View source for Angolan Portuguese

{{Short description|Variety of Portuguese language}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Angolan Portuguese
|nativename=''português angolano, português de Angola''
|states=Angola
|speakers={{sigfig|12.3|2}} million (48% of the population)
|date=2016
|ref=<ref name="Ethn">{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue report on Angola |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/AO/languages}}</ref>
|speakers2={{sigfig|25.7|2}} million (71% of the population) spoke Portuguese at home, often alongside a Bantu language (2014 census)<ref name="observa">{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2016 |title=Angola: Português é falado por 71,15% de angolanos (censo de 2014) |language=pt |trans-title=Angola: Portuguese is Spoken by 71.15% of Angolans (2014 Census) |work=Observatório da Língua Portuguesa |agency=Lusa |url=http://observalinguaportuguesa.org/angola-portugues-e-falado-por-7115-de-angolanos/}}</ref>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Latin]]
|fam4=[[Romance languages|Romance]]
|fam5=[[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
|fam6=[[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
|fam7=[[West Iberian languages|West-Iberian]]
|fam8=[[Galician-Portuguese]]
|fam9=[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|isoexception=dialect
|script= {{plainlist|
*[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Portuguese alphabet]])
*[[Portuguese Braille]]}}
|nation=[[Angola]]
|agency=Academia Angolana de Letras
|glotto=none
|ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}}
}}

'''Angolan Portuguese''' ({{langx|pt|português de Angola}}) is a group of dialects and accents of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] used in [[Angola]]. In 2005 it was used there by 60% of the population, including by 20% as their first language. The 2016 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] ''[[The World Factbook|World Fact Book]]'' reports that 12.3 million, or 47% of the population, speaks Portuguese as their first language.
However, many parents raise their children to speak only Portuguese. The 2014 census found that 71% speak Portuguese at home, many of them alongside a Bantu language, breaking down to 85% in urban areas and 49% in rural areas.<ref name="observa" />

There are different stages of Portuguese in Angola in a similar manner to other [[Portuguese language in Africa|Portuguese-speaking African countries]]. Some closely approximate Standard Portuguese pronunciation and are associated with the upper class and younger generations of urban background. Angola is the country with the second-highest number of [[Lusophone|Portuguese speakers]], behind only Brazil.

[[File:Portuguese as a Native Language Angola.png|thumb|Portuguese as a Native Language in Angola - Geographical Distribution]]

== Phonology ==
The standard phonology in Angola is based on the European standard, as in the rest of Lusophone Africa. Vernacular accents share similarities with [[Brazilian Portuguese]] and these similar features have historical reasons. As with [[Mozambican Portuguese|Portuguese spoken in Mozambique]], the Portuguese spoken in Angola is influenced by [[Bantu languages]].
However, the contemporary Standard [[European Portuguese]] is the [[prestige language|preferred pronunciation]], as such it has become a [[Post-creole continuum|transitional dialect]] somewhat midway between the European and Brazilian varieties.

=== Vowels ===
{|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Oral vowels{{sfnp|Undolo|2014|p=185}}
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɯ̽|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ɐ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|ä|a}}
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Nasal vowels{{sfnp|Undolo|2014|p=185}}
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|ĩ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|ẽ}}
|
|{{IPA link|õ}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|ã}}
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Oral diphthongs
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Endpoint
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/i/}}}}
!{{Small|{{IPA|/u/}}}}
|-
! rowspan="7" |Start point
!{{Small|{{IPA|/a/}}}}
|{{IPA|aj}}
|{{IPA|aw}}
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/ɛ/}}}}
|{{IPA|ɛj}}
|{{IPA|ɛw}}
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/e/}}}}
|{{IPA|ej}}
|{{IPA|ew}}
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/i/}}}}
| style="background:gray" |
|{{IPA|iw}}
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/ɔ/}}}}
|{{IPA|ɔj}}
| style="background:gray" |
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/o/}}}}
|{{IPA|oj}}
| style="background:gray" |
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/u/}}}}
|{{IPA|uj}}
| style="background:gray" |
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Nasal diphthongs
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Endpoint
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/j̃/}}}}
!{{Small|{{IPA|/w̃/}}}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Start point
!{{Small|{{IPA|/ã/}}}}
|{{IPA|ãj̃}}
|{{IPA|ãw̃}}
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/ẽ/}}}}
|{{IPA|ẽj̃}}
| style="background:gray" |
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/õ/}}}}
|{{IPA|õj̃}}
| style="background:gray" |
|-
!{{Small|{{IPA|/ũ/}}}}
|{{IPA|ũj}}
| style="background:gray" |
|}
|}

* The close central vowel {{IPA|/ɨ/}} occurs only at final, unstressed syllables, e.g. ''presidente'' {{IPA|/pɾeziˈdẽtɨ/}}.
* The open vowels {{IPA|/ɐ/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} merge to {{IPA|[a]}}, and likewise {{IPA|/ɐ/}} appears only in unstressed final syllables, unlike in European Portuguese, where it occurs in most unstressed syllables, e.g. ''rama'' {{IPA|/ˈʁamɐ/}}. The nasal {{IPA|/ɐ̃/}} becomes open {{IPA|[ã]}}.{{sfnp|Undolo|2014|p=183}}
* In vernacular varieties, the diphthong {{IPA|/ej/}} is typically monophthongized to {{IPA|[e]}}, e.g. ''sei'' {{IPA|/ˈsej/}} < {{IPA|[ˈse]}}.
* In vernacular varieties, the diphthong  {{IPA|/ow/}} is typically monophthongized to {{IPA|[o]}}, e.g. ''sou'' {{IPA|/ˈsow/}} < {{IPA|[ˈso]}}.

