View source for Balinese script

{{Short description|Brahmic script used in Bali, Indonesia}}
{{Expand language|topic=cult|fa=y|langcode=id|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name        = Balinese script
| native_name    = {{lang|ban|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ}}
| type        = [[Abugida]]
| languages   = [[Balinese language|Balinese]]<br>[[Old Javanese]]<br>[[Sanskrit]]<br>[[Sasak language|Sasaknese]]<br>[[Malay language|Malay]] <br>[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<br>[[Balinese Malay]]
| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3        = [[Phoenician script|Phoenician]]
| fam4        = [[Aramaic script|Aramaic]]
| fam5        = [[Brahmi script]]
| fam6        = [[Tamil-Brahmi]]
| fam7        = [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava]]
| fam8        = [[Old Kawi]]
| sisters     = [[Batak script|Batak]]<br>[[Baybayin|Baybayin scripts]]<br/>[[Javanese script|Javanese]]<br>[[Lontara script|Lontara]]<br />[[Makasar script|Makasar]]<br/>[[Old Sundanese script|Old Sundanese]]<br />[[Rencong script|Rencong]]<br />[[Rejang script|Rejang]]<br />[[Sasak script|Sasak]]
| time        = 914 CE – present
| unicode     = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B00.pdf U+1B00&ndash;U+1B7F]
| iso15924    = Bali
| sample      = Aksara Bali1.png
| imagesize   = 
}}
{{Writing systems in Indonesia}}
{{Contains special characters|Balinese}}

The '''Balinese script,''' ([[Balinese language|Balinese]]: ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ, {{lang|ban|Aksara Bali}}, {{small|pronounced}} {{IPA|ban|aksarə&nbsp;ˈbali|}}<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aksara</ref>) also known as ''hanacaraka'' ({{langx|ban|ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ}}), is an [[abugida]] used in the island of [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]], commonly for writing the [[Austronesian language|Austronesian]] [[Balinese language]], [[Old Javanese]], [[Malay language|Malay]]{{sfn|Everson|Suatjana|2005|p=1}} and the [[liturgical language]] [[Sanskrit]]. With some modifications, the script is also used to write the [[Sasak language]], used in the neighboring island of [[Lombok]].<ref name=uni>{{cite web|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|author-link=Michael Everson|first2=I Made|last2=Suatjana|title=N2908: Proposal for encoding the Balinese script in the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05008-n2908-balinese.pdf|date=2005-01-23|access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref> In the present day it is also sometimes used to write the national language [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].

The script is a descendant of the [[Brahmi script]], and so has many similarities with the modern scripts of South and Southeast Asia. The Balinese script, along with the [[Javanese script]], is considered the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia.<ref name=ins>Kuipers, Joel (2003). [http://home.gwu.edu/~kuipers/kuipers%20insular%20seasia%20scripts.pdf ''Indic Scripts of Insular Southeast Asia: Changing Structures and Functions''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514122716/http://home.gwu.edu/~kuipers/kuipers%20insular%20seasia%20scripts.pdf |date=2014-05-14 }}. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.</ref>

Though everyday use of the script has largely been supplanted by the [[Latin alphabet]], the Balinese script has a significant prevalence in many of the island's traditional ceremonies and is strongly associated with the [[Hindu]] religion. The script is mainly used today for copying {{lang|ban|lontar}} or [[palm leaf manuscripts]] containing religious texts.<ref name=ins/><ref name=fox>Fox, Richard (2013). [http://www.materiale-textkulturen.de/mtc_blog/2013_003_Fox.pdf ''Rival Styles of Writing, Rival Styles of Practical Reasoning'']. Heidelberg: Institut für Ehtnologie.</ref>

{{brahmic}}

== Earliest record ==
{{main|Belanjong pillar}}

===Belanjong pillar===
The [[Belanjong pillar]], also Blanjong pillar or Blanjong inscription ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: Prasasti Blanjong, [[Balinese language|Balinese]]: ᬧ᭄ᬭᬰᬵᬲ᭄ᬢᬶᬩ᭄ᬮᬜ᭄ᬚᭀᬂ), is a pillar established in 914 CE in the harbour of Belanjong, in the southern area of [[Sanur, Bali|Sanur]] in [[Bali]]. This is the earliest evidence of Balinese literary script and language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Damais |first=Louis-Charles |date=1960 |title=I. Études sino-indonésiennes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1960.1515 |journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1960.1515 |issn=0336-1519|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Language-script and Date ===
The inscription is written in both the Indian [[Sanskrit]] language and [[Old Balinese|Old Balinese language]], using two scripts, the [[Nagari script]] and the Old Balinese script (which is used to write both Balinese and Sanskrit).<ref>Haer, p. 275</ref> The Old Balinese in pre-Nagari script is on one side of the pillar, while the Sanskrit inscription in Pallava-derived old Javanese script (also called [[Kawi script]])<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=5TOBKsLvjjkC&pg=RA1-PA46 A short history of Bali by Robert Pringle p. 46]</ref> is on the other side.<ref name="Cvxw67f7-8wC p.141">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cvxw67f7-8wC&pg=PA141 ''The people of Bali'' Angela Hobart p. 141]</ref>

[[File:Sanur_Belankong_Pillar.jpg|thumb|center|Pillar found in Sanur, and Balinese script found]]

The pillar is dated according to the Indian [[Shaka era]], on the seventh day of the waxing half ('saptāmyāṁ sita') of the month Phalguna of the ''Śaka'' year 835, which corresponds to 4 February 914 CE as calculated by Louis-Charles Damais.<ref name="damais47">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43734001 Louis-Charles Damais (1947) ''Études balinaises: I. La colonnette de Sanur'' p. 127]</ref><ref name="damais59">Louis-Charles Damais (1959) "Ouvrages d'Études Indonésiennes", ''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient'', '''49''', 2, pp. 685-686.</ref>

