View source for Aklanon language

{{Short description|Bisayan language spoken in the Philippines}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Akeanon
| altname          = Aklan
| nativename       = ''Akeanon''<br />'' Inakeanon''
| states           = [[Philippines]]
| region           = [[Aklan]], northwestern [[Capiz]], northern [[Antique (province)|Antique]], and southern [[Romblon]]
| ethnicity        = [[Aklanon people|Aklanon]]
| speakers         = 560,000
| date             = 2010
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf |title=2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) |language=en |access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref>{{Update span|date=July 2023}}
| refname          = Inakeanon
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
| fam4             = [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]]
| fam5             = [[Bisayan languages|Bisayan]]
| fam6             = Western Bisayan
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]];<br />''Historically [[Baybayin]]''
| dia1             = Aklanon, Malaynon
| nation           = [[Regional language]] in the [[Philippines]]
| agency           = [[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]
| lc1              = akl
| ld1              = Aklanon <ref name="ISO 639-3/RA">{{cite web |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=akl |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: akl |publisher=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority – SIL International |access-date=2017-07-06 |quote=Name: Aklanon}}</ref>
| lc2              = mlz
| ld2              = Malaynon
| glotto           = akla1240
| glottoname       = Aklanon
| map              = Aklanon language map.png
| mapcaption       = Area where Aklanon is spoken
}}

'''Akeanon''', also known as '''Inakeanon''', is an [[Austronesian language]] of the [[Bisayan languages|Bisayan subgroup]] spoken by the [[Aklanon people]], the locals of the province of Aklan on the island of [[Panay]] in the [[Philippines]]. Its unique feature among other Bisayan languages is the [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɤ]}} occurring as part of diphthongs and traditionally written with the letter {{Angle bracket|Ee}} such as in the [[Exonym and endonym|autonyms]] ''Akean'' and ''Akeanon''. However, this phoneme is also present in other but geographically scattered and distant [[Philippine languages]], namely [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]], [[Isneg language|Isneg]], [[Manobo language|Manobo]], [[Samal language|Samal]] and [[Sagada language|Sagada]].<ref name="aklgrammar">{{cite book |author1=Beato A. de la Cruz |author2=R. David Paul Zorc |title=A Study of the Aklanon Dialect. Volume 1: Grammar |publisher=Peace Corps |date=1968 |location=Washington, DC |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED145705.pdf}}</ref>

The Malaynon dialect is 93% lexically similar to Aklanon and has retained the "l" sounds, which elsewhere are often pronounced as "r".<ref name= Malaynon>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mlz
| title = Malaynon, A language of the Philippines
| access-date = 2007-12-16
| publisher = [[Ethnologue]]
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080105210628/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mlz| archive-date= 5 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Phonology==
Aklanon has 21 phonemes. There are 17 consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, l, r, w, y, the [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|ʔ}}, and the [[voiced velar fricative]] {{IPA|ɣ}}. There are six vowels: the three native vowels i, a, and u, which are typical for a Bisayan vowel inventory, the additional e and o for loanwords and common nouns, and a distinct phoneme argued by Zorc (2005) to be a [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɤ]}}.<ref name="aklgrammar"/> The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ was also analyzed by Rentillo and Pototanon (2022) as having a [[voiced velar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɰ]}} as an allophone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rentillo |first1=Philip |last2=Pototanon |first2=Ruchie Mark |date=2022 |title=A synchronic and historical look at Akeanon phonology |url=https://journals.uni-lj.si/ala/article/view/10359 |journal=Acta Linguistica Asiatica |volume=12 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Ljubljana Press |pages=91-127 |doi=10.4312/ala.12.1.91-127 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''Table of vowel phonemes of Aklanon'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=1 rowspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=1 rowspan=2| [[Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=1| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small>[[Unrounded vowel|Unrounded]]</small>
! <small>[[Rounded vowel|Rounded]]</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| 
| {{IPA link|ɤ}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐ}}
|
|
|}

