Wolfsangel

Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Use dmy dates Template:Template other (, translation: "wolf's hook") or (), also known as Spastika (following Pelevin's novels) is a heraldic charge from mainly Germany and eastern France, which was inspired by medieval European wolf traps that consisted of a Z-shaped metal hook (called the Wolfsangel, or the crampon in French) that was hung by a chain from a crescent-shaped metal bar (called the , or the in French). The stylized symbol of the Z-shape (also called the , meaning the "double-hook") can include a central horizontal bar to give a Ƶ-symbol, which can be reversed and/or rotated; it is sometimes mistaken as being an ancient rune due to its similarity to the "gibor rune" of the pseudo Armanen runes.

It became an early symbol of German liberty and independence after its adoption as an emblem in various 15th-century peasant revolts, and also in the 17th-century Thirty Years' War. In pre-war Germany, interest in the was revived by the popularity of Hermann Löns's 1910 novel , which follows a hero in the Thirty Years' War. The Ƶ-symbol was later adopted by the Nazi Party, and was used by various German Wehrmacht and SS units such as the and the Waffen-SS Division . The Anti-Defamation League, and others, list the Ƶ-symbol as a hate and a neo-Nazi symbol.

Origins

Hunting tool

The was a medieval European wolf hunting tool where the hook was concealed inside a chunk of meat that would impale any unsuspecting wolf gulping the meat in one movement.

The tool was developed by attaching the hook via a chain or rope to a larger bar (often with a double crescent or half-moon shape per photo opposite) lodged between the overhanging branches of a tree. This would encourage the wolf to jump up to gulp the hanging chunk of meat (with the hook concealed inside), thus further impaling itself in the manner of a fish caught on a fishing hook.

Medieval hunters were known to use "blood trails" to lead the wolf to the trap and also used wattle fencing nearer to the trap to create narrow channels that would guide the wolf to the trap.

Names and symbols

Other German names include ("wolf anchor", the crescent-shaped bar holding the hook), ("wolf hook"), and ("double hook"); French names include ("fish hook"), ("fish hook for wolves") and ("wolf iron"), as well as crampon ("iron hook").

The stylised version of the Z-shaped developed into a popular medieval symbol in Germany that was associated with magical powers, and was believed to have the ability to ward off wolves. The symbol appears on early medieval banners and town seals in Germany (particularly in forested regions where wolves were present in large numbers); for example, as early as 1299 the symbol is found on seals of the Lords of the German Black Forest town of Wolfach (see opposite, the seal of the widow Template:Ill, the sole heiress of the Lords of Wolfach); and their Wolfsangel banner became the municipal coat of arms for the town (see opposite). The symbol can be found as a medieval mason's mark.

The stylized Z-symbol (i.e. excluding the horizontal bar) bears a visual resemblance to the proto-Germanic Eihwaz rune (meaning "yew"), historically part of the ancient runic alphabet. However, the full Ƶ-symbol has no equivalent amongst ancient runic systems but is sometimes confused as such due to its similarity to the "gibor rune", the eighteenth pseudo rune that was created by the nineteenth-century German revivalist Guido von List as part of his Armanen runes.

Peasant revolts

Academic Akbar Ahmed writes that the was adopted by 15th-century German peasants during revolts against oppressive German princes and their foreign mercenaries, and thus became an important early popular Germanic symbol of independence and liberty.

Ahmed further notes that during the 17th-century Thirty Years' War, groups of German militia waged a guerilla war against foreign forces under the German name , and also adopted the symbol as their emblem; they reportedly carved the symbol on the trees from which they hanged captured foreign combatants.

In heraldry

The term "Wolfs-Angel" (German) and "Hameçon" (French) appears in a 1714 German heraldic handbook titled . However, the description is more specifically about the (or ) component part of the trap, and defines it as: "the shape of a crescent moon with a ring inside, at mid-height", which describes the bar from which the Z-shaped hook is hung (see the yellow coat of arms of the von Stein family in the table opposite for an example).

In modern German-language heraldic terminology, the name is used for a variety of heraldic charges, including the from above (i.e. the half-moon shape with a ring that is also called a ), as well as the or crampon (i.e. the Z-shaped or double-hook that is also called a or a , and that can also appear with a ring or a transversal stroke, Ƶ, at the center).

The Z-shaped symbol is found comparatively frequently in municipal coats of arms in Germany, and also in eastern France (see Wolfisheim or Wolxheim), where it is often identified as a . The Ƶ-design is rarer but is found in about a dozen contemporary municipal coats of arms, and is usually (but not exclusively) represented as a reversed Ƶ-shape.

In heraldry, the upright or vertical form of the Ƶ-symbol is associated with the (or "thunderbolt"), while the horizontal form of the Ƶ-symbol is associated with the (or "Werewolf").

In forestry

In a 1616 boundary treaty concluded between Hesse and Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Brunswick forest boundary marker was called a (a horizontal Wolfsangel). There is also evidence of its use in correspondence from the Forest Services in 1674.

