View source for Brazilian currency

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Nota de 200 reais (imagem 2).jpg|thumb|A collection of [[Brazilian real|R$]]200 banknotes]]
There have been nine different units of '''Brazilian currency''' in sequence over the country's history:<ref name=brbc2005/><ref name=newy1886/><ref name=rusXXXX/><ref name=kraus1991/><ref name=pick1994/> the Portuguese and first Brazilian real (plural '''réis'''); 3 different types of cruzeiros; the cruzado; the novo cruzado; the cruzeiro real, and since 1994, the second incarnation of the [[Brazilian real]] (plural '''reais'''), with the symbol '''R$''' and the [[ISO 4217|ISO code]] '''BRL'''.

== Historical currencies ==
[[File:Moedas do Brasil holandês no Museu Histórico Nacional (2024-10-26) 02.jpg|300px|thumb|Dutch Brazil's emergency coinage were the first ever coins minted in Brazilian territory, and the first coins with the name "Brasil" inscribed.]]
[[File:100-cruzeiros-1964-anverso.png|thumb|right|[[Brazilian cruzeiro (1942–1967)|₢$]]100 (100 cruzeiros — 1st cruzeiro)]]
[[File:100-cruzeiros-1984-anverso.png|thumb|right|[[Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)|NCr$]]100 (100 cruzeiros)<br/>(2nd cruzeiro - second family, issued between 1981 and 1984)]]
[[File:100-cruzados-1987-anverso.png|thumb|right|[[Brazilian cruzado|Cz$]]100 (100 cruzados)]]
[[File:100-cruzeiros-carimbo-1990-anverso.png|thumb|right|[[Brazilian cruzado novo|NCz$]]100 (100 cruzados novos, overstamped Cr$100 note)]]
[[File:100-cruzeiros-1990-anverso.png|thumb|right|[[Brazilian cruzeiro (1990–1993)|Cr$]]100 (100 cruzeiros – 3rd cruzeiro)]]
[[File:100-cruzeiros-reais-carimbo-1993-anverso.png|thumb|right|[[Brazilian cruzeiro real|CR$]]100 (100 cruzeiros reais, overstamped Cr$100,000 note)]]