===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br>alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
|
|({{IPA link|t͡s}}) ({{IPA link|d͡z}})
|({{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}) ({{IPA link|d͡ʒ}})
| 
| 
|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|({{IPA link|f}}) ({{IPA link|v}})
|
|{{IPA link|s}} ({{IPA link|z}})
|({{IPA link|ʃ}})
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|l}} 
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|({{IPA link|ɰ}})
|
|-
![[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}} ~ {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}
{{IPA|/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/}} from loanwords can also be heard as palatal stops {{IPA|[c, ɟ]}}. {{IPA|/l/}} can also be heard as {{IPA|[ɫ]}} and can also alternate with {{IPA|[d]}}.

==Common phrases==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!| Akeanon !!| Malaynon !!width="150px"| English
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Hay}} || {{Lang|mlz|Hay}} || Hi/Hello
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Mayad-ayad nga agahon}} || {{Lang|mlz|Mayad nga agahon}} || Good morning
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Mayad-ayad nga hapon}} || {{Lang|mlz|Mayad nga hapon}} || Good afternoon
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Mayad-ayad nga gabi-i}} || {{Lang|mlz|Mayad nga gabi-i}} || Good night
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Mayad-ayad nga adlaw}} || {{Lang|mlz|Mayad nga adlaw}} || Good day
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Saeamat}} || {{Lang|mlz|Salamat}} || Thanks
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Mayad man}} || {{Lang|mlz|Mayad man}} || I am fine
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Pangabay}} || {{Lang|mlz|Pangabay}} || Please
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Hu-o}} || {{Lang|mlz|Hu-o}} || Yes
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Bukon/ayaw/indi}} || {{Lang|mlz|Bukon/indi}} || No
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Owa}} || {{Lang|mlz|Owa}} || None
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Paalin?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Paiwan?}} || How?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Hin-uno?}} || {{Lang|mlz|San-o?}} || When?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Siin}} || {{Lang|mlz|Diin}} || Where?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Sin-o}} || {{Lang|mlz|Sin-o}} || Who?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Ano?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Iwan?}} || What?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Alin?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Diin?}} || Which?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Ham-an?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Basi?}} || Why?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Kamusta ka eon?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Kamusta kaw eon?}} || How are you?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Ano ing pangaean?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Ano imong ngaean?}} || What is your name?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Siin ka gaadto?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Diin ‘kaw maayan?}} || Where are you going?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Hin-uno ka gapanaw?}} || {{Lang|mlz|San-o ‘kaw mapanaw?}} || When are you leaving?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Anong oras eon?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Anong oras eon?}} || What time is it?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Tig-pila ea?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Tag-pila dya?}} || How much is this?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Man-o ra?/Pila daya?/Pila raya?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Pila dya?}} || What is the price? (monetary)
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Bak-eon ko raya}} || {{Lang|mlz|Bakeon ko dya}} || I will buy this
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Kagwapa ka gid-ing}} || {{Lang|mlz|Inay nga gwapa guid imo}} || You are beautiful
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Kagwapo ka gid-ing}} || {{Lang|mlz|Inay nga gwapo guid imo}} || You are handsome
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Kabuot ka gid-ing}} || {{Lang|mlz|Kabuoton guid imo}} || You are kind
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Maalam ka gid-ing}} || {{Lang|mlz|Inay nga aeam guid imo}} || You are smart
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Ta eon}} || {{Lang|mlz|Mus ta}} || Let's go
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Dalia/Bakasa/Dasiga}} || {{Lang|mlz|Dasiga}} || Hurry up
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Balik eon kita}} || {{Lang|mlz|Balik 'ta eon}} || Let's go back
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Uwa tang kaeobot}} || {{Lang|mlz|Uwa takon kaeubot}} || I do not understand
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Owa tang kasayud}} || {{Lang|mlz|Uwa takon kasayud}} || I do not know
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Gusto ko ro maeamig nga tubi}} || {{Lang|mlz|Ila akon it tubi nga eamig}} || I'd like cold water
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Gutom eon ako}} || {{Lang|mlz|Gutom akon}} || I am hungry
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Taeon ma kaon}} || {{Lang|mlz|Kaon taeon}} || Let's eat
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Kanami eo pagkaon}} || {{Lang|mlz|Sadya ang pagkaon}} || The food is delicious
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Owa ako't kwarta}} || {{Lang|mlz|Uwa akon it kuarta}} || I have no money
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Kaumangon kat ing}} || {{Lang|mlz|Umang kat imo}} || You are crazy
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Gahinibayag ka gid-ing}} || {{Lang|mlz|Gakadlaw kat imo}} || You are laughing
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Magamit ko it banyo}} || {{Lang|mlz|Pagamit bi ko it kasilyas}} || I need to use the toilet
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Mapanaw eon kita}} || {{Lang|mlz|Panaw ta eon}} || We are going
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Si-in dapit ing baeay?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Diin imong baeay?}} || Where is your house located? 
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Si-in ka gatinir?}} || {{Lang|mlz|Diin imo gauli?}} || Where are you staying?
|-
| {{Lang|akl|Mag dahan ka}} || {{Lang|mlz|Andam imo}} || Take care
|-
|}