==Characteristics==
There are 47 letters in the Balinese script, each representing a syllable with inherent vowel {{IPA|/a/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}} at the end of a sentence, which changes depending on the [[diacritics]] around the letter. Pure [[Balinese language|Balinese]] can be written with 18 consonant letters and 9 vowel letters, while [[Sanskrit]] transliteration or loan words from Sanskrit and [[Old Javanese language|Old Javanese]] utilizes the full set. A set of modified letters are also used for writing the [[Sasak language]]. Each consonant has a conjunct form called ''gantungan'' which nullifies the inherent vowel of the previous syllable.<ref name=ida>{{cite web |url=http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/alphabet.htm |title=The Balinese Alphabet, v0.6 |author=Ida Bagus Adi Sudewa |date=14 May 2003 |publisher=Yayasan Bali Galang |access-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610041852/http://babadbali.com/aksarabali/alphabet.htm |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ishida>{{cite web|title=Balinese Script Notes|url=http://rishida.net/scripts/balinese/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140522121646/http://rishida.net/scripts/balinese/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 22, 2014|author=Richard Ishida|year=2012|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>

Punctuation includes a comma, period, colon, as well as marks to introduce and end section of a text. Musical notation uses letter-like symbols and diacritical marks in order to indicate pitch information. Text are written left to right without word boundaries (''[[Scriptio continua]]'').<ref name=uni/>

There is also a set of "holy letters" called {{lang|ban|aksara modre}} which appears in religious texts and protective talismans. Most of them are constructed using diacritic {{lang|ban|ulu candra}} with corresponding characters. A number of additional characters, known to be used inline in text (as opposed to decoratively on drawings), remains under study and those characters are expected to be proposed as Balinese extensions in due course.<ref name=uni/>

==Letters==
A basic letter in Balinese is called {{lang|ban|aksara}} ({{lang|ban|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭ}}), and each letter stands for a syllable with inherent vowel /a/.

=== Consonants ===
Consonants are called {{lang|ban|wianjana}} ({{lang|ban|ᬯ᭄ᬬᬜ᭄ᬚᬦ}}) or {{lang|ban|aksara wianjana}} ({{lang|ban|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬯ᭄ᬬᬜ᭄ᬚᬦ}}). Balinese script has 33 consonants, of which only 18 called {{lang|ban|wreṣāstra}} ({{lang|ban|ᬯᬺᬱᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ}}) are used for writing basic vocabulary in Balinese language. The other 15, known as {{lang|ban|sualalita}} ({{lang|ban|ᬰ᭄ᬯᬮᬮᬶᬢ}}), are mainly used for writing [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kawi language|Kawi]] loanwords in Balinese language. The consonants can be arranged into [[Sanskrit]] order and {{lang|ban|[[Javanese script|hanacaraka]]}} traditional order.

{{plain row headers}}
{|class="wikitable plain-row-headers letters-pink"
|+ ''Consonants (aksara wianjana)''
|- 
| rowspan=2|
! colspan=2|[[unvoiced consonant|Unvoiced]]
! colspan=2|[[voiced consonant|Voiced]]
! rowspan=2|[[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! rowspan=2|[[Semivowel]]
! rowspan=2|[[Sibilant]]
! rowspan=2|[[fricative consonant|Fricative]]

|-
! [[tenuis consonant|Unaspirated]]
! [[aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
! [[tenuis consonant|Unaspirated]]
! [[aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
|-
! scope=row | [[velar consonant|Velar]]
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬓ|note=kya|top=ka|ipa=[[voiceless velar stop|[ka]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬔ|note=ka{{br}}mahaprana|top=kha|ipa=[[voiceless velar stop|[kʰa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬕ|ipa=[[voiced velar stop|[ɡa]]]|note=gya|top=ga}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬖ|note=ga gora|top=gha|ipa=[[voiced velar stop|[ɡʱa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬗ|note=nga|top=nga|ipa=[[velar nasal|[ŋa]]]}}
|
|
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬳ|top=ha|ipa=[[voiceless glottal fricative|[ha]]]|note={{noteTag|name=ha|group=skr|The consonant {{lang|ban|ha}} is sometimes not pronounced. For example, {{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬳᬸᬚᬦ}}|hujan|rain}} is pronounced {{lang|ban|ujan}}.<ref>Tinggen, p. 16</ref>}}}}

|- class=letters-lo
! scope=row | [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬘ|note=ca murca|top=ca|ipa=[[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|[tʃa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬙ|note=ca laca|top=cha|ipa=[[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|[tʃʰa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬚ|note=ja kujant|top=ja|ipa=[[voiced palato-alveolar affricate|[dʒa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬛ|note=ja jera|top=jha|ipa=[[voiced palato-alveolar affricate|[dʒʱa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬜ|top=nya|ipa=[[palatal nasal|[ɲa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬬ|top=ya|ipa=[[voiced palatal approximant|[ja]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬰ|note=sa saga|top=śa|ipa=[[voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative|[ɕa]]]}}
|
|-[[voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative|[ɕa]]]
! scope=row | [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬝ|note=ta latik|top=ṭa|ipa=[[voiceless retroflex stop|[ʈa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬞ|note=ta latik{{br}}mahaprana|top=ṭha|ipa=[[voiceless retroflex stop|[ʈʰa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬟ|note=da dadu|top=ḍa|ipa=[[voiced retroflex stop|[ɖa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬠ|note=da dadu{{br}}mahaprana|top=ḍha|ipa=[[voiced retroflex stop|[ɖʱa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬡ|note=na rambat|top=ṇa|ipa=[[retroflex nasal|[ɳa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬭ|top=ra|ipa=[[voiced alveolar trill|[ra]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬱ|top=ṣa|ipa=[[voiceless retroflex sibilant|[ʂa]]]|note={{noteTag|name=sa|group=skr|Actually an alveolar consonant, but classified as dental by tradition}}}}
|
|-
! scope=row | [[dental consonant|Dental]]
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬢ|top=ta|ipa=[[voiceless dental stop|[t̪a]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬣ|note=ta tawa|top=tha|ipa=[[voiceless dental stop|[t̪ʰa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬤ|top=da|ipa=[[voiced dental stop|[d̪a]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬥ|note=da lindung|top=dha|ipa=[[voiced dental stop|[d̪ʱa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬦ|note=na kojong|top=na|ipa=[[Voiced dental nasal|[n̪a]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬮ|top=la|ipa=[[Voiced dental lateral approximant|[l̪a]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬲ|note=sa danti|top=sa|ipa=[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|[sa]]]}}
|
|-
! scope=row | [[labial consonant|Labial]]
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬧ|top=pa|ipa=[[voiceless bilabial stop|[pa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬨ|note=pa kapal|top=pha|ipa=[[voiceless bilabial stop|[pʰa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬩ|top=ba|ipa=[[voiced bilabial stop|[ba]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬪ|note=ba kembang|top=bha|ipa=[[voiced bilabial stop|[bʱa]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬫ|top=ma|ipa=[[bilabial nasal|[ma]]]}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬯ|top=wa|ipa=[[voiced labio-velar approximant|[wa]]]}}
|
|
|}
{{noteFoot|group=skr}}

