.pdf |archive-date= Nov 28, 2018 }}</ref>

The CEE countries include the former socialist states, which extend east of [[Austria]], [[Germany]] ([[old states of Germany|western part]]), and [[Italy]]; north of [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] ([[East Thrace|European part]]); south of [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]]; and west of [[Belarus]], [[Moldova]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]]:
{|class=wikitable
!Country!!{{flag|European Union}}!!{{flag|NATO}}!!Notes
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}||{{n/a|[[Enlargement of the European Union|Candidate negotiating]]}}||align=center|[[Member states of NATO|Member state]]||
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||{{n/a|[[Enlargement of the European Union|Candidate]]}}||{{n/a|[[Enlargement of NATO|Membership Action Plan]]}}||
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||align=center|[[Member state of the European Union|Member state]]||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra>{{Cite web |title=CEE countries |date=9 August 2011 |url=http://www.weastra.com/cee-countries/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906013116/http://www.weastra.com/cee-countries/ |archive-date=Sep 6, 2022 |website=Weastra}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|''{{flag|Kosovo}}''||{{n/a|[[Enlargement of the European Union|Applicant]]}}||{{n/a}}||[[International recognition of Kosovo|Partially recognized state]]
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Montenegro}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||align=center|Member state||
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||{{n/a|[[Individual Partnership Action Plan]]}}||
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}||align=center|Member state||align=center|Member state||<ref name=weastra/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
!colspan=5|
|-
|''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||[[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Partially recognized state]]<ref>{{Abkhazia note}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a|Individual Partnership Action Plan}}||Member state of [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] and [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]]
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a|Individual Partnership Action Plan}}||Member state of CIS
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||Member state of CIS and CSTO
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}||{{n/a|Candidate}}||{{n/a|[[Enlargement of NATO|Intensified Dialogue]]}}||
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||{{n/a|Individual Partnership Action Plan}}||Member state of CIS
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||Member state of CIS and CSTO
|-
|''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||[[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Partially recognized state]]<ref>{{South Ossetia-note}}</ref>
|-
|''{{flag|Transnistria}}''||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||[[International recognition of Transnistria|Partially recognized state]]<ref>{{Transnistria note}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}||{{n/a|Candidate negotiating}}||{{n/a|Intensified Dialogue}}||
|}

According to the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], "Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) is an OECD term for the group of countries comprising Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and the three Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania."<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=303|title= Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) Definition |website=OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms |publisher=OECD Statistics |date=November 2, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025073423/http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=303 |archive-date= Oct 25, 2022 }}</ref>

The term ''Central and Eastern Europe'' (abbreviated ''CEE'') has displaced the alternative term ''[[East-Central Europe]]'' in the context of [[transition economy|transition countries]], mainly because the abbreviation ''ECE'' is ambiguous: it commonly stands for ''[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|Economic Commission for Europe]]'', rather than ''East-Central Europe''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/|title=UNECE Homepage|website= unece.org}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Europe|Geography}}
*[[Baltic states]]
*[[Caucasus]]
*[[Central and Eastern European Online Library]]
*[[Central Europe]]
*[[East-Central Europe]]
*[[Eastern Europe]]
*[[Eastern European Group]]
*[[Eastern Partnership]]
*[[European Union]]
*[[EuroVoc#Central and Eastern Europe|EuroVoc]]
*[[Regions of Europe]]
*[[Southeast Europe]]
*[[Three Seas Initiative]]
*[[Visegrád Group]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{European Union topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Europe topics (small)}}
{{Regions of the world}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regions of Europe]]
[[Category:Geographical neologisms]]
[[Category:Central Europe]]
[[Category:Southeastern Europe]]
[[Category:Eastern Europe]]