View source for Caló language

{{Refimprove|date=December 2023}}
{{Confusing|date=May 2022|reason=Unclear about how many varieties of Caló there are, writing is inconsistent}}
{{about|the Caló language spoken by Romani people in Iberia|the argot spoken by Mexican-Americans|Caló (Chicano)}}
{{short description|Mixed Iberian-Romani language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Caló 
|states= [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], south of [[France]]
|region=
|speakers=60,000 ([[First language|L1]] in Spain and Portugal)
|date=2015
|ref=e18
|familycolor = mixed
|family = [[mixed language|mixed]] [[Romani language|Romani]]–[[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian Romance]]
|iso3=rmq
|linglist=rmq.html
|glotto=calo1236
|glottorefname=Caló
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Caló''' ({{IPA|es|kaˈlo|lang}}; {{IPA|ca|kəˈlo|lang}}; {{IPA|gl|kaˈlɔ|lang}}; {{IPA|pt|kɐˈlɔ|lang}}) is a language spoken by the [[Gitanos|Spanish]] and [[Romani people in Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Romani people|Romani]] ethnic groups. It is a [[mixed language]] (referred to as a [[Para-Romani]] language in Romani [[linguistics]]) based on [[Iberian Romance languages|Romance grammar]], with an [[Stratum (linguistics)#Adstratum|adstratum]] of Romani lexical items,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmq|title=Caló|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> through [[language shift]] by the Romani community. It is said to be used as an [[argot]], or a secret language, for discreet communication amongst Iberian Romani. [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and Spanish {{lang|rmq|caló}} are closely related varieties that share a common root.<ref name=Adiego>Adiego, I. ''Un vocabulario español-gitano del Marqués de Sentmenat (1697–1762)'' Ediciones Universitat de Barcelona (2002) {{ISBN|84-8338-333-0}}</ref>

Spanish caló, or Spanish Romani, was originally known as {{lang|es|zincaló}}. Portuguese {{lang|pt|caló}}, or Portuguese Romani, also goes by the term {{lang|pt|lusitano-romani}}; it used to be referred to as {{lang|pt|calão}}, but this word has since acquired the general sense of [[jargon]] or [[slang]], often with a negative undertone (cf. {{lang|pt|baixo calão}}, 'obscene language', lit. low-level {{lang|pt|calão}}).

The language is also spoken in [[Brazil]], [[France]], [[Venezuela]], [[Portugal]] and [[Colombia]].<ref>[https://omniglot.com/writing/calo.htm Caló language and alphabet - Omniglot]</ref>

Some Caló expressions have been borrowed into modern Spanish ''jerga'' (slang), such as ''[[wiktionary:camelar|camelar]]'' (to seduce), ''[[wikt:currar|currar]]'' (to work) and ''dar lache'' (to cringe in shame or embarrassment). <ref>[https://eldiariohumano.com/lache/ Spanish slang dictionary]</ref><ref> [https://theconversation.com/camelar-currar-y-dar-lache-las-palabras-del-calo-en-el-espanol-225397 The conversation (in Spanish):Camelar, currar y dar lache: las palabras del caló en el español]</ref>

==Etymology==
{{lang|rmq|Calé}} is the [[endonym]] of the Romani people in Iberia, and {{lang|rmq|caló}} means 'the language spoken by the {{lang|rmq|calé}}'. However, the {{lang|rmq|calé}} are commonly known in Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries by the [[exonym]]s {{lang|pt|ciganos}} and {{lang|es|gitanos}}.

In {{lang|rmq|caló}} and other varieties of [[Romani language|Romani]], {{lang|rmq|kalo}} means 'black' or 'absorbing all light',<ref>[https://glosbe.com/rom/en/kalo ''Glosbe'' 2013, Dictionary/Romany-English Dictionary/kalo] (23 September 2016).</ref> hence closely resembling words for 'black' and/or 'dark' in [[Indo-Aryan languages]]  (e.g. [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|काल}} {{lang|sa-Latn|kāla}} 'black', 'of a dark colour'). Hence {{lang|rmq|caló}} and {{lang|rmq|calé}} may have originated as ancient exonyms. 