==== {{lang|ban|Hanacaraka}} traditional order ====
The modern Balinese languages does not make use of the whole inventory of consonants inherited from Sanskrit. The 18 consonants used in Balinese ({{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬯᬺᬱᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ}}|aksara wreṣāstra}}) are traditionally arranged following the Javanese {{lang|ban|hanacaraka}} sequence, in which 20 letters form a four-line [[pangram]] narrating the myth of [[Aji Saka]]. The remaining consonants ({{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬰ᭄ᬯᬮᬮᬶᬢ}}|aksara sualalita}}) are used in Sanskrit transcription.

{| class="wikitable letters-pink"
|+ ''Hana caraka''
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬳ|top=ha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬦ|top=na}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬘ|top=ca}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬭ|top=ra}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬓ|top=ka}}

|{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ}}|hana caraka|There were (two) emissaries.}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬤ|top=da}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬢ|top=ta}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬲ|top=sa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬯ|top=wa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬮ|top=la}}
|{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦢꦠꦱꦮꦭ}}|data sawala|They began to fight.}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬫ|top=ma}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬕ|top=ga}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬩ|top=ba}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬗ|top=ṅa}}
|
| <!--{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦥꦝꦗꦪꦚ}}|padha jayanya|Their valor was equal}}-->
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬧ|top=pa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬚ|top=ja}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬬ|top=ya}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬜ|top=nya}}
| 
| <!--{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦥꦝꦗꦪꦚ}}|padha jayanya|Their valor was equal}}-->
|}
{{noteFoot|group=hanacaraka}}

<!--
{| class="wikitable letters-pink"
|+ ''Hana cakara''
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬳ|top=ha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬦ|top=na}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬘ|top=ca}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬭ|top=ra}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬓ|top=ka}}

|{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ}}|hana caraka|There were (two) emissaries.}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬤ|top=da}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬢ|top=ta}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬲ|top=sa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬯ|top=wa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬮ|top=la}}
|{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦢꦠꦱꦮꦭ}}|data sawala|They began to fight.}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬧ|top=pa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬥ|top=dha|color=black|note={{noteTag|name=dha|group=hanacaraka|Letter is used in Javanese ''hanacaraka'' but omitted in modern Balinese}}}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬚ|top=ja}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬬ|top=ya}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬜ|top=nya}}
|{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦥꦝꦗꦪꦚ}}|padha jayanya|Their valor was equal}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬫ|top=ma}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬕ|top=ga}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬩ|top=ba}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬣ|top=tha|color=black|note={{noteTag|name=dha|group=hanacaraka}}}}
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬗ|top=ṅa}}
|{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦩꦒꦧꦛꦔ}}|maga bathanga|They both fell dead.}}
|}
{{noteFoot|group=hanacaraka}}
-->

=== Consonant clusters ===
{|class="wikitable letters-pink letters-lo" align=right style='margin-left: 1em'
|+ Conjunct consonants, ''gantungan'' and ''gempelan''
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬓ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬓ|iso=ka}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬔ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬔ|iso=kha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬕ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬕ|iso=ga}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬖ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬖ|iso=gha|wd=left}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬗ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬗ|iso=nga}}
|
|
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬳ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬳ|iso=ha|wd=left}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬘ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬘ|iso=ca}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬙ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬙ|iso=cha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬚ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬚ|iso=ja}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬛ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬛ|iso=jha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬜ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬜ|iso=nya|wd=left}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬬ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬬ|iso=ya}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬰ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬰ|iso=śa}}
|
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬝ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬝ|iso=ṭa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬞ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬞ|iso=ṭha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬟ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬟ|iso=ḍa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬠ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬠ|iso=ḍha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬡ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬡ|iso=ṇa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬭ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬭ|iso=ra}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬱ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬱ|iso=ṣa}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬢ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬢ|iso=ta}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬣ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬣ|iso=tha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬤ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬤ|iso=da}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬥ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬥ|iso=dha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬦ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬦ|iso=na}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬮ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬮ|iso=la}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬲ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬲ|iso=sa}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬧ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬧ|iso=pa}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬨ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬨ|iso=pha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬩ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬩ|iso=ba|wd=left}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬪ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬪ|iso=bha}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬫ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬫ|iso=ma}}
|{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬯ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬯ|iso=wa}}
|
|}
As in other members of the [[Brahmic family]], consonant clusters are written cursively, by combining a consonant an appended letter ({{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬕᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬗᬦ᭄}}|gantungan}}) or attached letter ({{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬕᬾᬫ᭄ᬧᬾᬮᬦ᭄}}|gempelan|label=none}}). For example, {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬦ᭄ᬤ}}}}, a {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬦ}}, na}} appended with {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|◌᭄ᬤ}}, da}} is pronounced [nda]. Each consonant letter has a corresponding {{lang|ban|gantungan}} or {{lang|ban|gempelan}}.

A consonant may be marked with both a {{lang|ban|gantungan}} or {{lang|ban|gempelan}} and a vowel diacritic ({{lang|ban|pangangge}}), but attaching two or more {{lang|ban|gantungan}} to one letter is forbidden. When three consonants occur together, vowel-killer ({{lang|ban|adeg-adeg}}) may be used in the middle of a word. For example, in the word {{langx|ban|ᬢᬫ᭄‌ᬩ᭄ᬮᬂ|temblang|label=none}}, the consonant cluster ''mbl'' is spelled {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬫ + ◌᭄ + ᬩ + ◌᭄ᬮ|}}}}.<ref>Tinggen, p. 27</ref>

For a few letters, {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬧ}}, pa}}, {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬨ}}, pha}}, {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬲ}}, sa}} and {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬰ}}, ṣa}} adding a {{lang|ban|gantungan}} or {{lang|ban|gempelan}} also eliminates the letter's inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}}.

