Yuanshi Tianzun

File:1930,0719.62 Deidad (51607260573).jpg

Ceramic sculpture of Yuanshi Tianzun, Ming dynasty (1488-1644)

Yuanshi Tianzun (Template:Zh), the Celestial Venerable of the Primordial Beginning or the Primeval Lord of Heaven, is one of the highest deities of Taoism. He is one of the Three Pure Ones (Template:Zh) and is also known as the Jade Pure One (Template:Zh). He resides in the Great Web or the Heaven of Jade Purity. It is believed that he came into being at the beginning of the universe as a result of the merging of pure breaths. He then created Heaven and Earth.

In Taoist mythology

File:YuanshiTianzun.jpg

Yuanshi Tianzun, the Celestial Venerable of the Primordial Beginning

In the Lingbao Scriptures (), Yuanshi Tianwang (, the Primordial Heavenly King) is transformed into a deity under Yuanshi Tianzun (, Heavenly Worthy of the Primordial Beginning), who is responsible for transmitting Daoist scriptures. After the Tang dynasty, some Daoist texts merged the identities of Yuanshi Tianzun and Yuanshi Tianwang into a single entity, reflecting the evolving nature of Daoist theology and cosmology.

Additionally, certain Daoist scriptures record that Yuanshi Tianzun was originally named Le Jingxin (, "Joyful, Serene, and Faithful"), a devout practitioner of Daoism who achieved the status of a Heavenly Worthy through cultivation. This narrative is believed to have been influenced by Buddhist stories, particularly the tale of Prince Siddhartha () from the Six Paramitas Sutra (), which recounts a past life of Shakyamuni Buddha ().

He once was the supreme administrator of Heaven, but later entrusted that task to his assistant Yuhuang, the Jade Emperor. Yuhuang took over the administrative duties of Yuanshi Tianzun and became the overseer of both Heaven and Earth. At the beginning of each age, Yuanshi Tianzun transports the Lingpao ching (or "Yuanshi Ching"), the Scriptures of the Magic Jewel, to his students (who are lesser deities), who in turn instruct mankind in the teachings of the Tao.

Yuanshi Tianzun is said to be without beginning and the most supreme of all beings. He is in fact, a representation of the principle of all being. From him all things arose. He is eternal, limitless, and without form. Yuanshi Tianzun was thought to be able to control the present.

In The Master Who Embraces Simplicity (), written by Ge Hong () of the Eastern Jin dynasty, Yuanshi Tianzun's predecessor, Yuanshi Tianwang (, the Primordial Heavenly King), is described as residing at the center of the heavens on the Jade Capital Mountain (玉京山, Yujing Shan), where his palaces are adorned with gold and jade. Daoist cosmology holds that the Three Pure Ones (, Sanqing), including Yuanshi Tianzun, represent the purest realms of existence, free from all defilement. It is said that "the palaces within are vast and intricate, formed from condensed qi and clouds, manifesting according to the workings of the Dao, infinite and unfathomable." Yuanshi Tianzun is described as having existed before the Great Beginning (, Taiyuan), embodying the natural qi of the universe, serene and boundless, beyond comprehension. Through his Daoist energy, he nurtures and transforms all things.

The Book of Sui: Treatise on Literature () further elaborates on Yuanshi Tianzun's role, stating that "whenever the heavens and earth are newly formed, he appears either above the Jade Capital or in the wilderness of Qiongsang (), imparting secret teachings to initiate the kalpa and save humanity." This aligns with the idea conveyed in phrases like "the two scrolls of the Yellow Court () deliver the lost" and "the teachings are transmitted to disciples at the Jade Capital and Golden Palace".

Role in Fengshen Yanyi

In the 16th-century gods-and-demons novel Investiture of the Gods, Yuanshi Tianzun is depicted as a supreme deity who plays a pivotal role in the creation of the world and the establishment of cosmic order. At the dawn of the universe, he presides over the Jade Capital and Golden Palace (, Yujing Jinqué), where he imparts teachings and transforms the world. This aligns with the Daoist belief that he "guides the celestial immortals of the highest rank" ().

Yuanshi Tianzun is the master of the Kunlun Mountains, where he trains numerous disciples, including Jiang Ziya. He instructs Jiang to descend into the mortal world to fulfill his destiny of aiding in the establishment of the Zhou dynasty, remaining steadfast in upholding the will of heaven. Before Jiang departs, Yuanshi Tianzun delivers his final teachings in poetic form, bidding farewell to his disciple.

His Twelve Disciples () of the Jade Void Palace (, Yuxu Gong) serve as divine warriors who assist King Wu of Zhou () in overthrowing the tyrannical King Zhou of Shang (), laying the foundation for the Zhou dynasty's eight-hundred-year reign. Through these portrayals, Yuanshi Tianzun is elevated to the status of an unrivaled patriarch, embodying the supreme authority over both celestial and mortal realms.

Worship

File:玉清元始天尊.jpg

Painting of Yuanshi Tianzun from Baiyun Temple, Beijing.

Taoists claim that sacrifices offered to Yuanshi Tianzun by the king predate the Xia dynasty. The surviving archaeological record shows that by the Shang dynasty, the shoulder blades of sacrificed oxen were used to send questions or communication through fire and smoke to the divine realm, a practice known as scapulimancy. The heat would cause the bones to crack and royal diviners would interpret the marks as Yuanshi Tianzun's response to the king. Inscriptions used for divination were buried into special orderly pits while those that were for practice or records were buried in common middens after use. Under Yuanshi Tianzun or his later names, the deity received sacrifices from the ruler of China in every Chinese dynasty annually at a great Temple of Heaven in the imperial capital. Following the principles of Chinese geomancy, this would always be located in the southern quarter of the city.Template:NoteTag During the ritual, a completely healthy bull would be slaughtered and presented as an animal sacrifice to Yuanshi Tianzun.Template:NoteTag The Book of Rites states the sacrifice should occur on the "longest day" on a round-mound altar.Template:Clarify The altar would have three tiers: the highest for Yuanshi Tianzun and the Son of Heaven; the second-highest for the sun and moon; and the lowest for the natural gods such as the stars, clouds, rain, wind, and thunder.

The ten stages of the ritual were:

1. Welcoming deities
2. Offering of jade and silk
3. Offering of sacrificial food
4. First offering of wine
5. Second offering of wine
6. Last offering of wine
7. Retreat of civil dancers and entry of military dancers
8. Performance of the military dance
9. Farewell to deities
10. Burning of sacrificial articles

Yuanshi Tianzun is never represented with either images or idols. Instead, in the center building of the Temple of Heaven, in a structure called the "Imperial Vault of Heaven", a "spirit tablet" (, or shénwèi) inscribed with the name of Yuanshi Tianzun is stored on the throne, Huangtian Shangdi (). During an annual sacrifice, the emperor would carry these tablets to the north part of the Temple of Heaven, a place called the "Prayer Hall For Good Harvests", and place them on that throne.

The highest heaven in some historic Chinese religious organizations was the "Great Web" which was sometimes said to be where Yuanshi Tianzun lived.

See also

• Daode Tianzun
• Lingbao Tianzun
• Tongtian Jiaozhu
• Jade Emperor