Wadi Ara, Haifa

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History and archaeology

En Esur: large Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age settlements

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". At En Esur (Hebrew) or 'Ein Asawir (Arabic), about 1km NW of Wadi Ara, a remarkably large settlement from the Early Chalcolithic period, some 7,000 years ago, has come to light.[1] Its size (400 dunams or 400,000 m²) and some elements of urbanisation might point to a proto-city, at a much earlier time than though possible in the region.[1]

Above the Chalcolithic settlement, a large walled Early Bronze Age city of 650,000 m² (160 acres) covered the site, with up to 6,000 inhabitants – another unparalleled finding for the Southern Levant.[1] Tell el-Asawir, part of the wider En Esur site, contains burial caves dating from the fourth to the second millennium BCE.[2] The press release spoke of "the largest Bronze Age necropolis in the world".[3]

Roman to Late Ottoman periods

Ceramics from the late Roman, Byzantine, and early Muslim and Middle ages have been found at Khirbet ez-Zebadneh.[4][5]

The Muslim geographer Ibn Khurdadhbi (d. 912) described it as a stopping place on the road between al-Lajjun and Qalansuwa.[2]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it a small hamlet known as Khurbet ez Zebadneh.[6]

British Mandate

During the British Mandate of Palestine, the village was classified as a hamlet in the Palestine Index Gazetteer.[2] In the 1922 census of Palestine Wadi Arah had a population of 68; all Muslims,[7] increasing in the 1931 census to 81; still all Muslim, in a total of 18 houses.[8]

The moshav of Ein Iron was built in 1934 on what were traditionally village lands.[9]

In the 1945 statistics Wadi Ara had a population of 230 Muslims,[10] with a total of 9,795 dunams of land.[11] Of this, Arabs used 6,400 dunums of land for cereals,[12] while 1,446 dunams were classified as uncultivable land.[13]

1948 War and aftermath

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War the village was successfully defended by Arab Liberation Army volunteers and Iraqi forces patrolling the nearby city of Tulkarm. However, locals in the area experienced violence at the hands of Israeli forces; A member of kibbutz Be'eri, assigned to the Guard Milices testified in a study undertaken by Israeli historian Yitzhaki and Uri Milstein: "We were in Wadi 'Ara. We raided a nearby Palestinian post and brought a prisoner for interrogation. A soldier beheaded him and scalped his head by knife. He raised the head on a pole to strike fear among Palestinians. Nobody stopped him."[14] Most non-Jewish residents were removed on February 27, 1948 prior to the official founding of the modern state of Israel, those remaining were removed by the end of July 1949.

In March 1949 as the Iraqi forces withdrew from Palestine and handed over their positions to the smaller Jordanian legion, three Israeli brigades manoeuvred into threatening positions in Operation Shin-Tav-Shin in a form of coercive diplomacy. The operation allowed Israel to renegotiate the ceasefire line in the Wadi Ara area of the northern West Bank in a secret agreement reached on 23 March 1949 and incorporated into the General Armistice Agreement. The green line was then redrawn in blue ink on the southern map to give the impression that a movement in the green line had been made.[15] Jordan ceded the entire Wadi Ara region to Israel on May 3, 1949.

Following the area's incorporation into Israel, kibbutz Barkai was established on the site of Wadi Ara on May 10, 1949.[9] In 1992 Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the remaining structures on the village land: "Only two village houses remain, both on the eastern edge of the site. One of them has arched windows and a spiral staircase leading up to a room on the roof. The second has a large entrance that is used today as a gate for the kibbutz's swimming pool."[9]

Petersen inspected the remaining buildings in 1994, and described them as "a large rectangular building which appears to be of late Ottoman date. On the ground floor is a long hall (18.8m x 6.9m) roofed by three cross-vaults. On the upper floor is a large terrace and a single cross-vaulted room. South of this building are the remains of a high wall and a monumental gateway which now gives access to the Kibbutz swimming pool. It is likely that both buildings date to the latter part of the Ottoman period (i.e. 1880-1917)".[16]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 201
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Dauphin, 1998, p. 749
  5. ↑ Zertal, 2016, p.159
  6. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 42. Quoted in Petersen, 2001, p.310
  7. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  8. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 87
  9. ↑ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 202
  10. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  11. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  12. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 92
  13. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 142
  14. ↑ The Palestinian Nabka: Register of Depopulated Localities in Palestine, Compiled by Salman Abu Sitta The Palestinian Return Centre: London, September 2000, page 18
  15. ↑ Shlaim, 2004, pp. 299, 312
  16. ↑ Petersen, 2001, p. 310

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Bibliography

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External links

Template:Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War

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