== Vowels ==
[[Vowel]]s, called {{lang|ban|suara}} ({{lang|ban|ᬲ᭄ᬯᬭ}}) or {{lang|ban|aksara suara}} ({{lang|ban|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬲ᭄ᬯᬭ}}), can be written as independent letters when vowels appear in initial position. 
{| class="wikitable letters-pink letters-lo"
|- 
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[open central unrounded vowel|[a]]]|iso=a|top=a kara|ch=ᬅ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[close front unrounded vowel|[i]]]|iso=i|top=i kara|ch=ᬇ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[alveolar approximant|[ɹ̩]]]|iso=ṛ|top=ra repa|ch=ᬋ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[Syllabic consonant|[l̩]]]|iso=ḷ|top=la lenga|ch=ᬍ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[close back rounded vowel|[u]]]|iso=u|top=u kara|ch=ᬉ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[close-mid front unrounded vowel|[e]]], [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|[ɛ]]]|iso=e|top=e kara|ch=ᬏ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[close-mid back rounded vowel|[o]]], [[open-mid back rounded vowel|[ɔ]]]|iso=o|top=o kara|ch=ᬑ}}
|- 
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[open central unrounded vowel|[ɑː]]]|iso=ā|top=a kara|ch=ᬆ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ī|ipa=[[close front unrounded vowel|[iː]]]|top=i kara|ch=ᬈ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[alveolar approximant|[ɹ̩ː]]]|iso=ṝ|top=ra repa|ch=ᬌ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[Syllabic consonant|[l̩ː]]]|iso=ḹ|top=la lenga|ch=ᬎ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[[close back rounded vowel|[uː]]]|iso=ū|top=u kara|ch=ᬊ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ai|ipa=[aːi]|top=airsanya|ch=ᬐ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=[aːu]|iso=au|top=o kara|ch=ᬒ}}
|}

== Diacritics ==

Diacritics ({{langx|ban|ᬧᬗ᭢‌ᬗ᭄ᬕ|pangangge}}) are symbols that cannot stand by themselves. When they are attached to independent letters, they affect the pronunciation. The three types of diacritics are {{lang|ban|pangangge suara}}, {{lang|ban|pangangge tengenan}}, and {{lang|ban|pangangge aksara}}.

=== Vowel diacritics ===
Vowel diacritics ({{langx|ban|ᬧᬗ᭢‌ᬗ᭄ᬕᬲ᭄ᬯᬭ|pangangge suara}}) change the inherent vowel of a consonant letter. For example, the letter {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬦ}}, na}} plus {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|◌ᬶ}}, ulu}} becomes {{angbr|{{Script|Bali||ᬦᬶ}}, ni}}.

{| class="wikitable letters-pink letters-hi"
|+ Vowel diacritics and examples with {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬓ}}}}.
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=◌ᭂ|iso=e, ê, ě|ipa=[[Mid central vowel|[ə]]]|top=pepet|note=
{{noteTag|name=e|group=voweldiacritics|In the romanization of Balinese, developed during Dutch Colonial Era, the ''e'' represents {{IPA|[ə]}} and  ''é'' represents the sounds {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ]}} as they do in the Van Ophuijsen Indonesian. Since 1957, the sounds {{IPA|[ə]}}, {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ]}} have all been represented by ''e'', as in the modern [[Malay alphabet]], except dictionaries and materials for new learners.<ref name="Pedoman Perubahan Ejaan">{{cite book|last1=Tinggen|first1=I Nengah|title=Pedoman Perubahan Ejaan Bahasa Bali dengan Huruf Latin dan Huruf Bali|date=1994|publisher=Rikha|location=Singaraja}}</ref><ref name="Pedoman Pasang Aksara Bali" />}}}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ā|ipa=[[open central unrounded vowel|[ɑː]]]|ch=◌ᬵ|top=tedung}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=i|ipa=[[close front unrounded vowel|[i]]]|ch=◌ᬶ|top=ulu}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ī|ipa=[[close front unrounded vowel|[iː]]]|ch=◌ᬷ|top=ulu sari}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=u|ipa=[[close back rounded vowel|[u]]]|ch=◌ᬸ|top=suku}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ū|ipa=[[close back rounded vowel|[uː]]]|ch=◌ᬹ|top=suku ilut}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=e, é|ipa=[[close-mid front unrounded vowel|[e]]]<br>[[open-mid front unrounded vowel|[ɛ]]]|ch=◌ᬾ|note=
{{noteTag|name=e|group=voweldiacritics}}|top=taling}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ai|ipa=[aːi]|ch=◌ᬿ|top=taling detya}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=o|ipa=[[close-mid back rounded vowel|[o]]], [[open-mid back rounded vowel|[ɔ]]]|ch=◌ᭀ|top=taling tedung}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=au|ipa=[aːu]|ch=◌ᭁ|top=taling detya matedun}}
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ipa=|ch=ᬓᭂ|iso=ke, kê, kě}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=kā|ch=ᬓᬵ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ki|ch=ᬓᬶ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=kī|ch=ᬓᬷ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ku|ch=ᬓᬸ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=kū|ch=ᬓᬹ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ke, ké|ch=ᬓᬾ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=kai|ch=ᬓᬿ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=ko|ch=ᬓᭀ}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|iso=kau|ch=ᬓᭁ}}
|}
{{noteFoot|group=voweldiacritics}}

=== {{lang|ban|Pangangge tengenan}} ===
{{lang|ban|Pangangge tengenan}} ({{lang|ban|ᬧᬗ᭢‌ᬗ᭄ᬕᬢᭂᬗᭂᬦᬦ᭄}}), except {{lang|ban|adeg-adeg}}, adds a final consonant to a syllable. It can be used together with {{lang|ban|pangangge suara}}. For example, the letter {{lang|ban|ᬦ}} ({{lang|ban|na}}) with {{lang|ban|bisah}} ({{lang|ban|◌ᬄ}}) becomes {{lang|ban|ᬦᬄ}} ({{lang|ban|nah}}); {{lang|ban|ᬓ}} ({{lang|ban|ka}}) with {{lang|ban|suku}} ({{lang|ban|◌ᬸ}}) and {{lang|ban|surang}} ({{lang|ban|◌ᬃ}}) becomes {{lang|ban|ᬓᬸᬃ}} ({{lang|ban|kur}}). Compared to [[Devanagari]], {{lang|ban|bisah}} is analogous to [[visarga]], {{lang|ban|cecek}} to [[anusvara]], and {{lang|ban|adeg-adeg}} to [[virama]].

