View source for Bontoc language

{{Short description|Northern Luzon language spoken in the Philippines}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Bontoc
|altname=Bontok
|states=[[Philippines]]
|region=[[Mountain Province]]
|speakers={{sigfig|40,700|2}}
|date=2007 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
|fam4=[[Northern Luzon languages|Northern Luzon]]
|fam5=[[Meso-Cordilleran languages|Meso-Cordilleran]]
|fam6=[[Central Cordilleran languages|Central Cordilleran]]
|fam7=Nuclear Cordilleran 
|fam8=Bontok–Kankanay
|iso3=bnc
|lc1=lbk |ld1=Central Bontok 
|lc2=ebk |ld2=Eastern Bontok 
|lc3=rbk |ld3=Northern Bontok 
|lc4=obk |ld4=Southern Bontok 
|lc5=vbk |ld5=Southwestern Bontok 
|glotto=bont1247
|glottorefname=Bontok
|map=Bontok_language_map.png
|mapcaption=Area where Bontoc is spoken according to Ethnologue
}}

'''Bontoc''' (Bontok) {{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|n|ˈ|t|ɒ|k}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Laurie |title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2007 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> is a [[macrolanguage]] native to the indigenous [[Bontoc people]] of the [[Mountain Province]], in the northern part of the [[Philippines]].

==Specific languages==
''[[Ethnologue]]'' reports the following locations for each of the five Bontok languages. Speaker populations from the 2007 census, as quoted in ''Ethnologue''.

{| class=wikitable
! Language !! Location of speakers !! Dialects !! No. of speakers !! Ref
|-
| '''[[Central Bontok language|Central Bontok]]''' || [[Bontoc, Mountain Province|Bontoc]] (Bontoc ili, Caluttit, Dalican, Guina-ang, Ma-init, Maligcong, Samoki, and Tocucan) || 
* Khinina-ang
* Finontok
* Sinamoki
* Jinallik
* Minaligkhong
* Tinokukan 
|| 19,600 || <ref>Ethnologue, [[ethnologue:lbk|Central Bontok]] {{Subscription required}}</ref>
|-
|| '''[[Eastern Bontok language|Eastern Bontok]]''' || [[Barlig, Mountain Province|Barlig]] (Barlig, Kadaklan, Lias) ||
* Finallig
* Kinajakran (Kenachakran)
* Liniyas
|| 6,170 || <ref>Ethnologue, [[ethnologue:ebk|Eastern Bontok]] {{Subscription required}}</ref>
|-
|| '''[[Northern Bontok language|Northern Bontok]]''' || [[Sadanga, Mountain Province|Sadanga]] (Anabel, Bekigan, Belwang, Betwagan, Demang, Sacasacan, Saclit, and Sadanga Poblacion);<br/>Southern [[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]] || || 9,700 || <ref>Ethnologue, [[ethnologue:rbk|Northern Bontok]] {{Subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Southern Bontoc language|Southern Bontok]]''' || [[Bontoc, Mountain Province|Bontoc]] (Talubin, Bayyo, and Can-eo) ||
* Tinoveng
* Kanan-ew
|| 2,760 || <ref>Ethnologue, [[ethnologue:obk|Southern Bontok]] {{Subscription required}}</ref>
|-
|| '''[[Southwestern Bontoc|Southwestern Bontok]]''' || [[Bontoc, Mountain Province|Bontoc]] (Alab, Balili, Gonogon, and villages in the Chico River valley, southwest of the municipal capital Bontoc, along Halsema Highway) ||
* Ina-ab
* Binalili
* Ginonogon
|| 2,470 || <ref>Ethnologue, [[ethnologue:vbk|Southwestern Bontok]] {{Subscription required}}</ref>
|}