===Philippine national proverb===
Here is the Philippine national proverb in various languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Philippine National Proverb |url=http://iloko.tripod.com/philproverb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211100217/http://iloko.tripod.com/philproverb.html |archive-date=11 December 2007 |access-date=2007-12-16}}</ref>
* {{langx|tl|Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.}}
* Akeanon: {{lang|akl|Ro uwa' gatan-aw sa anang ginhalinan hay indi makaabut sa anang ginapaeangpan.}}
* Malaynon: {{lang|mlz|Ang indi kausoy magbalikid sa anang hinalinan hay indi makaabut sa anang paayanan.}}
* {{langx|hil|Ang indi makahibalo magbalikid sang iya ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa iya padulungan.}}
* English: He who does not look back where he came from, will never reach his destination.

=== Numbers ===
{|class="wikitable"
! Number
! Akeanon/Malaynon
! Hiligaynon
! Tagalog
! English
|-
|1
|{{Lang|akl|Isaea}}/{{Lang|mlz|Isya}} (Malaynon)
|{{Lang|hil|Isá}}
|{{Lang|tl|Isa}}
|One
|-
|2
|{{Lang|akl|Daywa}}
|{{Lang|hil|Duhá}}
|{{Lang|tl|Dalawa}}
|Two
|-
|3
|{{Lang|akl|Tatlo}}
|{{Lang|hil|Tátlo}}
|{{Lang|tl|Tatlo}}
|Three
|-
|4
|{{Lang|akl|Ap-at}}
|{{Lang|hil|Ápat}}
|{{Lang|tl|Apat}}
|Four
|-
|5
|{{Lang|akl|Li-má}}
|{{Lang|hil|Limá}}
|{{Lang|tl|Lima}}
|Five
|-
|6
|{{Lang|akl|An-om}}
|{{Lang|hil|Ánum}}
|{{Lang|tl|Anim}}
|Six
|-
|7
|{{Lang|akl|Pitó}}
|{{Lang|hil|Pitó}}
|{{Lang|tl|Pito}}
|Seven
|-
|8
|{{Lang|akl|Waeo}}
|{{Lang|hil|Waló}}
|{{Lang|tl|Walo}}
|Eight
|-
|9
|{{Lang|akl|Siyám}}
|{{Lang|hil|Siyám}}
|{{Lang|tl|Siyam}}
|Nine
|-
|10
|{{Lang|akl|Púeo}}
|{{Lang|hil|Pulò/Napulò}}
|{{Lang|tl|Sampu}}
|Ten
|}

=== Literature ===
Note: All these poems were written by Melchor F. Cichon, an Aklanon poet.