While Portuguese settlers used Réis coins from Portugal, [[Dutch Brazil|Dutch settlers]] occupying Northeastern Brazil used [[Dutch guilder|guilders]]. In 1645, the colony faced an economic crisis and, with a lack of financial support from the mainland and the need to pay for troops fighting Portuguese settlers, the local Dutch administration struck the first ever coins in Brazilian land, repurposing gold coming from the [[Dutch Guinea]].<ref name="anais-mhn">{{ cite web | url=https://anaismhn.museus.gov.br/index.php/amhn/issue/view/6 | title=O meio circulante no Brasil holandês | language=pt-br | trans-title=The circulating medium in Dutch Brazil | first=Edgar de Araújo | last=Romero | year=1940 | pages=23–30 | publisher=[[National Historical Museum (Brazil)|National Historical Museum]] | journal=Anais do Museu Histórico Nacional | volume=1 | access-date=28 October 2024 }}</ref> A few years later, in 1654, in an increasingly worse situation, coins were again minted to pay off debt, but this time with silver from the administrators' own coffers.<ref name="anais-mhn"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical currencies of Brazil 
! Introduction !! Withdrawal !! Duration !! Name !! Symbol !! ISO !!  Conversion !! Notes
|-
| — 
| — 
| — 
| Portuguese [[Portuguese real|Real]] 
| rowspan="2" | Rs{{efn|name=cifrao|[[File:Capa O Cruzeiro nº 1 de 10 nov 1928.png|thumb|right|Cover from the Brazilian magazine ''O Cruzeiro'' ("The Southern Cross") from 1928, showing the price as "1{{dollar2}}", that is, 1000 réis.]]}}
| 
| N/A 
| In the [[Portuguese Empire]] and in Brazil until 1942, the symbol "Rs" or "Rs." was prefixed to the amount, and additionally the double-stroke dollar sign "{{dollar2}}" (''cifrão'') was used as a thousands separator in amounts greater than 999 réis.  If the last three digits were "000", they would sometimes be omitted.  If the ''cifrão'' was present, the "Rs." was commonly omitted too. Thus "Rs 123{{dollar2}}500" meant "{{thinspace|123|500}} réis", and "123{{dollar2}}" meant "{{thinspace|123|000}}" réis.
|-
| 12 October 1822 || <ref name=dro1942/> || {{time interval|1822-10-12|1942-11-01|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian real (old)|Real]] (old, [[Plural|pl.]] ''réis'') || || = 1 Portuguese real || There isn't an official or exact date for the transition from ''Portuguese'' réis to ''Brazilian'' réis. [[Independence of Brazil|Brazil became independent]] on 12 October 1822, and the first coin minted in the new country, known as the [[:pt:Peça da coroação|coronation piece]], was minted in that same year (1822), exclusively tn Brazil, to commemorate [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]]'s coronation.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.moedasdobrasil.com.br/moedas/catalogo.asp?s=112&xm=719 | title=Moedas do Brasil - Catálogo | first=Eduardo | last=Rezende | website=Moedas do Brasil | access-date=8 July 2021 }}</ref> While the Portuguese real may have continued to be legal tender in Brazil, the Brazilian real became a separate currency at that point.
|-
| 1 November 1942<ref name=dro1942/> || <ref name=brcmn1967/>  || {{time interval|1942-11-01|1967-02-13|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1942–1967)|Cruzeiro]] (first) || Cr${{efn|name=crsymbol|[[File:Cruzeiros 13 stamp on Corriere dei Piccoli 1960-08-21.png|thumb|right|Detail from cover of an Italian magazine bought in Brazil in 1960, stamped with the price tag "Cr$ 13,00" using the double-stroke dollar sign.]]The official symbol of the first cruzeiro, as per the 1942 decree, was "Cr $" — with two separate letters, a space, and a single-stroke dollar sign. However, the space was often omitted, and the two-stroke dollar sign "{{dollar2}}", previously used for the real, was often used. Also, some typewriters and typefaces had a "[[Cruzeiro sign|₢]]" ligature that was occasionally used in place of the "Cr".<ref name=smcor2020/>}} || || = 1,000 réis ||
|-
| 13 February 1967<ref name=brcmn1967/>  || 30 June 1972<ref name=brcb1970/> || {{time interval|1967-02-13|1970-05-15|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)|Cruzeiro novo]] || NCr${{efn|name=crsymbol}} || || = 1,000 cruzeiros ||
|-
| 15 May 1970<ref name=brcb1970/> ||  || {{time interval|1970-05-15|1986-02-27|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)|Cruzeiro]] (second) || Cr${{efn|name=crsymbol}} || BRB || = 1 cruzeiro novo || Change of name of the cruzeiro novo. Not a new currency.<ref>{{ cite web | url=https://normativos.bcb.gov.br/Lists/Normativos/Attachments/40437/Res_0144_v1_O.pdf| title=Resolução nº 144 do Conselho Monetário Nacional | language=pt-br | trans-title= Resolution CMN 144 | publisher=[[Central Bank of Brazil]] | access-date=26 March 2022 |quote=A partir de 15 de maio de 1970, a unidade do sistema monetário brasileiro passará a denominar-se CRUZEIRO e terá como símbolo a expressão Cr$. ('Starting May 15th, 1970, the Brazilian monetary unit will be renamed the cruzeiro and its symbol will be Cr$')}}</ref>
|-
| 27 February 1986 ||  || {{time interval|1986-02-27|1989-01-15|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian cruzado|Cruzado]] || Cz$ || BRC || = 1,000 cruzeiros ||
|-
| 15 January 1989 ||  || {{time interval|1989-01-15|1990-03-16|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian cruzado novo|Cruzado novo]] || NCz$ || BRN || = 1,000 cruzados ||
|-
| 16 March 1990 ||  || {{time interval|1990-03-16|1993-07-31|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1990–1993)|Cruzeiro]] (third) || Cr${{efn|name=crsymbol}} || BRE || = 1 cruzado novo ||
|-
| 1 August 1993 ||  || {{time interval|1993-08-01|1994-07-01|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian cruzeiro real|Cruzeiro real]] || CR$ || BRR || = 1,000 cruzeiros ||
|-
| 1 July 1994 || (still in use) || {{time interval|1994-07-01|{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}|abbr=on}} || [[Brazilian real|Real]] (new, [[Plural|pl.]] ''reais'') || R$ || BRL || = 2,750 cruzeiros reais ||
|}

Note that the dates of various currencies overlap.  For example, the cruzeiro novo was still legal tender for 2 years after the second cruzeiro was introduced.

Not considering [[inflation]], one modern Brazilian real is equivalent to 2,750,000,000,000,000,000 times the old real, that is, {{val|2.75e18}} (2.75 [[quintillion]]) réis.

