Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Other uses". Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality Znamensk (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Gvardeysky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Pregolya River at its confluence with the Lava River Script error: No such module "convert". east of Kaliningrad. Population figures: Template:Ru-census2010 Template:Replace (2002 Census);[1] Template:Replace (1989 Soviet census).[2]
History
The site of today's Znamensk was originally an Old Prussian fort, with a settlement named Velowe nearby. The site featured an unusually large oak tree, considered sacred by the local Prussians.Template:Sfn It survived at least until 1595, when it was mentioned by Caspar Hennenberger.Template:Sfn
Around 1255, the locality was fortified, but the castle was surrendered to the Teutonic Knights by its mayor, Tirslo. The Teutons continued to use the castle and began to colonize the region with Germans, giving the settlement the name Wehlau. It received its civic charter in 1335 and in 1339 and became a centre for horse stables and horse trade.Template:Sfn Until the late 19th century, the town was allowed to organise a six-day linen fair, a three-day horse fair and two additional horse and cattle fairs every year.Template:Sfn In 1349, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Heinrich Dusemer founded a Franciscan Monastery there to commemorate his victory over the Prussians in the battle of Streba River.Template:Sfn In 1380, the St. Jacob's church was erected.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Since 1440, the town was a founding member of the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule.[3] In 1454, the Confederation asked Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon to incorporate the region into the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed the act of incorporation.[4] The castle and the town joined the Kingdom of Poland.Template:Sfn During the subsequent Thirteen Years' War, in 1460 the Teutonic Order besieged the town and successfully retook it.Template:Sfn The war ended in 1466 with a peace treaty signed in Toruń, according to which the town became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights.[5] In 1490, Grand Master Johann von Tiefen restored (or founded, the sources are unclear) another Franciscan monastery in the town. However, it was destroyed in 1519 in the course of Protestant Reformation, when the burghers converted to Protestantism and decided that such a small town is not able to bear the burden of sustaining two monasteries.Template:Sfn
In 1540, the town was destroyed by a large fire and only the St. Jacob's church was left standing. Wehlau was successfully rebuilt, although natural disasters struck it repeatedly, notably in 1542 and 1593.Template:Sfn The town finally recovered and by the end of 16th century Margrave Georg Friedrich considered moving the University of Königsberg to Wehlau, which however never materialised.Template:Sfn The town had a mixed population, and as of 1623, Polish and Lithuanian languages were required for the local teacher.[6] In the Treaty of Wehlau signed in the town in 1657, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, received sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia.Template:Sfn
In 1818, it became the seat of Landkreis Wehlau in East Prussia within the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1871, Wehlau joined the German Empire. By the end of the 19th century, the town had roughly 4,000 inhabitants, mostly German Lutherans.Template:Sfn The town had a station of the Prussian Eastern Railway connecting Königsberg and Berlin to the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway, as well as a Lutheran church, a regional courthouse and a school.Template:Sfn
During World War II, the Germans operated three forced labour subcamps of the Stalag I-A prisoner-of-war camp in the town.[7] Near the end of World War II, on 23 January 1945, the town was taken by troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front of the Red Army. The old town center was almost completely destroyed, and the German population fled during the evacuation of East Prussia or was expelled. It became part of the Kaliningrad Oblast and was renamed Znamensk, losing its civic rights in the process. It was demoted to a rural settlement in 2005 or 2006.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Notable people
- Georg von Kunheim (1523–1611), noble
- Johann Christoph Strodtmann (1717–1756), writer
- Gustav Neumann, (1838–1881), chess player
- Ernst Vanhöffen (1858–1918), zoologist
- David Hilbert (1862–1943), mathematician
- Walter Schütz (1897–1933), politician
- Herbert Pilch (1927–2018), linguist
References
Citations
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Template:Ru-pop-ref
- ↑ Template:Ru-pop-ref
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Górski, pp. 96-97, 214-215
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Bibliography
- Template:In lang Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".