Shantungosaurus

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Speciesbox Shantungosaurus (Template:Literal translation) is a genus of very large saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur found in the Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group of the Shandong Peninsula in China, containing a single species, Shantungosaurus giganteus. The stratigraphic interval of Shantungosaurus ranges from the top of the Xingezhuang Formation to the middle of the Hongtuya Formation, middle to late Campanian in age. Shantungosaurus is so far the largest hadrosauroid taxon in the world, with size estimates around in length and in body mass.

History of discovery

File:Shantungosaurus giganteus.png

Illustration

First described in 1973, Shantungosaurus is known from over five incomplete skeletons that were unearthed from 1964 to 1968. Chinese scientist Xing Xu and his colleagues indicate that Shantungosaurus is very similar to and shares many unique characters with Edmontosaurus, forming a node of an Edmontosaurus–Shantungosaurus clade between North America and Asia, based on the new materials recovered in Shandong. Remains of several individuals, including skull bones, limb bones, and vertebrae, were found in Shandong, China. These specimens were classified in the new genus and species Zhuchengosaurus maximus in 2007. However, further study showed that the supposedly distinct features of Zhuchengosaurus were simply a result of different growth stages.

Description

File:Giant Ornithopod Scale.svg

Size comparison of several large ornithopods, Shantungosaurus in red

Shantungosaurus giganteus is one of the largest known ornithischians. The type skull is long, and the composite skeleton mounted at the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences in Beijing measures in length. Another mounted skeleton, originally referred to as Zhuchengosaurus maximus, measures in length. The largest individuals may have weighed as much as . In 2012, Butler and Barrett estimated its maximum length up to . In 2016, Gregory S. Paul suggested that previous studies have overestimated the size of this dinosaur, moderating it at in length and in body mass, which still makes this dinosaur the largest hadrosaur. Like all hadrosaurs its beak was toothless, but its jaws were packed with around 1,500 tiny chewing teeth. A large hole near its nostrils may have been covered by a loose flap of skin, which could be inflated to make sounds.

Classification

File:Giant Shandong Dinosaur fossil, at the Geological Museum of China.jpg

Sacrum once classified as Huaxiaosaurus

Recent maximum parsimony-based phylogenetic analyses of Hadrosauroidea from Xing and colleagues recovered a stable sister group relationship between Edmontosaurus and Shantungosaurus. Shantungosaurus is the single hadrosaurid from the Zhucheng area that is considered valid. Zhuchengosaurus and Huaxiaosaurus, both of which are known from the same region, have been interpreted by the analyses as junior synonyms of Shantungosaurus. All unequivocal morphological discrepancies among these three taxa could be attributed to intraspecific variation (ontogenetic and polymorphic variation) and post-depositional distortion.

The following cladogram is the result of Prieto-Márquez et al. in 2016. It shows the position of Shantungosaurus as sister group of Edmontosaurus in the Edmontosaurini clade:

See also

• Timeline of hadrosaur research