Before leaving Brazil in 1821, the Portuguese royal court withdrew all the [[bullion]] currency it could from banks in exchange for what would become worthless bond notes;<ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/htms/odinheiro.asp?frame=1 | title=O Dinheiro no Brasil - do Descobrimento ao Reino Unido | language=pt-br | trans-title=Money in Brazil - from Discovery to United Kingdom | author=Museu de Valores do Banco Central | publisher=[[Central Bank of Brazil]] | access-date=8 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1995/9/08/folhinha/7.html | title=Rei levou dinheiro do Banco do Brasil | language=pt-br | trans-title=King took Bank of Brazil's money | website=[[Folha de S.Paulo]] | date=8 September 1995 | access-date=8 July 2021 }}</ref>

== Banknotes ==
[[File:Notas-brasileiras-100.png|thumb|Every historical Brazilian banknote with a face value of 100]]
The following tables indicate what banknotes were present in each of the currencies of Brazil, except for the provisional issues of banknotes to exchange gold in the colonial period:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Legend
! Symbol !! Meaning
|-
| {{ya}} || Currency had a banknote with this face value
|-
| {{na}} || Currency did not have a banknote with this face value
|-
| {{MaybeCheck}} || Currency had legal tender with this face value<br>in the form of an overstamped banknote<br>from the previous currency
|-
| {{nan}} || Currency had a project to launch a banknote, but it never came into circulation
|}

{|class=wikitable
|-
! <sub>Currency</sub>\<sup>Face value</sup> !! 0.01 !! 0.05 !! 0.10 !! 0.50 !! 1 !! 2 !! 5 !! 10 !! 20 !! 50 !! 100 !! 200 !! 500 !! 1K !! 2K !! 5K !! 10K !! 20K !! 30K !! 50K !! 100K !! 200K !! 500K !! 1 million !! 5 million
|-
| [[Brazilian real (old)|Real]] (old)
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{nan}}
|-
| [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1942–1967)|Cruzeiro]] (1st)
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| [[Brazilian cruzeiro novo|Cruzeiro novo]]
| {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)|Cruzeiro]] (2nd)
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{nan}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| [[Brazilian cruzado|Cruzado]]
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{nan}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| [[Brazilian cruzado novo|Cruzado novo]]
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1990–1993)|Cruzeiro]] (3rd)
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{nan}} || {{nan}}
|-
| [[Brazilian cruzeiro real|Cruzeiro real]]
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{nan}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| [[Brazilian real|Real]] (new)
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|}

No single face value has been present in all historical Brazilian banknotes. For example, a face value of 100 is missing from the [[Brazilian real (old)|old real]] (as its lowest denomination of banknote is 500 Rs) and from the provisional [[Brazilian cruzeiro novo|cruzeiro novo]] (as its only banknotes were overstamps of the first cruzeiro, and the highest denomination was NCr$10). It is, however, present in all the other currencies.

== Coins ==
The following tables indicate what coins were present in each of the currencies of Brazil, with the exception of [[Brazilian real (old)|réis]]:{{efn|
The following face values of réis coins were minted: 5, 10, 20, 37.5, 40, 50, 75, 80, 100, 160, 200, 300, 320, 400, 500, 640, 800, 960, 1000, 1200, 2000, 4000, 5000, 6400, 10,000 and 20,000}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Legend
! Symbol !! Meaning
|-
| {{ya}} || Currency had a circulating coin with this face value
|-
| {{na}} || Currency did not have any coin with this face value
|-
| {{yan}} || Currency had legal tender with this face value<br>in the form of a non-circulating commemorative coin
|-
| {{MaybeCheck}} || The currency took advantage of coins of the previous standard was issued coins in such values
|-
| {{nan}} || Currency had a project to launch a coin, but it never came into circulation
|}

{{Scrolling table/top | first=<sub>Currency</sub>\<sup>Face value</sup>
 | [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1942–1967)|Cruzeiro]] (1st)
 | [[Brazilian cruzeiro novo|Cruzeiro novo]]
 | [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)|Cruzeiro]] (2nd)
 | [[Brazilian cruzado|Cruzado]]
 | [[Brazilian cruzado novo|Cruzado novo]]
 | [[Brazilian cruzeiro (1990–1993)|Cruzeiro]] (3rd)
 | [[Brazilian cruzeiro real|Cruzeiro real]]
 | [[Brazilian real|Real]] (new)
}}
{{Scrolling table/mid}}
! 0.01 !! 0.02 !! 0.05 !! 0.10 !! 0.20 !! 0.25 !! 0.50 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 10 !! 20 !! 50 !! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 500 !! 1,000 !! 2,000 !! 5,000
|-
| {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{yan}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{yan}} {{efn|Although the 100-cruzado coin issued in 1988 was issued for "common circulation", its coinage in three 200,000-piece models was too small for circulation purposes. The silver 20-cruzeiro coin issued in 1972 had a coinage almost as large as the sum of the coins of the three 100-cruzado models issued in 1988 and did not serve the common circulation.}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{yan}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| {{MaybeCheck}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{MaybeCheck}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{yan}} || {{ya}}
|-
| {{nan}} || {{na}} || {{nan}} || {{nan}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{nan}} || {{nan}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
|-
| {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{yan}} || {{yan}} || {{yan}} || {{yan}} || {{yan}} || {{yan}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}} || {{na}}
{{Scrolling table/end}}