=== Consonants ===

*{{IPAslink|ɲ}} is often realised as {{IPA|[j̃]}}, e.g. ''ninho'' {{IPA|[ˈnĩj̃u]}}, and nasalizes the vowel that precedes it.
*Word-final {{IPA|/r/}} ({{IPA|[ɾ, ʁ]}}) is dropped, especially by people who speak Portuguese as their second language.

== Lexicon ==

Although most of the vocabulary is the same as in Portugal, Brazil or Mozambique, there are differences, many due to the influence of African languages spoken in Angola. In the capital, Luanda, indigenous languages are practically nonexistent.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! Angola !! Portugal !! Brazil !! Translation
|-
| ''bazar'' || ''ir embora, bazar''&nbsp;<small>(slang)</small> || ''ir embora, vazar''&nbsp;<small>(slang)</small> || to go away/home</tr>
| ''garina''  || ''rapariga, miúda, gaja''&nbsp;<small>(slang)</small> || ''garota, guria''&nbsp;<small>(in the south)</small> || girl</tr>
| ''jinguba'' || ''amendoim'', ''alcagoita'' || ''amendoim'' || peanut</tr>
| ''machimbombo'', ''autocarro'' || ''autocarro'' || ''ônibus'' || bus</tr>
| ''musseque'' || ''bairro de lata'' || ''favela'' || slum quarter</tr>
|-
|''geleira''
|''frigorífico''
|''geladeira''
|fridge
|}

Examples of words borrowed from [[Kimbundu]] into Angolan Portuguese include:
* {{lang|kmb|cubata}} 'house'
* {{lang|kmb|muamba}} 'chicken stew'
* [[File:AngolaLanguageMap.png|thumb|Situation of Portuguese in each province of Angola: {{legend|#084081|Official majority language}}
{{legend|#4eb3d3|Official language but not majority native language}}]]{{lang|kmb|quinda}} 'basket'
* {{lang|kmb|[[umbanda]]}}, ''milongo'' 'medicine'
* {{lang|kmb|quituxe}} 'crime'

== Influence ==
{{unsourced section|date=November 2024}}
[[File:Avenidalenin.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Sign in Portuguese at the Avenida de Lenin (''[[Lenin]] avenue'') in Luanda]]
Many words of Angolan origin are used in other [[Portuguese dialects|variants of Portuguese]]. Among these words are ''bunda'' (backside or "bottom"); ''fuba'' [''fubá'' in Brazil] (maize flour); ''moleque'' ("kid"); ''[[kizomba]]'' and ''[[kuduro]]''. 

Various aspects of Brazilian culture – ''[[samba]]'', ''[[candomblé]]'' and ''[[capoeira]]'' – all bear linguistic traces of this contact. 
 
In Portugal, Angolan Portuguese has had a large influence on the vernacular of the younger population, contributing significant amounts of lexicon. Examples include:
*''bazar'' ("to go away/home")
*''garina'' ("girl")
*''bumbar'' ("to work" in Angola, "to party" in Portugal; sometimes spelt as ''bombar'')
*''bué'' ("many", "a lot")
*''iá'' ("yes")

Many of these words and expressions made their way to Portugal through immigration of black Angolans as a result of the [[Angolan civil war]].

== See also ==
* [[Portuguese language in Africa]]
* [[São Tomean Portuguese]]
* [[Kimbundu]]
* [[Cape Verdean Portuguese]]
* [[Televisão Pública de Angola]]

== References == 
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Di Gregorio |first=Anete Mariza Torres |date=2006 |title=Particularidades lingüísticas no português de Angola |trans-title=Linguistic Features in Angolan Portuguese |url=http://www.filologia.org.br/revista/34/10.htm |journal=Revista Philologus |language=pt |volume=11 |issue=34 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622001223/http://www.filologia.org.br/revista/34/10.htm |archive-date=2007-06-22}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Undolo |first=Márcio |date=2014 |title=Caracterização do sistema vocálico do português culto falado em Angola |trans-title=Characterization of the Vowel System of Learned Portuguese Spoken in Angola |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RFRM/article/view/51071/47414 |journal=Revista de Filología Románica |language=pt |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=181–187 |doi=10.5209/rev_RFRM.2014.v31.n2.51071 |doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.catedraportugues.uem.mz/bibliography-search/1 Cátedra "Português Língua Segunda e Estrangeira" — Bibliografia sobre o Português de Angola] {{in lang|pt}}. Cátedra de Português Língua Segunda e Estrangeira. — Bibliography on Angolan Portuguese
*[http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/pt_3.4.a.php O Português na África — Angola] {{in lang|pt}}. www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br
*Queta, Clemêncio. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208193657/http://www.jornaldeangola.com/artigo.php?ID=96621&Seccao=cultura Alguns aspectos da língua portuguesa em Angola] {{in lang|pt}}. Jornal de Angola.

{{Languages of Angola}}
{{Portuguese dialects and creoles by continent}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Portuguese dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of Angola]]
[[Category:Portuguese language in Africa]]