{{lang|ban|Adeg-adeg}} is [[virama|zero vowel diacritics]] as in other [[Brahmic scripts]] in Balinese script. {{lang|ban|Adeg-adeg}}, as [[virama]] in [[Devanagari]], suppress the [[inherent vowel]] {{IPA|/a/}} in the consonant letter. {{lang|ban|Adeg-adeg}} is used on impossibility of gantungan and gempelan usage such as succeeded by punctuation marks, attachment of two or more gantungan to one letter ({{lang|ban|tumpuk telu}}, lit. three layers), preservation of combination ({{lang|ban|watek ksatriya}}, {{lang|ban|ᬯᬢᭂᬓ᭄‌ᬓ᭄ᬱᬢ᭄ᬭᬶᬬ}} rather than {{lang|ban|ᬯᬢᭂᬓ᭄ᬓ᭄ᬱᬢ᭄ᬭᬶᬬ}}) and disambiguation.<ref name="Pedoman Perubahan Ejaan" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
|  style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;" colspan="5"|'''{{lang|ban|Pangangge tengenan}}'''<br>{{lang|ban|ᬧᬗ᭢‌ᬗ᭄ᬕᬢᭂᬗᭂᬦᬦ᭄}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Balinese script
! align=center| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! align=center| Translit.
! align=center| Name
|-
| align=center| [[File:Pangangge Bisah.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center| {{lang|ban|◌ᬄ}}
| align=center| [[voiceless glottal fricative|[h]]]
| align=center| h
| align=center| {{lang|ban|Bisah}}
|-
| align=center| [[File:Bali Surang.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center| {{lang|ban|◌ᬃ}}
| align=center| [[voiced alveolar trill|[r]]]
| align=center| r
| align=center| {{lang|ban|Surang}}
|-
| align=center| [[File:Pangangge Cecek.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center| {{lang|ban|◌ᬂ}}
| align=center| [[Velar nasal|[ŋ]]]
| align=center| ng
| align=center| {{lang|ban|Cecek}}
|-
| align=center| [[File:Pangangge Adeg-adeg.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center| {{lang|ban|◌᭄}}
| align=center| [[Zero (linguistics)|[∅]]]
| align=center| 
| align=center| {{lang|ban|Adeg-adeg}}
|}

{{clear left}}

=== {{lang|ban|Pangangge aksara}} ===
{{lang|ban|Pangangge aksara}} ({{lang|ban|ᬧᬗ᭢‌ᬗ᭄ᬕᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭ}}) is appended below consonant letters. {{lang|ban|Pangangge aksara}} are the appended ({{lang|ban|gantungan}}) forms of the {{lang|ban|ardhasuara}} (semivowel) consonants. {{lang|ban|Guwung macelek}} is the appended form of the vowel {{lang|ban|ra repa}} ({{lang|ban|ᬋ}}).

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
|  style="text-align:center; background:#ccf;" colspan="5"|'''{{lang|ban|Pangangge aksara}}'''<br>{{lang|ban|ᬧᬗ᭢‌ᬗ᭄ᬕᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭ}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Balinese script
! align=center| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! align=center| Translit.
! align=center| Name
|-
| align=center| [[File:Pangangge_Cakra.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center| {{lang|ban|◌᭄ᬭ}}
| align=center| [[voiced alveolar trill|[ra]]]
| align=center| ra
| align=center| {{lang|ban|Cakra<br>Guwung}}
|-
| align=center| [[File:Pangangge_Guwung_macelek.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center| {{lang|ban|◌ᬺ}}
| align=center| [rə]
| align=center| rě
| align=center| {{lang|ban|Guwung macelek}}
|-
| align=center| [[File:Pangangge_Suku_kembung.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center| {{lang|ban|◌᭄ᬯ}}
| align=center| [[voiced labio-velar approximant|[ʋa]]]
| align=center| ua
| align=center| {{lang|ban|Suku kembung}}
|-
| align=center|[[File:Pangangge Nania.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center| {{lang|ban|◌᭄ᬬ}}
| align=center| [[voiced palatal approximant|[ja]]]
| align=center| ia
| align=center| {{lang|ban|Nania}}
|}

== Numerals ==
{{main|Balinese numerals}}
Balinese numerals are written in the same manner as [[Arabic numerals]]. For example, 25 is written with the Balinese numbers 2 and 5. 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭐|top=0|note=bindu,{{br}}windu}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭑|top=1|note=siki,{{br}}besik}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭒|top=2|note=kalih,{{br}}dua}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭓|top=3|note=tiki,{{br}}telu}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭔|top=4|note=papat}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭕|top=5|note=lima}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭖|top=6|note=nem}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭗|top=7|note=pitu}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭘|top=8|note=kutus}}
| {{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|color=violet|ch=᭙|top=9|note=sanga,{{br}}sia}}
|}

If the number is written in the middle of a text, ''[[#Other symbols|carik]]'' has to be written before and after the number to differentiate it from the text. Below is an example of how a date is written using Balinese numerals (date: 1 July 1982, location: Bali): {{br}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! style="width:45%;"|Balinese script
! style="width:45%;"|Transliteration
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:white;" | [[File:Balinese text, example.png|center|300px|Bali, 1 Juli 1982.|link=]]<br>{{lang|ban|ᬩᬮᬶ᭞᭑᭞ᬚᬸᬮᬶ᭞᭑᭙᭘᭒᭟}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<span style="font-size:140%;">Bali, 1 Juli 1982.</span>
|}

== Other symbols ==
There are some special symbols in the Balinese script. Some of them are punctuation marks, and the others are religious symbols. The symbols are described in the following list:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! align=center| Symbol
! align=center| Symbol
! align=center| Name
! align=center| Remarks
|-
| align=center | [[File:Bali Carik1.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center | {{lang|ban|᭞}}
|{{lang|ban|Carik}}<br />{{lang|ban|Carik Siki}} 
| Written in the middle of a sentence, like a [[comma]] (,). Also, written surrounding numerals to differentiate them from the text. 
|-
| align=center| [[File:Bali Carik2.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center | {{lang|ban|᭟}}
| {{lang|ban|Carik Kalih}}<br />{{lang|ban|Carik Pareren}}
| Written at the end of a sentence, like a [[full stop]] (.).
|-
| align=center | [[File:Bali Pamungkah.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center | {{lang|ban|᭝}}
| {{lang|ban|Carik pamungkah}}
| Functions like a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] (:).
|-
| align=center | [[File:Bali Pasalinan.png|Center|50px|link=]]
| align=center | {{lang|ban|᭟᭜᭟}}
| {{lang|ban|Pasalinan}}
| Used at the end of a prose, letter, or verse.
|-
| align=center | [[File:Bali Panti.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center | {{lang|ban|᭚}}
| {{lang|ban|Panten}} or {{lang|ban|Panti}}
| Used at the beginning of a prose, letter, or verse.
|-
| align=center | [[File:Bali Pamada.png|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center | {{lang|ban|᭛}}
| {{lang|ban|Pamada}} 
| Used at the beginning of religious texts. This symbol is a [[typographic ligature|ligature]] of the letters {{lang|ban|ma}}, {{lang|ban|nga}}, {{lang|ban|ja}}, and {{lang|ban|pa}}, forming the word {{lang|ban|mangajapa}}, which roughly means "praying for safety". 
|-
| align=center | [[File:Bali Omkara Black.svg|center|50px|link=]]
| align=center | {{lang|ban|ᬒᬁ}}
|{{lang|ban|[[Om|Ongkara]]}} 
| Sacred symbol of [[Hinduism]]. This symbol is pronounced "Ong" or "Om".
|}