==Linguistic features==

===Phonology===
Caló has six vowels:<ref name=Adiego/>
{|class="wikitable"
! 
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! '''[[Close vowel|Close]]'''
| align=center | {{IPA link|i}}
|
| align=center | {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! '''[[Mid vowel|Mid]]'''
| align=center | {{IPA link|e̞}}
| align=center | {{IPA link|ə}}
| align=center | {{IPA link|o̞}}
|-
! '''[[Open vowel|Open]]'''
| align=center |
| align=center | {{IPA link|a}}
| align=center | 
|}

It has the following consonant inventory:<ref name=Adiego/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" 
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Plosive]]
| {{IPA link|p}}⠀{{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|t}}⠀{{IPA link|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}⠀{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}⠀{{IPA link|d͡z}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}⠀{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
![[Flap consonant|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}

Notable phonological features of Iberian Caló are:<ref name=Adiego/>
* the loss of the distinction between aspirated {{IPA|/pʰ tʰ kʰ tʃʰ/}}, unaspirated {{IPA|/p t k tʃ/}} and voiced {{IPA|/b d ɡ dʒ/}}.
* the merger of {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/v/}} – [[betacism]].
* [[affrication]] of {{IPA|/t d/}} to {{IPA|/tʃ dʒ/}} before the [[front vowel]]s {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e̞/}} cf. [[Brazilian Portuguese]] {{IPA|/ti/}}, {{IPA|/di/}} > {{IPA|[tʃi ~ tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[dʒi ~ dʑi]}}.

===Samples===
Spanish Romani:
:{{lang|rmq|Y sasta se hubiese catanado sueti baribustri, baribustri, y abillasen solictos á ó de los fores, os penó por parabola: Manu chaló abri á chibar desqueri simiente: y al chibarle, yeque aricata peró sunparal al drun, y sinaba hollada, y la jamáron as patrias e Charos. Y aver peró opré bar: y pur se ardiñó, se secó presas na terelaba humedad. Y aver peró andré jarres, y as jarres, sos ardiñáron sat siró, la mulabáron. Y aver peró andré pu lachi: y ardiñó, y diñó mibao á ciento por yeque. Penado ocono, se chibó á penar á goles: Coin terela canes de junelar, junele.}}
:[[Parable of the Sower]], [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], 8, 4–8, as published by [[George Borrow]] in 1838<ref name="SociedadBíblica">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070115152743/http://img.forministry.com/B/B8/B8EA8ADD-FCF4-491A-9BC86982189D33F4/DOC/PV13_Biblia_en_accion.pdf Biblia en acción], ''JORGE BORROW: Un inglés al encuentro de lo Español''.</ref>
Compare with a Spanish version:
:{{lang|es|Cuando una gran multitud se reunió y personas de cada ciudad fueron donde Jesús, Él les habló con una parábola. «Un campesino salió a sembrar su semilla. Al sembrar algunas cayeron en la carretera; fueron pisoteadas y se las comieron los pájaros del cielo. Otras semillas cayeron encima de la roca, tan pronto como crecieron se secaron porque no tenían humedad. Otras cayeron entre los espinos, y los espinos crecieron con éstas y las sofocaron. Otras cayeron en tierra buena; crecieron y dieron fruto, cien veces más.» Después de decir estas cosas gritó, «¡Aquel que tiene oídos para escuchar, que escuche!»}}<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812184607/http://de.geocities.com/nuestroamigojesus/bdp/lucas-libro.html Traducción de dominio público abierta a mejoras]'' derived from the [[World English Bible]].</ref>

====The Lord's Prayer====
The [[Lord's Prayer]] has often been used as a [[parallel text]]:

Spanish Caló:
:{{lang|rmq|Amaro Dada, oté andré o Tarpe, majarificable sinele tun nao.  Abillele tun chim.  Sinele querdi tun pesquital andré a jolili, sasta andré o Tarpe. Diñamangue achibes amaro manro de cada chibes. Y amangue ertina amarias visabas, andiar sasta mu ertinamos á os sares, sos debisarelen amangue buchi.  Y na enseeles amangue andré o chungalo y choro.}}
: Luke, 11, 2-4, [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29470/29470-h/29470-h.htm Embéo e Majaró Lucas], translated by George Borrow, 1837.

Lovara Balkans Romani:
:{{lang|rom|Amaro Dat, kai san ando rhaio, te avel cho anav ankerdo Swunto. Chi amperetsia te avel, chi voia te kerdiol pe phuv sar ando rhaio. De amen adies amaro manrho sar swako dies. Iertisar amare bezexa; sar vi ame iertis kodolen kai keren bezexa karing amende. Na mek ame te zhas ando zumaimos; numa skepisar ame katar o nasul iek.}}
: Luke, 11, 2-4, [https://jesusfellowship.uk/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi?SEARCH=++&CASE=ON&HILITE=ON&FIRST=OK&R1=I&BIBLE=Romani+NT&BOOK=42&CHAP=11&SUBMIT=Read Romani (Gypsy) New Testament: E Lashi Viasta]. Ruth Modrow, 1984.