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes<ref name=reidphonology>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Lawrence A. |date=1963 |title=The Phonology of Central Bontoc |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3218 |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=21–26}}</ref>
|-
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! [[Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɻ}}~{{IPA link|ɺ}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
* The [[Phoneme#Neutralization and archiphonemes|archiphoneme]] {{IPA|/r/}} has {{IPAblink|l}}, {{IPAblink|ɻ}}, and {{IPAblink|ɺ}} as its [[allophone]]s.<ref name=reidphonology/> The allophone {{IPAblink|l}} occurs word-initially, adjacent to {{IPAslink|i}}, as the second member of a consonant cluster consisting of a [[coronal consonant]] and {{IPA|/r/}}, and as the second member of any consonant cluster preceded by {{IPAslink|i}}. {{IPAblink|ɻ}} occurs in [[free variation]] with {{IPAblink|l}} word-initially, but otherwise occurs in [[complementary distribution]] with it. {{IPAblink|ɺ}} occurs in free variation with {{IPAblink|l}} and {{IPAblink|ɻ}} word-initially, and with {{IPAblink|ɻ}} elsewhere. These /r/ sounds are even applied to loanwords from Ilokano and Tagalog, and Spanish loanwords from the 2 languages.
* The plosives {{IPAslink|t}}, {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|b}}, and {{IPAslink|d}} have, respectively, {{IPAblink|t̪}} (representing an [[interdental consonant]]), {{IPAblink|kʰ}}, {{IPAblink|f}}, and {{IPAblink|t͡s}} as their syllable-initial allophones.<ref name=reidphonology/>
* The voiced stop {{IPAslink|b}} also has {{IPAblink|b̪}} and {{IPAblink|v}} as its allophones.<ref name=reidphonology/> Both of these allophones occur as the first member of a [[geminate]] cluster. They are in free variation.
* The approximant {{IPAslink|j}} has one allophone: {{IPAblink|ɥ}}. {{IPAblink|ɥ}} occurs after {{IPAslink|o}}.<ref name=reidphonology/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes<ref name=reidphonology/>
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| 
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Close]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}}
|}
{{IPAslink|e}} becomes a slightly [[Centralization (phonetics)#Centralized vowels|centralized]] {{IPAblink|e̞}} when in a syllable whose [[Syllable#Coda|coda]] is {{IPAslink|k}}.<ref name=reidphonology/> When in the [[Syllable#Nucleus|nucleus]], {{IPAslink|a}} and {{IPAslink|o}} are slightly raised and {{IPAslink|i}} is lowered.<ref name=reidphonology/>

There are two degrees of stress in Bontoc: [[Stress (linguistics)#Levels of stress|primary and secondary]]. Primary stress is phonemic and secondary stress is predictable. Both types are right-oriented and occur on one of the last three syllables. Stress's effects include higher pitch, louder volume, and lengthening of the syllable nucleus, though these are all subject to certain rules pertaining to word [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]].<ref name=reidphonology/>

==Example text==

=== The Lord's Prayer ===
{{Verse translation|
Ama id chaya machad-ayaw nan ngachanmo.
Omali nan en-ap-apowam.
Maangnen nan nemnemmo isnan lofong ay kag id chaya.
Ichowam nan kanenmi isnan kawakawakas.
Pakawanem nan fasolmi,
tay pinakawanmi akhes nan finmasol ken chakami.
Ad-im ogkhayen chakami isnan maawisanmi ay enfasol,
mod-i ket isas alakam chakami isnan ngaag.|
Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be your name.
Your kingdom come,
your will be done,
on earth, as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread,
and forgive us our debts,
as we also have forgiven our debtors.
And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.|lang=bnc|attr1={{cite book|title=Nan Kalin Apo Dios|publisher=International Bible Society|year=1992}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clapp |first=W. C. |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ATF7596.0001.001 |title=A Vocabulary of Igorot Language as Spoken by Bontok Igorots: Igorot–English and English–Igorot |date=1908 |publisher=Bureau of Printing |series=Bureau of Science: Division of Ethnology Publications, volume V, part III |location=Manila}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seidenadel |first=Carl Wilhelm |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFF7163.0001.001 |title=The First Grammar of the Language Spoken by the Bontoc Igorot, with a Vocabulary and Texts, Mythology, Folklore, Historical Episodes, Songs |date=1909 |publisher=Open Court Publishing Company |location=Chicago}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Lawrence A. |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/8567 |title=Central Bontoc: Sentence, Paragraph and Discourse |publisher=The Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington |year=1970 |series=Summer Institute of Linguistics: Publications in Linguistics, 27 |location=Norman}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Lawrence Andrew |title=Bontok–English Dictionary |date=1976 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |series=Series C – No. 36 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-C36 |hdl=1885/145124 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://htq.minpaku.ac.jp/databases/bontok/index.jsp Talking Dictionary of Khinina-ang Bontok] - online Bontoc Dictionary based on the speech community of Guina-ang, compiled by Lawrence A. Reid

{{IgorotTribesmall}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{Philippine languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bontoc Language}}
[[Category:Languages of Mountain Province]]
[[Category:South–Central Cordilleran languages]]