== Orthography ==

=== Balinese language ===

==== Loanword from Sanskrit and Old Javanese ====
Balinese have many loanwords from [[Sanskrit]] and [[Old Javanese]]. In general, the Balinese orthography in Balinese script preserve the original orthography. The preservation of original orthography result on several rules: 
# assimilation rule, which based on articulation rule (Kalvi / [[Shiksha]]),
# {{lang|ban|ᬧᬲᬂᬧᬕᭂᬄ}} ({{Transliteration|ban|pasang pageh}}) rule, which the word is spelled based on the source,
# {{lang|ban|ᬫᬤ᭄ᬯᬶᬢ}} ({{Transliteration|ban|maduita}}) rule, which several words has doubled consonant.

==== Assimilation ====
[[Assimilation (linguistics)|Assimilation]] in Balinese occurs within the conjuncts/consonant clusters. Balinese script represents assimilation occurred, however Latin script sometimes may not represent this. In general, [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] consonants are assimilated into [[palatal]], [[retroflex]] or [[labial consonant|labial]]. There are more specific descriptions in assimilation combination:<ref name="Pedoman Pasang Aksara Bali">{{cite book|url=http://babadbali.com/aksarabali/pages/pageview.htm|title=Pedoman Pasang Aksara Bali|date=1997|publisher=Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali|location=Denpasar}}</ref>
* {{lang|ban|ᬦ}} [[alveolar nasal|[n]]] assimilated into {{lang|ban|ᬜ}} [[palatal nasal|[ɲ]]] if succeeded by [[palatal]] consonants, such as consonant cluster ''nc'' {{lang|ban|ᬜ᭄ᬘ}} and ''nj'' {{lang|ban|ᬜ᭄ᬚ}}. For example, word {{lang|ban|wianjana}} is written as {{lang|ban|ᬯ᭄ᬬᬜ᭄ᬚᬦ}} ({{IPA|[wjaɲdʒana]}}), not written as {{lang|ban|ᬯ᭄ᬬᬦ᭄ᬚᬦ}} ({{IPA|*[wjandʒana]}}).
* {{lang|ban|ᬲ}} [[voiceless alveolar sibilant|[s]]] assimilated into {{lang|ban|ᬰ}} [[voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|[ɕ]]] if succeeded by [[palatal]] consonants, such as consonant cluster ''sc'' {{lang|ban|ᬰ᭄ᬘ}}. For example, word {{lang|ban|pascad}} is written as {{lang|ban|ᬧᬰ᭄ᬘᬤ᭄}} ({{IPA|[paɕcad]}}), not written as {{lang|ban|ᬧᬲ᭄ᬘᬤ᭄}} ({{IPA|*[pascad]}}).
* {{lang|ban|ᬤ}} [[voiced alveolar stop|[d]]] assimilated into {{lang|ban|ᬚ}} [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate| [dʒ]]] if succeeded by [[palatal]] consonants, such as consonant cluster ''dny'' {{lang|ban|ᬚ᭄ᬜ}}. For example, word {{lang|ban|yadnya}} is written as {{lang|ban|ᬬᬚ᭄ᬜ}} ({{IPA|[jadʒɲa]}}), not written as {{lang|ban|ᬬᬤ᭄ᬜ}} ({{IPA|*[jadɲa]}}).
* {{lang|ban|ᬦ}} [[alveolar nasal|[n]]] assimilated into {{lang|ban|ᬡ}} [[retroflex nasal|[ɳ]]] if preceded by [[retroflex]] consonants, such as consonant cluster ''rn'' {{lang|ban|ᬭ᭄ᬡ}}. For example, word {{lang|ban|karna}} is written as {{lang|ban|ᬓᬭ᭄ᬡ}} ({{IPA|[karɳa]}}), not written as {{lang|ban|ᬓᬭ᭄ᬦ}} ({{IPA|*[karna]}}).
* {{lang|ban|ᬲ}} [[voiceless alveolar sibilant|[s]]] assimilated into {{lang|ban|ᬱ}} [[voiceless retroflex sibilant|[ʂ]]] if succeeded by [[retroflex]] consonants, such as consonant cluster ''st'' (ṣṭ) {{lang|ban|ᬱ᭄ᬝ}} and ''sn'' (ṣṇ) {{lang|ban|ᬱ᭄ᬡ}}. For example, word {{lang|ban|dusta}} ({{lang|ban|duṣṭa}}, [[lie]]) is written as {{lang|ban|ᬤᬸᬱ᭄ᬝ}} ({{IPA|[duʂʈa]}}), not written as {{lang|ban|ᬤᬸᬲ᭄ᬝ}} ({{IPA|*[dusʈa]}}).
* {{lang|ban|ᬦ}} [[alveolar nasal|[n]]] assimilated into {{lang|ban|ᬫ}} [[bilabial nasal|[m]]] if succeeded by [[labial consonant|labial]] consonants. For example, word {{lang|ban|tanbara}} is written as {{lang|ban|ᬢᬫ᭄ᬪᬭ}} ({{IPA|[tambʰara]}}), not written as {{lang|ban|ᬢᬦ᭄ᬪᬭ}} ({{IPA|*[tanbʰara]}}).