Spanish:
:{{lang|es|Padre nuestro que estás en los cielos: Santificado sea tu nombre; venga tu reino; sea hecha tu voluntad, como en el cielo, así también en la tierra. el pan nuestro de cada día, dánoslo hoy; y perdónanos nuestros pecados porque también nosotros perdonamos a todos los que nos deben. Y no nos metas en tentación, mas líbranos del mal.}}
: Luke, 11, 2-4, [https://jesusfellowship.uk/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi?SEARCH=++&CASE=ON&HILITE=ON&FIRST=OK&R1=I&BIBLE=Spanish&BOOK=42&CHAP=11&SUBMIT=Read Spanish Bible]: [[Reina-Valera]] 1569, revised 1960.

==Loans==

===Spanish===
Many Caló terms have been borrowed in Spanish (especially as [[slang]]isms and [[colloquialism]]s), often through [[Flamenco|flamenco lyrics]] and [[criminal jargon]] ({{lang|es|[[germanía]]}}).

Examples are {{lang|es|gachó/gachí}} ("man/woman", from ''[[gadji|gadjo/gadji]]''), {{lang|es|chaval}} ("boy", originally "son", also present in English as ''[[chav]]''<ref>{{lang|es|[[Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana]]}}, vol. II, p. 39. [[Joan Corominas]], Francke Verlag, Bern, 1954. {{ISBN|978-84-249-1361-8}}.</ref>), {{lang|es|parné}} ("money"), {{lang|es|currelar}} or {{lang|es|currar}} ("to work"), {{lang|es|fetén}} ("excellent"), {{lang|es|pinreles}} ("feet"), {{lang|es|biruji}} ("cold"),  {{lang|es|churumbel}} ("boy"), {{lang|es|gilí}} ("silly, stupid"), {{lang|es|chachi}} ("outstanding, genuine"), {{lang|es|(un)debel}} or {{lang|es|debla}} ("god/goddess"), {{lang|es|mengue}} ("demon"), {{lang|es|chorar}} or{{lang|es|chorrar}} in Spain ("to steal", also present in English slang as ''to chaw''), {{lang|es|molar}} ("to be appealing to someone"), {{lang|es|piltra}} ("bed"), {{lang|es|acais}} ("eyes"), {{lang|es|chola}} ("head"), {{lang|es|jeró}} ("face"), {{lang|es|napia}} ("nose"), {{lang|es|muí}} ("mouth"), {{lang|es|lache}} ("shame"), {{lang|es|pitingo}} ("vain"), {{lang|es|chungo}} ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), {{lang|es|guripa}} ("cheeky, soldier"), {{lang|es|ful}} ("fake"), {{lang|es|paripé}} ("pretence, white lie"), {{lang|es|juncal}} ("slender, graceful"), {{lang|es|pure}} or {{lang|es|pureta}} ("old"), {{lang|es|sobar}} ("to sleep"), {{lang|es|quer}} or {{lang|es|queli}} ("house"), {{lang|es|garito}} ("house, gambling den"), {{lang|es|jalar}} ("to eat with great apetite"), {{lang|es|cate}} ("hit"), {{lang|es|jiñar}} ("to defecate, to fear"), {{lang|es|diñar}} ("to give, to die"), {{lang|es|palmar}} ("to die"), {{lang|es|chinarse}} ("to get upset"), {{lang|es|langui}} ("lame"), {{lang|es|chalado}} or {{lang|es|pirado}} ("crazy"), {{lang|es|pirarse}} ("to leave", "to make oneself scarce"), {{lang|es|changar}} ("to break"), {{lang|es|chivarse}} ("to denounce ''sb'', to squeal"), {{lang|es|chivato}} ("informer"), {{lang|es|hacerse el longuis}} ("to pretend to be absent-minded"), ''pringar'' ("to get ''sb'' mixed up, to overdo"), {{lang|es|chingar}} ("to have sexual relations, to bother"), {{lang|es|chinorri}} ("little"), {{lang|es|najar}} ("to flee"), {{lang|es|privar}} ("drink, to drink"), {{lang|es|mangar}} ("to steal"), {{lang|es|nanay}} ("no way, there isn't"), {{lang|es|chorizo}} ("thief"), {{lang|es|achantar}} ("to intimidate"), {{lang|es|pispar}} ("to nick"), {{lang|es|birlar}} ("to nick"), {{lang|es|achanta la muí}} ("shut your mouth"), {{lang|es|canguelo}} or {{lang|es|cangueli}} ("fear"), {{lang|es|cañí}} ("Romani person"), {{lang|es|calé}} ("Romani person"), {{lang|es|caló}} ("language of the [[Romani people|Iberian Kale]]"), {{lang|es|calas}} ("money"), {{lang|es|curda}} ("drunkenness"), {{lang|es|menda}} ("myself"), and {{lang|es|galochi}} ("heart"), payo ("non-Romani person, fool, easy to cheat").<ref>[http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=118&Itemid=273&lang=ca Aportacions gitanes al castellà] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022230/http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=118&Itemid=273&lang=ca |date=2011-07-22 }}.</ref>