Later, the was also used as a symbol on forest uniforms. In a 1792 document regarding new uniforms, chief forester Adolf Friedrich von Stralenheim suggested a design for uniform buttons including the letters "GR" and a symbol similar to the , which he called . Later the was also worn as a single badge in brass caps on the service and on the buttons of the Hanoverian forest supervisor. In Brunswick, it was prescribed for private forests and gamekeepers as a badge on the bonnet.

The is still used in the various forest districts in Lower Saxony as a boundary marker and it is part of the emblem of the hunters' association of Lower Saxony and the club , dedicated to the breeding and training of Hanover Hounds.

In literature

File:Der Wehrwolf - Hermann Löns (1910).jpg

Der Wehrwolf

In pre-war 1930s Germany, interest in the was revived by the popularity of Hermann Löns's 1910 novel entitled (later published as Harm Wulf, a peasant chronicle, and as The Warwolf in English). The book is set in a 17th-century German farming community during the Thirty Years' War and the protagonist, a resistance fighter named Harm Wulf, adopts the Wolfsangel symbol as his personal badge.

Wolfsangel: German City on Trial is a 2000 book by August Niro on the 1944 Rüsselsheim massacre that occurred in the city of Rüsselsheim am Main, whose coat of arms features a Wolfsangel symbol. The book draws parallels with the origins and symbolism of the Wolfsangel, particularly resistance against foreign mercenaries, and the events of the massacre.

As a Nazi symbol

In Nazi Germany, the symbol was widely adopted in Nazi symbolism. It is not clear whether the driver of its adoption was Hitler's strong personal association with wolf imagery (the Wolf's Lair for example), or to create an association with the post-15th-century symbol of German independence and liberty, which had a particular relationship to the achievement of German freedom from foreign influence by force.

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J15063, Familie mit 12 Kindern.jpg

A Nazi leader and his family. The youngest girls wear symbols in horizontal form as members of 's for children.

The symbol was used by a range of military and non-military Nazi-linked groups, including:

• the 19th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 33rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 206th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 256th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 2nd SS Division
• the 4th SS Division
• the 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division
• the Sturmabteilung "Feldherrnhalle" Wachstandart Kampfrunen (SA "Warlord's Hall" Guard Regiment)
• the organization
• the
• the (Flemish guard / Black brigade)
• the "" (Dietsch militia)
• the NSB, Dutch Nazi fascist party, whose magazine was De Wolfsangel
• the plan of resistance against allied occupation was intended to use this symbol.

Post-World War II symbolism

File:Second Congress of the Patriots of Ukraine, Kharkov, April 12, 2008.jpg

Andriy Biletsky addresses the Second Congress of the Patriot of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 12 April 2008

After World War II, public exhibition of the symbol became illegal in Germany if it was connected with Neo-Nazi groups. On 9 August 2018 Germany lifted the ban on the usage of swastikas and other Nazi symbols in video games. "Through the change in the interpretation of the law, games that critically look at current affairs can for the first time be given a USK age rating," USK managing director Elisabeth Secker told CTV. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames."

Outside of Germany, the symbol has been used by some Neo-Nazi organizations such as in the United States where Aryan Nations organization uses a white -like symbol with a sword replacing the cross-bar in its logo. The US-based Anti-Defamation League (ADL) database, as well as other non-governmental organisations, list the Wolfsangel as a hate symbol and as a neo-Nazi symbol. In Italy, the was the symbol used by the far right movement Terza Posizione.

In Ukraine, far-right movements like the Social-National Party of Ukraine and the Social-National Assembly, as well as the Azov Regiment of the Ukrainian army, have used a similar symbol of ꑭ (an elongated centre bar and the Z being rotated but untypically not reversed; The group claim that the symbol is a composite of the "N" and the "I", for their political slogan (Ukrainian for "National Idea", and deny any connection or attempt to draw a parallel with the regiment and Nazism. Political scientist Andreas Umland told Deutsche Welle, that though it had far-right connotations, the Wolfsangel was not considered a fascist symbol by the general population in Ukraine. The Reporting Radicalism initiative from Freedom House notes that "Accidental use of this symbol or its use without an understanding of its connotations (for example as a talisman) is rare", and "... in Ukraine, the use of a Wolfsangel as a heraldic symbol or a traditional talisman would be uncharacteristic". The Karelian National Battalion, a pro-Ukrainian volunteer battalion formed in January 2023, features a Wolfsangel in the middle of the battalion's insignia.

In 2020, there was a brief trend of Generation Z TikTok users tattooing a "Generation Ƶ" symbol on the arm as "a symbol of unity in our generation but also as a sign of rebellion" (in the manner of the 15th-century peasant's revolts). The originator of the trend later renounced it when the use of the symbol by the Nazis was brought to her attention.

See also

• List of symbols designated by the Anti-Defamation League as hate symbols
• Fascist symbolism
• Modern runic writing
• Wolf hunting
• Z with stroke