==== Liquid Consonant-Schwa Combination ====
[[Liquid consonant]], {{lang|ban|ᬭ}} [r] and {{lang|ban|ᬮ}} [l], may not be combined with {{lang|ban|◌ᭂ}} (''pepet'', [[schwa]]) [ə] as {{lang|ban|ᬭᭂ}} and {{lang|ban|ᬮᭂ}}. These combination, rě [rə] and lě [lə], should be written as {{lang|ban|ᬋ}} (''re repa'') and {{lang|ban|ᬍ}} (''le lenga''). Word ''kěrěng'' (lit. eat a lot) and ''lekad'' are written as {{lang|ban|ᬓᭂᬋᬂ}} and {{lang|ban|ᬍᬓᬤ᭄}}. While combination of {{lang|ban|◌᭄ᬮ}} (''gantungan'' [l]) and {{lang|ban|◌ᭂ}} (''pepet'') is possible as in {{lang|ban|ᬩᬼᬕᬜ᭄ᬚᬸᬃ}} (''bleganjur''), combination of {{lang|ban|◌᭄ᬭ}} (''cakra'' or ''gantungan'' [r]) and {{lang|ban|◌ᭂ}} ''pepet'' is not allowed. If the combination follows a word which ends in a consonant, {{lang|ban|◌᭄ᬋ}} (''gempelan re repa'') may be used as in {{lang|ban|ᬧᬓ᭄ᬋᬋᬄ}} (''Pak Rěrěh'', Mr. Rěrěh). If the combination is in a word, {{lang|ban|◌ᬺ}} (''guwung macelek'') may be used instead as in {{lang|ban|ᬓᬺᬱ᭄ᬡ}} (''Krěsna'', [[Krishna]]).<ref name="Pedoman Pasang Aksara Bali" /><ref name="Balinese script notes">{{cite web|last1=Ishida|first1=Richard|title=Balinese script notes|url=http://rishida.net/scripts/balinese/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140522121646/http://rishida.net/scripts/balinese/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 22, 2014|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref>

==== Latin Script Transliteration ====
Latin script transliteration into Balinese script is based on [[phonetics]]. As vocabulary expands, foreign sounds are introduced and have no equivalent on Balinese script. In general, transliteration of foreign sounds is shown as below.<ref name="Celah-Celah Kunci Aksara Bali">{{cite book|last1=Tinggen|first1=I Nengah|title=Celah-Celah Kunci Aksara Bali|date=1994|publisher=Rhika|location=Singaraja|edition=1}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Foreign Sound Transliteration
|-
!Sound
! Balinese letter
!Example
!Balinese Script
|-
| [[voiceless labiodental fricative|[f]]]
| ᬧ
|telephone
| {{langx|ban|ᬢᬾᬮᬾᬧᭀᬦ᭄|telepon|label=none}}
|-
| [[voiced labiodental fricative|[v]]]
| ᬧ
|vitamin
| {{langx|ban|ᬧᬶᬢᬫᬶᬦ᭄|pitamin|label=none}}
|-
| [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|[z]]]
|ᬚ
|
|<!-- {{lang|ban|}} -->
|-
| [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|[z]]]
|ᬲ
|[[ijaza]]
| {{langx|ban|ᬳᬶᬚᬲᬄ|ijasah|label=none}}
|}

=== Sasak language ===
The [[Sasak language]], spoken in [[Lombok Island]] east of Bali, is related to Balinese, is written in a version of the Balinese script known as ''Aksara Sasak'', which is influenced by the [[Javanese script]]<ref name="omniglot_sasak"/> and is given additional characters for loanwords of foreign origin.

{|class="wikitable" 
! Sasak<br>letter !! Name<ref name="omniglot_sasak">{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sasak.htm|title=Sasak language, alphabet and pronunciation|publisher=Omniglot|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> !! IPA<ref name="omniglot_sasak"/> !! Derived<br>from !! Javanese<br>equivalent !! Arabic<br>equivalent 
|-
| {{lang|ban|ᭅ}} || qaf || {{IPA|[q~k~ʔ]}} || {{lang|ban|ᬓ}} || {{script|Java|ꦐ}} || {{script|Arab|ق}}
|-
| {{lang|ban|ᭆ}} || xot || {{IPA|[x]}} || {{lang|ban|ᬓ+ᬳ}} || {{script|Java|ꦏ꦳}} || {{script|Arab|خ}}
|-
| {{lang|ban|ᭇ}} || tsir || {{IPA|[ts]}} || {{lang|ban|ᬢ}} || {{script|Java|?}} || {{script|Arab|ث}}
|-
| {{lang|ban|ᭈ}} || ef || {{IPA|[f]}} || {{lang|ban|ᬧ}} || {{script|Java|ꦥ꦳}} || {{script|Arab|ف}}
|-
| {{lang|ban|ᭉ}} || ve || {{IPA|[v]}} || {{lang|ban|ᬯ}} || {{script|Java|ꦮ꦳}} || {{script|Arab|ۏ}}
|-
| {{lang|ban|ᭊ}} || zal || {{IPA|[z]}} || {{lang|ban|ᬲ}} || {{script|Java|ꦗ꦳}} || {{script|Arab|ز}}
|-
| {{lang|ban|ᭋ}} || asyura || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || {{lang|ban|ᬲ+ᬬ}} || {{script|Java|ꦱ꦳}} || {{script|Arab|ش}}
|}

==Fonts==
There are some fonts for Balinese script as of 2016. Bali Simbar, Bali Galang, JG Aksara Bali, Aksara Bali, Tantular Bali, Lilitan, Geguratan and Noto Sans Balinese are some fonts that included Balinese script. The fonts have different degree of compatibility each other, and most contain critical flaws.<ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS" />