Some words underwent a shift in meaning in the process: {{lang|es|camelar}} ([[etymology|etymologically]] related to [[Sanskrit]] ''[[kāma]]'', "love, desire") in [[colloquial]] Spanish has the meaning of "to woo, to seduce, to deceive by adulation" (but also "to love", "to want"; although this sense has fallen into disuse),<ref name="DRAE">''[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=camelar camelar]'' in the ''[[Diccionario de la Real Academia]]'',</ref> but in Caló it more closely matches the Spanish meanings of {{lang|es|querer}} ("to want" and "to love"). In addition {{lang|es|camelar}} and the noun {{lang|es|camelo}} can also mean either "lie" or "con".

Caló also appears to have influenced Madrid slang {{lang|es-ES|[[cheli]]}} and [[quinqui]], the language of another Iberian group of travellers who are not ethnically Romani.
{{lang|es-ES|[[Gacería]]}}, a [[cant (language)|cant]] spoken by makers of agricultural equipment in a village of [[Segovia (province)|Segovia]], also derives some words from Caló.

===Catalan===
To a lesser extent than in Spanish, Caló terms have also been adapted into Catalan as [[slang]]isms and [[colloquialism]]s, most of which were taken adopted from Spanish slang.

Examples are {{lang|ca|halar}} ({{IPA|ca|həˈla|pron}} or {{IPA|ca|xəˈla|}}; "to eat"), {{lang|ca|xaval}} ("boy"), {{lang|ca|dinyar(-la)}} ("to die"), {{lang|ca|palmar(-la)}} ("to die"), {{lang|ca|cangueli}} ("fear"), {{lang|ca|paio}} ("non-Romani person"), {{lang|ca|calés}} ("money"), {{lang|ca|caló}} ("language of the [[Romani people|Iberian Kale]]"), {{lang|ca|cangrí}} ("prison"), {{lang|ca|pispar}} ("to nick"), {{lang|ca|birlar}} ("to nick"), {{lang|ca|xorar}} ("to steal"), {{lang|ca|mangar}} ("to steal"), {{lang|ca|molar}} ("to like"), {{lang|ca|pringar}} ("to get ''sb'' mixed up, to overdo"), {{lang|ca|pirar(-se)}} ("to leave, to make oneself scarce"), {{lang|ca|sobar}} ("to sleep"), {{lang|ca|privar}} ("drink, to drink"), ("pleb"), {{lang|ca|laxe}} ("shame"), {{lang|ca|catipén}} ("stink"), {{lang|ca|xaxi}} ("outstanding, genuine"), {{lang|ca|xivar-se'n}} ("to denounce ''sb'', to squeal"), {{lang|ca|xivato}} ("informer"), {{lang|ca|xinar(-se)}} ("to get upset"), {{lang|ca|fer el llonguis}} (lit. "Do a long one" fig. "to pretend to be thick/slow") and {{lang|ca|potra}} ("luck").<ref>[http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=120&Itemid=275&lang=ca Aportacions gitanes al català] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022245/http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=120&Itemid=275&lang=ca |date=2011-07-22 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.edu3.cat/Edu3tv/Fitxa?p_id=23242 El català dels gitanos]. ''Caçadors de Paraules'' (TV3, edu3.cat).</ref>

===Portuguese===
There are a small number of words of Caló (Calão) origin and many of those are indirect loans, borrowed via [[Spanish language|Spanish]].

