Vladikavkaz
Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality Vladikavkaz,Template:Efn formerly known as Ordzhonikidze,Template:Efn Dzaudzhikau,Template:Efn and Buro,Template:Efn is the capital city of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus, situated on the Terek River. The city's population was 311,693 as of the 2021 Census. As a result, Vladikavkaz is one of the most populous cities in the North Caucasus region.
The city is an industrial and transportation centre. Manufactured products include processed zinc and lead, machinery, chemicals, clothing and food products.
Etymology
The name Vladikavkaz, derived from Russian, literally means 'ruler of the Caucasus'. The Ossetian name Script error: No such module "Lang". literally means 'Template:Ill settlement',[1][2][3] where qæu ('village') is a cognate of the Khotanese Saka word āguv ('village') and the Avestan word gava ('district').[4]
In 1911, Template:Ill wrote that the Ossetians prove that fortress was founded on the site of the Ingush village Zaur by the name of Vladikavkaz in the Ossetian language:Template:SfnTemplate:Bquote
In 1931, at the suggestion of the Ingush Regional Executive Committee, the city of Vladikavkaz was renamed Ordzhonikidze in honor of the Soviet political and military leader Sergo Ordzhonikidze, who during the Civil War established Soviet power in the region.
In 1944, after the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, the city of Ordzhonikidze was renamed the city of Dzaudzhikau, and in 1954 again Ordzhonikidze.[5] In 1990, the city acquired a double name: Vladikavkaz in Russian and Dzaudzhikau in Ossetian.
History
The city was founded in 1784 as a Russian fortress at the entrance to the Darial Gorge near to the Ingush village Zaur,Template:Sfn[6][7] which had the purpose of serving as an outpost for the routes of communication between Russia and Georgia.[8] But according to a lot of other sources, Vladikavkaz was founded on the site of the Ossetian village of Kapkai.[9][10][11][12]
The Georgian Military Highway, crossing the mountains, was constructed in 1799 to link the city with Georgia to the south, and in 1875 a railway was built to connect it to Rostov-on-Don and Baku in Azerbaijan. Vladikavkaz has become an important industrial centre for the region, with smelting, refining, chemicals and manufacturing industries. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Vladikavkazsky Okrug of the Terek Oblast.
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The city is one of the largest in the Russian-controlled Caucasus, along with Grozny, and was the capital of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a Soviet Republic established after the annexation of the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus. It existed from 1921 to 1924 and comprised most of the modern-day territories of Chechnya, North Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria.
Vladikavkaz was fought over in both the Russian Civil War and World War II. In February 1919, the anti-Communist Volunteer Army under General Anton Denikin seized the city, before being expelled by the Red Army in March 1920. In early November 1942, the forces of Nazi Germany tried unsuccessfully to seize the city but were repelled by the Soviet army. The Nazis left North Ossetia in January 1943.
On 26 November 2008, Vitaly Karayev, the mayor of Vladikavkaz, was assassinated by an unidentified gunman.[13] On 31 December 2008, his successor, Kazbek Pagiyev, was also assassinated by unidentified gunmen.
Administrative and municipal status
The Template:Ill is composed of four districts.
Vladikavkaz is the capital of the republic.[14] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with six rural localities, incorporated as Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[15] As a municipal division, Vladikavkaz City Under Republic Jurisdiction is incorporated as Vladikavkaz Urban Okrug.[16]
Transportation
The city is served by the bus network (marshrutkas). There are also tram (since 1904) and trolleybus (since 1977) networks, plus the main Vladikavkaz railway station.
The city is served by Beslan Airport located about 9 kilometres from the city.
The Georgian Military Road, which is a part of European route E117, starts in Vladikavkaz and it connects the city with the South Caucasus.
Population
According to the 1917 publication of the Kavkazskiy kalendar, Vladikavkaz had 73,243 residents in 1916, the national composition was as follows:Template:Sfn
| Nationality | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| RussiansTemplate:Efn | 46,876 | 64.0% |
| North Caucasians | 8,539 | 11.7% |
| Armenians | 8,326 | 11.4% |
| Other Europeans | 6,139 | 8.4% |
| Shia Muslims | 2,463 | 3.4% |
| Jews | 798 | 1.1% |
| Roma | 102 | 0.1% |
| TOTAL | 73,243 | 100% |
According to the results of the 2021 Census, the city population of Vladikavkaz was 311,338. The ethnic makeup of city's population was:[17]
| Nationality | Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Ossetians | 190,539 | 69.7% |
| Russians | 60,052 | 22.0% |
| Armenians | 7,953 | 2.9% |
| Georgians | 4,478 | 1.6% |
| Ingush | 1,802 | 0.7% |
| Azerbaijanis | 1,655 | 0.6% |
| Others | 6,818 | 2.5% |
| No ethnicity stated | 38,041 | – |
| TOTAL | 311,338 | 100% |
Sports
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Vladikavkaz is home the Wrestling Academy of Aslan Khadartsev - the biggest wrestling academy in the South of Russia.[18] It provides access to a number of facilities including a swimming pool, sauna, gym, personal dietitians, dorm rooms (which include a TV, comfortable beds, wardrobes, en-suite bathroom and showers),[19] for 45 athletes and the main training hall, consisting of six mats- this academy is capable of hosting 250 wrestlers at one time.
Main sights
The Mukhtarov Mosque, built in 1906, dominates the city. In Vladikavkaz, there is a guyed TV mast, Script error: No such module "convert". tall, built in 1961, which has six crossbars with gangways in two levels running from the mast structure to the guys.