'''Bali Simbar''' is first font for Balinese script by I Made Suatjana Dipl Ing at 1999.<ref name="Bali Simbar">{{cite web|title=Aksara Bali|url=http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/downloads.htm|website=Bali Galang Foundation|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> Bali Simbar is not compatible for Mac-OS and Unicode.<ref name="Bali Simbar" /><ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS">{{cite web|title=Bringing Balinese to iOS|url=http://norbertlindenberg.com/2015/10/bringing-balinese-to-ios/|website=Norbert's Corner|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> '''JG Aksara Bali''', was designed by Jason Glavy, has over 1400 Balinese glyphs, including a huge selection of precomposed glyph clusters.<ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS" /> The latest version of JG Aksara Bali was released on 2003, thus has no compatibility with Unicode.<ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS" /> Bali Simbar and JG Aksara Bali, in particular, may cause conflicts with other writing systems, as the font uses code points from other writing systems to complement Balinese's extensive repertoire as Balinese script was not included in Unicode at the creation time.<ref name="Bali Simbar" /><ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS" />

'''Aksara Bali''' by Khoi Nguyen Viet is the first hacked Unicode Balinese font with a brute-force OpenType implementation. The results depend on how well other OpenType features are implemented in the renderer. The font has about 370 Balinese glyphs, but does not display the vowel {{angle bracket|é}} correctly.<ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS" /> The team of Aditya Bayu Perdana, Ida Bagus Komang Sudarma, and Arif Budiarto has created a small series of Balinese fonts: '''Tantular Bali''', '''Lilitan''', and '''Geguratan''', all using hacked Unicode and a brute-force OpenType implementation. Tantular has about 400 Balinese glyphs.<ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS" /> These all have serious flaws.<ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS" />

Another Unicode font is '''Noto Sans Balinese''' from Google.<ref name="Noto Sans Balinese">{{cite web|title=Noto Sans Balinese|url=https://www.google.com/get/noto/#sans-bali|website=Google Noto Font|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> However, Noto Sans Balinese exhibits several critical flaws, such as an inability to correctly display more than one diacritic per consonant.<ref name="Bringing Balinese to iOS" />

The free font '''Bali Galang''', maintained by Bemby Bantara Narendra, displays correctly apart from the consonant-spanning vowels {{angle bracket|o}} and {{angle bracket|au}}. However, those vowels can be manually substituted by their graphic components, {{angle bracket|é}} and {{angle bracket|ai}} followed by the length sign (''tedung''), which together display as {{angle bracket|o}} and {{angle bracket|au}}. It also automatically assimilates some consonants within words. It displays corresponding Balinese glyphs instead of Latin letters.

== Unicode ==
{{Main|Balinese (Unicode block)}}
Balinese script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in July, 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

The Unicode block for Balinese is U+1B00&ndash;U+1B7F:

{{Unicode chart Balinese}}

== Sample text ==
===Article 1 of the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]''===
;Balinese script
{{lang|ban|ᬲᬫᬶᬫᬦᬸᬲᬦᬾᬲᬦᬾᬜ᭄ᬭᬸᬯᬤᬶᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄᬫᬭ᭄ᬤᬾᬓᬢᬸᬃᬫᬤᬸᬯᬾᬓᬳᬸᬢ᭄ᬢᬫᬳᬦ᭄ᬮᬦ᭄ᬳᬓ᭄ᬳᬓ᭄ᬲᬦᬾᬧᬢᭂᬄ᭟ᬲᬫᬶᬓᬮᬸᬕ᭄ᬭᬵᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬧᬧᬶᬦᭂᬄᬮᬦ᭄ᬳᬶᬤᭂᬧ᭄ᬢᬸᬃᬫᬗ᭄ᬤᬦᬾᬧᬟᬫᬲᬯᬶᬢ᭄ᬭᬫᭂᬮᬭᬧᬦ᭄ᬲᭂᬫᬗᬢ᭄ᬧᬓᬸᬮᬯᬭ᭄ᬕᬳᬦ᭄᭞}}

;Romanised
{{lang|ban|Sami manusané sané nyruwadi wantah mardéka tur maduwé kautamaan lan hak-hak sané pateh. Sami kalugrähin papineh lan idep tur mangdané paḍa masawitra melarapan semangat pakulawargaan.}}

;IPA
/ˈsami manʊˈsane ˈsane ɲruˈwadi ˈwantaʰ mərˈdɛka tur maˈduwe kawtaˈmaan lan hakˈhak ˈsane ˈpatəh/
/ˈsami kaluˈgrahin paˈpineh lan iˈdəp tur maŋˈdane ˈpadə masaˈwitrə məlaˈrapan səmaˈŋat pakulawraˈgaan/

;English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=bzc|title=OHCHR {{!}}|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bible printed with Balinese script.jpg|Page from a [[Bible]] printed with Balinese script
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Geschrift op lontarblad TMnr 1534-8b.jpg|Balinese [[palm-leaf manuscript]]
File:Pura Puseh 05153.jpg|Sign at Pura Puseh Temple, [[Batuan, Bali]]
File:JL DIPONEGORO 200507.jpg|Street sign in [[Singaraja]], written in Latin and Balinese script
File:Sign of Klungkung Regent's Office.JPG|Klungkung Regent's Office sign
File:Date on a plaque in Jimbaran.jpg|A date in Latin and Balinese script
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Balinese (Unicode block)]]
* [[Hanacaraka (disambiguation)|Hanacaraka]]
* [[Javanese script]]
* [[Kawi script]]
* [[Abugida]]
* [[Brahmic script]]
* [[BASABali]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Surada|first=I Made|title=Kamus Sanskerta-Indonesia.|publisher=Penerbit Paramitha.|year=2007|location=Surabaya}}
* {{Cite book|last=Simpen|first=I Wayan|title=Pasang Aksara Bali|publisher=Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Daerah Tingkat I|location=Bali}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Balinese script}}

* [http://basabali.org/main/wp-content/uploads/script_elearning/BalineseFontList_2012_0727.pdf Outline of Balines script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728183904/https://basabali.org/main/wp-content/uploads/script_elearning/BalineseFontList_2012_0727.pdf |date=2020-07-28 }} at BASAbali.org
* Entry on [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm Balinese] at [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ Omniglot.com -- A guide to writing systems]
* [http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/presengl.htm Computerization of Balinese Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212050046/http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/presengl.htm |date=2023-02-12 }}
* [https://r12a.github.io/pickers/balinese/ Balinese character picker]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210225191456/https://www.bawarasa.org/konversi-latin-aksara-bali/ Balinese script converter]}}

{{Kawi family}}
{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balinese script}}
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Balinese language]]
[[Category:Indonesian scripts]]
[[Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes]]
[[Category:Writing systems without word boundaries]]