The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Portuguese include {{lang|pt|gajo}} ({{IPA|pt|ˈɡaʒu|pron}}, "man, dude", primarily in Portugal),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/gajão|title=gajão|first=Priberam Informática|last=S.A|website=Dicionário Priberam}}</ref> {{lang|pt|chavalo}} ("lad, young boy"), chunga ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), chibar-se ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), chibo ("informer"),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/chavalo|title=Chavalo|first=Priberam Informática|last=S.A|website=Dicionário Priberam}}</ref> {{lang|pt|baque}} ({{IPA|pt|ˈbaki|}}, {{IPA|pt|ˈbakɨ|}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/baque|title=Baque|website=Michaelis On-Line}}</ref> generally "impact", but in this sense "sudden happiness"),  {{lang|pt|pileque}} ({{IPA|pt|piˈlɛki|}}, {{IPA|pt|piˈlɛk(ɨ)|}}, "drunkenness"),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/pileque/|title=Pileque|website=Michaelis On-Line}}</ref> {{lang|pt|chulé}} ("bad smell of feet),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/Chul%C3%A9+/|title=Chulé|website=Michaelis On-Line}}</ref> {{lang|pt|pirar-se}} ("to leave"),<ref name="michaelis.uol.com.br">{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/busca?r=0&f=0&t=0&palavra=Pirar|title=Pirar|website=Michaelis On-Line}}</ref> {{lang|pt|pirado}} and {{lang|pt|chalado}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/chalado|title=Chalado|first=Priberam Informática|last=S.A|website=Dicionário Priberam}}</ref> ("crazy").<ref name="michaelis.uol.com.br"/><ref>[https://lordcesarvalentine.blogspot.com.br/2010/05/mundo-cigano.html Suplemento do léxico cigano]. Mundo Cigano.</ref>

==Language maintenance==
[[File:Caló (Spanish Romani) lessons in a public library in Barcelona.jpg|thumb|Lessons in Caló and Iberian Romani offered in a Barcelona library]]
There is a growing awareness and appreciation for Caló: "...until the recent work by Luisa Rojo, in the [[Autonomous University of Madrid]], not even the linguistics community recognized the significance and problems of Caló and its world."<ref>[http://ibs.lgu.ac.uk/forum/luri.htm The Responsibility of Linguist and the Basque Case] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120151324/http://ibs.lgu.ac.uk/forum/luri.htm |date=2005-11-20 }}</ref> Its world includes songs, poetry and flamenco.

As Iberian Romani proper is extinct and as Caló is endangered, some people are trying to [[Language revitalization|revitalise]] the language. The Spanish politician [[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]] promotes Romanò-Kalò, a variant of [[Romani language standardization|International Romani]], enriched by Caló words.<ref name="CursoRamírez">[https://unionromani.org/notis/2006/noti2006-12-29a.htm ''"Unión Romaní imparte el primer curso de romanò-kalò"''], Union Romani, 29 December 2006</ref> His goal is to reunify the Caló and Romani roots.

==Literature==
In 1838, the first edition of ''Embéo E Majaró Lucas''<ref name="Lucas">[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29470 Embéo e Majaró Lucas by George Borrow] at [[Project Gutenberg]].</ref> translated by [[George Borrow]] was published and began to be distributed in [[Madrid]]. This was Borrow's translation of the [[Gospel of Luke]] into Caló.<ref>[http://georgeborrow.org/literature/theGypsyLuke.html Embéo E Majaró Lucas] - further details are given in the page on the website of the [http://georgeborrow.org/ George Borrow Society].</ref> A revision of this was printed in 1872.

==See also==
* [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]]
* [[Erromintxela]]
* [[Germanía]]
* [[Gitanos]]
* ''[[The Zincali]]: An Account of the Gypsies of Spain''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Category:Spanish terms derived from Caló}}
{{wiktionary|Category:Caló language}}
{{wikisource|es:Diccionario gitano}}
{{incubator|rmq|wiktionary}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081118084018/http://www.geocities.com/webromany/notas_gramaticales/dos_ejemplos/the_romany_language_in_spain.html The Romany language in Spain]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509104228/http://www.unionromani.org/ftp/idioma05.asc Romanò-Kalò (As promoted by Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia)] 
* [http://dirae.es/palabras/?q=%22del%20cal%C3%B3%22 List of Spanish words from Caló] in the ''[[Diccionario de la Real Academia Española]]''.

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