Education
Higher education
- Highlanders State Agrarian University
- North Caucasus University of Mining and Metallurgy
- North Ossetian State University
- North Ossetian State Medical Academy
Religion
The city's primary religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which is followed by the majority of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians. The rest of the Ossetian population adheres to the next largest religion, Sunni Islam, and to Uatsdin, an Ossetian folk religion, which is followed by 29% of the population nationwide. The remainder follow Protestantism, Armenian Orthodoxy and other beliefs.
Twin towns and sister cities
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Vladikavkaz is twinned with:
- Template:Flagicon Ardahan, Turkey
- Template:Flagicon Asheville, United States
- Template:Flagicon Kardzhali, Bulgaria
- Template:Flagicon Nalchik, Russia
- Template:Flagicon Makhachkala, Russia
- Template:Flagicon Vladivostok, Russia
Geography
Climate
Vladikavkaz experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb/Dwb) with warm, wet summers and cold, drier winters (though very mild for Russia). Script error: No such module "weather box".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Notable people
- ANIVAR (born 1997), Russian videoblogger and singer of Armenian descent
- Serob Grigoryan (born 1995), professional footballer
- Arthur Stepanyan (born 1987), former professional football player
- Vazgen Safaryants (born 1984), boxer
- Miyagi & Andy Panda, rappers
- Barsegh Kirakosyan (born 1982), Russian-born Armenian football coach and a former defender
- Nikolai Baratov (1865–1932), Cossack ataman and Imperial Russian Army General during WWI and the Russian Civil War.
- Ivan Prokhanov (1869–1935), Russian, Soviet, and emigre religious figure, engineer, poet, preacher, theologian, and politician
- Nureddin Akhriev (1904–1987), Ingush historian, caucasologist, arabist, encyclopedist, orientalist, translator.
- Lyubov Streicher (1888–1958), composer and founding member of the Society for Jewish Folk Music[20]
- Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003), Soviet mechanical engineer, best known for designing Lunokhod 1, the first ever planetary rover for space exploration[21]
- Norat Ter-Grigoryants (born 1936), Soviet and Armenian general, prominent in his role in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War[22]
- David Baev (born 1997), World champion freestyle wrestler
- Svitlana Bilyayeva (born 1946), archaeologist
- Stanislav Buchnev (born 1990), Russian-Armenian footballer, member of the Armenia national football team
- Lado Davydov (1924–1987), Soviet soldier, Hero of the Soviet Union
- Murat Gassiev (born 1993), professional boxer, undefeated unified cruiserweight world champion
- Valery Gazzaev (born 1954), Russian football manager and former footballer
- Valery Gergiev (born 1953), Russian conductor and opera company director
- Kazbek Hudalov (born 1959), Soviet soldier
- Ilia II of Georgia (born 1933), Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia and the spiritual leader of the Georgian Orthodox Church
- Vitaly Kaloyev (born 1956), convicted murderer and former architect
- Aslan Karatsev (born 1993), Russian tennis player
- Dmitri Kobesov (born 1998), footballer
- Safarbek Malsagov (1868–1944), Russian general
- Oleg Penkovsky (1919–1963), Soviet military intelligence officer
- Issa Pliyev (1903–1979), Soviet military commander, twice Hero of the Soviet Union
- Vyacheslav Voronin (born 1974), Russian high jumper, gold medallist at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics
Notes
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". the official Ossetic name>Дзæуджыхъæу (Dzæwdžyqæw)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Bailey H. W. 1982. The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan. Delmar N.Y: Caravan Books. p.27
- ↑ Materials on the history of Vladikavkaz, 2002, p. thirty.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"."Сегодня мы празднуемъ 50-летіе города Владикавказа. Раньше, на томъ мѣстѣ, гдѣ нынѣ расположенъ г. Владикавказъ, существовалъ ингушскій аулъ Зауръ, но въ 1784 г., по распоряженію князя Потемкина, на мѣстѣ, гдѣ существовалъ этотъ аулъ, для охраненія Военно-Грузинской дороги, служившей единственнымъ удобнымъ путемъ для соединенія съ Закавказьемъ, была устроена крѣпость Владикавказъ, а въ 1785 г. по указу Императрицы Екатерины II, отъ 9 мая, въ крѣпости была выстроена первая православная церковь. Какъ только была устроена эта крѣпость, часть осетинской народности спустилась съ горъ и поселилась у стѣнъ этой крѣпости, подъ защитою мѣстныхъ войскъ. Образовавшійся осетинскій аулъ сталъ называться «Капкай», что въ переводѣ на русскій языкъ означаетъ «Горные ворота»."
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"."...на том месте, где стояло селение Зауръ, была воздвигнута русскими сильная Владикавказская крепость... В некоторых печатных источниках говорится, что Владикавказская крепость была построена на месте осетинского селения Капъ-Кой. Это не так. Правый берег Терека принадлежал, какъ это мы видили ингушамъ и кистамъ; не могли осетины на чужой земле враждебных имъ племен иметь свой аулъ; наконец своим наименованіем Владикавказа Дзауджи-Кау, осетины подтверждаютъ это мненіе, т. к. Дзауагъ — есть имя собственное Зауръ, а Кау — значитъ селеніе; иначе — селеніе Заура."
- ↑ Ракович Д.В. «Прошлое Владикавказа» (1918)
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- ↑ Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
- ↑ Law #34-RZ
- ↑ Law #10-RZ
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Bibliography
Sources
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- Template:Cite Ingush-Russian Dictionary 1927Template:Sfn whitelist
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- Template:Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917
Documents
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External links
- Template:Sister-inline
- Template:Wikivoyage inline
- Template:Cite EB1911
- Vladikavkaz official site Template:In lang
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