No single face value has been present in all historical Brazilian coins. For example, a face value of 1 is missing from the [[Brazilian cruzeiro novo|cruzeiro novo]] (as its highest denomination of coin is NCr$0.50 because it's a transitory monetary standard between the cruzeiro issued between 1942 and 1967 and the cruzeiro issued after 1970) and from the [[Brazilian real (old)|old real]] and the [[Brazilian cruzeiro real|cruzeiro real]] (as their lowest denomination of coin is 5 Rs and CR$5, respectively). It is, however, present in all the other currencies:
<gallery caption="Historical Brazilian coins with face value of 1">

File:1-cruzeiro-1957-reverso.png|[[Brazilian cruzeiro (1942–1967)|₢$]]1 (first cruzeiro/aluminium coinage 1957-1961)
File:1-cruzeiro-novo-1980-reverso.png|[[Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)|NCr$]]1 (second cruzeiro/second family 1979-1984)
File:1 Cruzado BRC de 1988.png|[[Brazilian cruzado|Cz$]]1
File:1-cruzado-novo-1989-reverso.png|[[Brazilian cruzado novo|NCz$]]1
File:BRE 1 - Reverso.JPG|[[Brazilian cruzeiro (1990–1993)|Cr$]]1 (third cruzeiro - 1990)
File:1-real-2019-25-anos-reverso.png|[[Brazilian real|R$]]1
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name=dro1942>[[Getúlio Vargas]] and A. de Souza Costa (1942): [[:File:Decreto-lei 4791 de 5 de outubro de 1942.pdf|Decreto-Lei N. 4.791 - de 5 de outbro de 1942]].  ''Diário Oficial'' (Seção 1), issue published 1942-10-06, page 14899.</ref>

<ref name=brcb1970>[[Central Bank of Brazil]] (1970): "[https://www.bcb.gov.br/pre/normativos/res/1970/pdf/res_0144_v3_l.pdf Resolução Nº 144 of 31.3.1970]" on change from cruzeiro novo to cruzeiro. Website of the [[Central Bank of Brazil]]; accessed on 2021-07-06.</ref>

<ref name=smcor2020>(2020): [https://http2.mlstatic.com/D_NQ_NP_632924-MLB25777686647_072017-O.webp Image of the keyboard of a Smith Corona typewriter] made in the 1950s for the Brazilian market, featuring the "₢" and "$" keys near the right end of the upper row. From ad #1318087665 on the [[Mercado Livre]] website; accessed on 2021-08-15, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165950if_/https://http2.mlstatic.com/D_NQ_NP_784535-MLB25777683855_072017-O.webp archived]</ref>

<ref name=brcmn1967>Conselho Monetário Nacional do Brasil (1967): "[https://www.bcb.gov.br/conteudo/cmn/AtasCmn/Ata_0068_CMN.pdf Ata da 68<sup>a</sup> Sessão, realizada em 8.2.1967]" (including creation of the new currency ''novo cruzeiro'', page 2. Available at the website of the Casa da Moeda do Brasil. Accessed on 2021-08-15. Quote": "Tomou-se como abreviatura da nova moeda o símbolo NCr$, objetivando economia de despesas com as modificações dos teclados das máquinas de escrever, nacionais ou estrangeiras, em uso no Brasil, que já possuem a tecla Cr$".</ref>

<ref name=brbc2005>Banco Central do Brasil (2005) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20050904120720/http://www.bcb.gov.br/?CRUZ42 Cruzeiro]". Accessed on 2021-08-15.</ref>

<ref name=newy1886>"A friend from Rio de Janeiro (1986): "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060526181854/http://www.dispatchesfromthevanishingworld.com/pastdispatches/brazil/mom.html Museum of Money, Talk of the Town]" ''New Yorker'' magazine, February 10, 1986. Archived, accessed on 2021-08-15.</ref>

<ref name=rusXXXX>"[http://homonumi.ru/bonisticheskiy-katalog/braziliya/ БОНИСТИЧЕСКИЙ КАТАЛОГ БРАЗИЛИИ]" ("Paper money of Brazil"; in Russian)</ref>
<!--
<ref name=ciscXXXX> "[http://ciscoins.net/america/enbrazil.htm Coins of Brazil]" (online catalog)</ref>
-->

<ref name=kraus1991>Krause, Chester L. and Clifford Mishler (1991): ''Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991'' (18th ed.). Krause Publications. {{isbn|0-87341-150-1}}</ref>

<ref name=pick1994>Pick, Albert (1994): ''Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues''. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. {{isbn|0-87341-207-9}}</ref>

</references>

{{Portal|Brazil|Money|Numismatics}}
{{Historical currencies of Brazil}}

[[Category:Historical currencies of Brazil]]