View source for Voiceless retroflex fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʂ
|ipa number=136
|decimal1=642
|x-sampa=s`
|kirshenbaum=s.
|braille=256
|braille2=234
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0282.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

The '''voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʂ}} which is a Latin letter [[s]] combined with a [[retroflex hook]]. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of {{angbr|s}} (the letter used for the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]]). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, [[Toda language|Toda]], appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Some scholars also posit the '''voiceless retroflex approximant''' distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as {{angbr IPA|ɻ̊}}.

==Features==
[[File:Voiceless retroflex fricative articulation.svg|thumb|Schematic mid-sagittal section]]

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

{{sibilant}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between [[apical consonant|apical]] {{IPA|[ʂ̺]}} and [[laminal consonant|laminal]] {{IPA|[ʂ̻]}}.

The commonality of {{IPA|[ʂ]}} cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.<ref>Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|ам'''ш'''/amš]]}} || {{IPA|[amʂ]}} || 'day' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]] 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|п'''шъ'''а'''шъ'''э/pšáša]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pshahsa.ogg|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]}} || 'girl' || Laminal.
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|石]]}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''sh'''í]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]}} || 'stone' || Apical. See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|-
|[[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emilian-Romagnol]]
|[[Romagnol dialects|Romagnol]]
|{{lang|rgn|'''s'''é}}
|{{IPA|[ˈʂĕ]}}
|'yes'
|Apical; may be {{IPAblink|s̺|s̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} instead.
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || {{lang|fo|fý'''rs'''}} || {{IPA|[fʊʂ]}} || 'eighty'|| 
|-
| {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|be'''r'''t]]}}
| {{IPA|[pɛɻ̊ʈ]}}
| 'only'
| Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|कष्ट/kašť]]}}||{{IPA|[ˈkəʂʈ]}} || 'trouble' || See [[Hindi phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hmong language|Hmong]] || {{script|Hmng|[[Pahawh Hmong|𖬤𖬵]]}} / {{lang|hmn|[[Romanized Popular Alphabet |'''s'''au]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂau˧]}} || 'to write'
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|[[Kannada script|ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa]]
|{{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐ]}}
|'difficult'
|Only in loanwords. See [[Kannada phonology]].
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
|{{lang|kk|шағын, şağın}}
|{{IPA|[ʂɑɣɯn]}}
|'small, compact'
|See [[Kazakh phonology]]
|-
| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]||Most northern dialects||{{lang|kca|'''ш'''а'''ш'''/šaš}}||{{IPA|[ʂɑʂ]}}||'knee'||Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/}} in the southern and eastern dialects.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<ref name="Šewc">{{harvp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}} || {{lang|dsb|gla'''ž'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡläʂk]}} || 'glass' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കഷ്ടം/kaštam]]}} || {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}} || 'difficult' ||  Only occurs in loanwords.
See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|truku'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]}} || 'fog' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/ʐ/}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|ऋ'''षी'''/reši]]}} || {{IPA|[r̩ʂiː]}}|| 'sage' ||See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|षष्ठी/sóšthi]]}}||{{IPA|[sʌʂʈʰi]}}|| '[[Shashthi (day)]]' ||Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|no'''rs'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[nɔʂk]}} || 'Norwegian' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including [[Urban East Norwegian]]. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Oʼodham language|Oʼodham]] || Cuk-'''Ṣ'''on || {{IPA|[tʃʊk ʂɔn]}} || [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]
|
|-
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || Southern dialect || [[Pashto alphabet|<span style="font-size:125%;">ښودل</span>/šodël]] || {{IPA|[ʂodəl]}} || 'to show' || 
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref name="Hamann">{{harvp|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''sz'''um]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-szum.ogg|[ʂ̻um]}} || 'rustle' || After voiceless consonants it is also represented by {{angbr|rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the [[voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill]] by few speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)|first=Halina|last=Karaś|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|archive-date=2013-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is transcribed {{IPA|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dialects of Polish|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu|first=Barbara|last=Taras}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''s'''chowali]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʂxɔˈväli]}} || rowspan="2" | 'they hid' || rowspan="2" | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA|/ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} into {{IPAblink|s̪|s}} (see [[szadzenie]]).
|-
| [[Masovian dialect|Suwałki dialect]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie|first=Halina|last=Karaś}}</ref>
|- 
| rowspan="2" |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] || Moldavian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}} || rowspan="2" |{{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''ș'''ură]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|['ʂurə]}} || rowspan="2" | 'barn' || rowspan="2" | Apical.{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}} See [[Romanian phonology]]
|- 
| Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Hamann"/> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''ш'''ут/šut]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂut̪]}} || 'jester' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]] || {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''š'''al]]}} / {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ш'''ал]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂâ̠ːl]}} || 'scarf' || Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''š'''atka]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʂätkä]}} || 'kerchief' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|fo'''rs''']]}} || {{IPA|[fɔʂ]}} || 'rapids' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/rs/}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|கஷ்டம்/kaštham]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'difficult'
| Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కష్టం/kaštam]]}}
| Only occurs in loanwords. See [[Telugu phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}} || || {{IPA|[pɔʂ]}} || '(clan name)' || [[Subapical consonant|Subapical]], contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=66}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]{{sfnp|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}} || [[Arabic alphabet|šeš/ݜیݜ]] || {{IPA|[ʂeʂ]}} || 'thin rope' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || || {{IPA|[ʂ̺a]}}|| 'head'|| See [[Ubykh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|'''ш'''ахи/šahy]]}}
|[ˈʂɑxɪ]
|'chess'
|See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|p=180}} ||{{example needed|date=June 2015}} || — || — || Used in dialects spoken in villages north of [[Hoyerswerda]]; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in standard language.<ref name="Šewc"/>
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]||Southern dialects{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''s'''ữa]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]}}|| 'milk'||See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yi language|Yi]] ||{{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꏂ]]}}/{{lang|ii-Latn|'''sh'''y}} || {{IPA|[ʂ̺ɹ̩˧]}}|| 'gold'||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Yurok language|Yurok]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Yurok consonants|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/consonants.php|website=Yurok Language Project|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> ||'''''s'''egep'' || {{IPA|[ʂɛɣep]}} ||'coyote'
|
|-
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{example needed|date=December 2018}}|| — || — || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before {{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}.
|}

== Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative ==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
|ipa symbol=ɻ̝̊
|ipa symbol2=ɻ̊˔
|ipa symbol3=ʈ˕
|ipa number=152 402B 429
|xsampa=r\`_0_r
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless retroflex approximant
|ipa symbol=ɻ̊
|ipa number=152 402A
|xsampa=r\`_0
}}

=== Features ===
Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

{{fricative}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

=== Occurrence ===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan=2|[[Angami language|Angami]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Fall 1993 |title=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami |last1=Blankenship |first1=Barbara |last2=Ladefoged |first2=Peter |last3=Bhaskararao |first3=Peri |last4=Chase |first4=Nichumeno |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=87 |doi=10.32655/LTBA.16.2.03 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/blankenship1992phonetic.pdf}}</ref>
| {{lang|njm|ɻ̥ə³}}
| {{IPA|[ɻ̥ə˨]}}
| {{gloss|to plan}}
| Contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
|-
| colspan=2|[[Chokri language|Chokri]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bielenberg |first1=Brian |last2=Zhalie |first2=Nienu |title=Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |date=Fall 2001 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=85–122 |doi=10.32655/LTBA.24.2.04 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bielenberg2001chokri.pdf |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
| colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[təɻ̥ɨ˥˧]}}
| {{gloss|sew}}
| In free variation with {{IPAslink|χ}}; contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
|-
| [[Ormuri language|Ormuri]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Novák |first=Ľubomír |date=2013 |title=Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages |type=PhD dissertation |chapter=Other Eastern Iranian Languages |publisher=Charles University |location=Prague |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/4896441 |page=59 |quote=This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Efimov |first=V. A. |year=2011 |editor-last=Baart |editor-first=Joan L. G. |translator-last=Baart |translator-first=Joan L. G. |title=The Ormuri Language in Past and Present |location=Islamabad |publisher=Forum for Language Initiatives |url=https://www.academia.edu/2019868 |isbn=978-969-9437-02-1 |quote=...and '''ř''' for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using '''ṣ̌ʳ''' to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler '''ṛ̌'''.}}</ref>
| Kaniguram dialect
| {{lang|oru|suř}}
|{{IPA|[suɻ̝̊]}}
| {{gloss|red}}
| Usually corresponds to {{IPAslink|ʃ}} in the Logar dialect
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Árnason
|first=Kristján
|title=The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
|year=2011
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-922931-4
}}
* {{citation
|last=Canepari
|first=Luciano
|year=1992
|title=Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana
|trans-title=Handbook of Italian Pronunciation
|language=it
|location=Bologna
|publisher=Zanichelli
|isbn=88-08-24624-8
}}
* {{citation
 |last         = Hamann
 |first        = Silke
 |year         = 2004
 |title        = Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
 |journal      = Journal of the International Phonetic Association
 |volume       = 34
 |issue        = 1
 |pages        = 53–67
 |doi          = 10.1017/S0025100304001604
 |s2cid        = 2224095
 |url          = http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
 |access-date  = 2015-04-09
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf
 |archive-date = 2015-04-14
 |url-status   = dead
}}
* {{citation
|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162
|last1=Hanulíková
|first1=Adriana
|last2=Hamann
|first2=Silke
|year=2010
|title=Slovak
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=40
|issue=3
|pages=373–378
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Blackwell
}}
* {{citation
|last=Lunsford
|first=Wayne A.
|title=An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan
|journal=M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
|year=2001
|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Merrill
|first=Elizabeth
|year=2008
|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=38
|issue=1
|pages=107–114
|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344
|doi-broken-date=29 December 2024
|url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Pop
|first=Sever
|year=1938
|title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român
|publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Sadowsky
|first1=Scott
|last2=Painequeo
|first2=Héctor
|last3=Salamanca
|first3=Gastón
|last4=Avelino
|first4=Heriberto
|year=2013
|title=Mapudungun
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=87–96
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Šewc-Schuster
|first=Hinc
|year=1984
|title=Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče
|place=Budyšin
|publisher=Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
}}
* {{citation
|last=Thompson
|first=Laurence
|year=1959
|title=Saigon phonemics
|journal=Language
|volume=35
|issue=3
|pages=454–476
|doi=10.2307/411232
|jstor=411232
}}
* {{citation
|last=Zygis
|first=Marzena
|year=2003
|title=Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives
|journal=ZAS Papers in Linguistics
|volume=3
|pages=175–213
|doi=10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
|doi-access=free
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ʂ}}
* {{phoible|ɻ̊}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Retroflex consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless approximants]]