*"Ambeth". ''Philippine Panorama'', August 14, 1994.
*"Emergency Room". ''The Aklan Reporter'', December 7, 1994, p.&nbsp;10
*"Eva, Si Adan!" (Finalist Sa Unang Premyo Openiano A. Italia Competition, January 1993, Duenas, Iloilo)
*"Ham-at Madueom Ro Gabii Inay?" ''Philippine Panorama'', March 27, 1994, p.&nbsp;29. (First Aklanon poem published in the ''Philippine Panorama''), also in ''The Aklan Reporter'', April 6, 1994, p.&nbsp;8.
*"Hin-uno Pa". ''The Aklan Reporter'', February 23, 1994, p.&nbsp;8. Also in ''Ani'' December 1993, p.&nbsp;44
*"Inay". ''Philippine Collegian'', October 4, 1973, p.&nbsp;3 (First Aklanon poem in the ''Philippine Collegian'')
*"Limog sa Idaeom". ''Ani'' December 1993, p.&nbsp;48
*"Mamunit Ako Inay". ''The Aklan Reporter'', December 28, 1994, p.&nbsp;10
*"Manog-Uling". ''The Aklan Reporter'' July 29, 1992, p.&nbsp;9. Also in ''Ani'' December 1993, p.&nbsp;50
*"Owa't Kaso", Saeamat. ''Mantala'' 3:97  2000
*"Ro Bantay". ''The Aklan Reporter'', September 6, 1995, p.&nbsp;7
*"Competition", March 13, 1998, UPV Auditorium, Iloilo City
*"Sa Pilapil It Tangke". ''Ani'' December 1994, p.&nbsp;46
*"Toto, Pumailaya Ka". ''Pagbutlak'' (First Aklanon in ''Pagbutlak'')
*"Welga". ''Mantala'' 3:99  2000

==Learning resources==
*"Five-language Dictionary (Panay Island)" {{ISBN|971-9023-25-2}}, 2003  Roman dela Cruz Kalibo, Aklan
*"A grammar of Aklan". 1971. Chai, Nemia Melgarejo. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Doctoral dissertation, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania; xiv+229pp.)
*"Aklanon". 1995. Zorc, R. David. In Darrell T. Tryon (ed.), Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies: Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp.&nbsp;359–362.
*"A study of the Aklanon dialect" / Authors: Beato A. de la Cruz, R. David Paul Zorc, Vicente Salas Reyes, & Nicolas L. Prado; Public Domain 1968-1969; Kalibo, Aklan
** "Vol.I Grammar" ''Smithsonian Institution Libraries call# 39088000201871'' ([http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=%22Zorc+R.+David+Paul%22&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=au&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b80033915&accno=ED145705&_nfls=false Full text on ERIC])
** 'Vol.II A Dictionary (of root words and derivations) Aklanon to English" ''Smithsonian Institution Libraries call# 39088000201889'' ([http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED145704&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED145704 Full text on ERIC])
*[http://www.sil.org/asia/Philippines/sipl/SIPL_8-1_091-097.pdf "The functions of ‘hay’ in Aklanon narrative discourse"]. 1990. Brainard, Sherri and Poul Jensen.
*"A preliminary study of demonstratives in Aklanon narratives". 1992. Jensen, Kristine and Rodolfo R. Barlaan.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Akeanon phrasebook|Akeanon|a phrasebook}}
{{Incubator|code=akl}}
{{wiktionary category|}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223211658/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru6/aklanon.htm Learning Aklanon]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150122155611/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=43 Aklanon Wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database]
*[http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/214006/aklanon-proverbs-a-preliminary-aklanon-paremiology Aklanon proverbs]

{{Visayan languages}}
{{Philippine languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}

[[Category:Languages of Aklan]]
[[Category:Languages of Capiz]]
[[Category:Visayan languages]]