Violin Concerto (Brahms)

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox musical composition The Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, was composed by Johannes Brahms in 1878 and dedicated to and premiered by his friend, the violinist Joseph Joachim.[1][2] It is Brahms's only violin concerto, and, according to Joachim, one of the four great German violin concerti:[1]

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The Germans have four violin concertos. The greatest, most uncompromising is Beethoven's. The one by Brahms vies with it in seriousness. The richest, the most seductive, was written by Max Bruch. But the most inward, the heart's jewel, is Mendelssohn's.

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Instrumentation

The Violin Concerto is scored for solo violin and orchestra consisting of 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons; 2 natural horns crooked in D, and 2 natural horns crooked in E, 2 trumpets in D, timpani, and strings. Despite Brahms's scoring for natural (non-valved) horns in his orchestral works, valved horns have always been used in actual performance, even in Brahms's time.[3]

Structure

The concerto follows the standard concerto form, with three movements in the pattern quick–slow–quick: Template:Ordered list

Originally, the work was planned in four movements like the second piano concerto. The middle movements, one of which was intended to be a scherzo—a mark that Brahms intended a symphonic concerto rather than a virtuoso showpiece—were discarded and replaced with what Brahms called a "feeble Adagio". Some of the discarded material was reworked for the second piano concerto.

Brahms, who was impatient with the minutiae of slurs marking the bowing, rather than phrasing, as was his usual practice, asked Joachim's advice on the writing of the solo violin part.[4] Joachim, who had first been alerted when Brahms informed him in August that "a few violin passages" would be coming in the mail, was eager that the concerto should be playable and idiomatic, and collaborated willingly, but not all his advice was heeded in the final score.[5] The most familiar cadenza, which appears in the first movement, is by Joachim,[6] though a number of people have provided alternatives, including Leopold Auer, Henri Marteau, Max Reger, Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz, George Enescu, Nigel Kennedy, Augustin Hadelich, Joshua Bell,[7] and Rachel Barton Pine. A recording of the concerto released by Ruggiero Ricci has been coupled with Ricci's recordings of sixteen different cadenzas.

Premiere

The work was premiered at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig, on 1 January 1879, by Joachim, who insisted on opening the concert with the Beethoven Violin Concerto, written in the same key, and closing with the Brahms.Template:Sfn Brahms complained that "it was a lot of D major—and not much else on the program".Template:Sfn Joachim was not presenting two established works, but one established one and a new, difficult one by a composer who had a reputation for being difficult.Template:Sfn The two works also share some striking similarities. For instance, Brahms has the violin enter with the timpani after the orchestral introduction: this is a clear homage to Beethoven, whose violin concerto also makes unusual use of the timpani.

Brahms conducted the premiere. Various modifications were made between then and the work's publication by Fritz Simrock later in the year.

Critical reaction to the work was mixed: the canard that the work was not so much for violin as "against the violin" is attributed equally to conductor Hans von Bülow and to Joseph Hellmesberger Sr., to whom Brahms entrusted the Vienna premiere,[8] which was rapturously received by the public.[9]

Joachim gave the British premiere at London's Crystal Palace on 22 February 1879 with August Manns conducting. The cooling of his friendship with Brahms, who took Joachim's wife's side when his marriage collapsed, seems to have put him off campaigning actively for the concerto. Most of his colleagues disliked it.

Henryk Wieniawski called the work "unplayable", and the violin virtuoso Pablo de Sarasate refused to play it because he did not wish to "fall so low" as to "stand on the rostrum, violin in hand and listen to the oboe playing the only tune in the adagio", though conceding the work to be "very good music".[8]

Against these critics, modern listeners often feel that Brahms was not really trying to produce a conventional vehicle for virtuoso display; he had higher musical aims. Similar criticisms have been voiced against the string concerti of other great composers, such as Beethoven's Violin Concerto[10] and Hector Berlioz's Harold in Italy, for making the soloist "almost part of the orchestra".[11]

Three of Joachim's pupils, Marie Soldat, Gabriele Wietrowetz, and Leonora Jackson did as much as anyone to help the piece gain a foothold.

In popular culture

The third movement of Mutter's and Karajan's version is used twice in Paul Thomas Anderson's 2007 film There Will Be Blood, including the end credits.[12]

In the 1992 novel Miss Smilla's Feeling for Snow by Peter Høeg, Smilla says "I cry because in the universe there is something as beautiful as Kremer playing Brahms's violin concerto."

The third movement is sampled extensively in rapper Kurupt's 1999 song "Trylogy" on the album Tha Streetz Iz a Mutha.[13]

The violin entrance in the first movement is sampled extensively in Alicia Keys's 2004 song, "Karma".

Selected recordings

References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ J. A. Fuller-Maitland, Joseph Joachim, London and New York, J. Lane, 1905, p. 55
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  9. ↑ Brahms reported it to Julius Stockhausen as "a success as good as I've ever experienced" Script error: No such module "Footnotes"..
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Conrad Wilson: Notes on Brahms: 20 Crucial Works (Edinboro, Saint Andrew Press: 2005) p. 62
  12. ↑ There Will Be Blood (soundtrack) ("There Will Be Blood Soundtrack", IMDb)
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Template:Discogs master
  17. ↑ Brahms, Heifetz, Chicago Symphony, Reiner – Violin Concerto at Discogs
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Template:Discogs master
  20. ↑ Johannes Brahms, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Berliner Philharmoniker · Herbert von Karajan – Violinkonzert at Discogs
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ "Richard Tognetti: Beethoven / Brahms Concertos for Violin and Orchestra", ABC Classic 2025, booklet

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Sources

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External links

Template:Johannes Brahms Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control

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