Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin

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Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, 13th Earl of Kincardine (16 May 1849Template:Spaced ndash18 January 1917), known as Lord Bruce until 1863, was a British Earl and politician.[1] Elgin served as Viceroy of India from 1894 to 1899.

Elgin was appointed by Prime Minister Arthur Balfour to hold an investigative enquiry into the conduct of the Boer War in 1902 to 1903. The Elgin Commission was the first of its kind in the British Empire, and it travelled to South Africa and took oral evidence from men who had actually fought in the battles. It was the first to value the lives of the dead and to consider the feelings of mourning relatives left behind, and it was the first occasion in the history of the British Army that recognised the testimony of ordinary soldiery as well as that of the officers.[2]

Background and education

Elgin was born 16 May 1849 in Montreal, Canada East (now Montreal, Quebec), the son of James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, who served as Governor-General of Canada at the time, and his wife, Lady May Louisa, daughter of John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham.[1]

He was educated at Glenalmond, Eton and Balliol College, Oxford (graduating in 1873 with a B.A.).[2][1] He owned 2,895 acres of land.[3]

Political career

By 1876, Elgin was serving as Deputy Lieutenant and as a magistrate for Fife.[1]

Succeeding his father to the Earldom in 1863, Elgin entered politics as a Liberal Lord, serving as Treasurer of the Household and as First Commissioner of Works under William Ewart Gladstone in 1886.[4] In 1886, he was also appointed as Lord-lieutenant of Fife.[4]

Viceroy of India

File:9thEarlOfElgin.jpg
Lord Elgin.
File:Coat of Arms of Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin and 13th Earl of Kincardine.svg
Coats of Arms of Victor Bruce.

Following in his father's footsteps, Elgin was made Viceroy of India in 1894. His viceroyalty was not a particularly notable one. Elgin himself did not enjoy the pomp and ceremony associated with the viceroyalty, and his conservative instincts were not well suited to a time of economic and social unrest. He said, "India is the pivot of our Empire... If the Empire loses any other part of its Dominion we can survive, but if we lose India, the sun of our Empire will have set."

During his time as Viceroy, the Indian famine of 1896–1897 ocurred. It began in Bundelkhand early in 1896 but soon spread to other areas, lasting until 1897.[5] While caused by drought, the famine ocurred mostly in areas under British control, in which Elgin reportedly admitted that up to 4.5 million people died.[6][5] Other estimates have put the death toll at 11 million people.[6]

His administration in India was otherwise notable for the Afridi frontier risings of 1897–1898.[7]

Elgin Commission

Elgin returned to England in 1899 and was made a Knight of the Garter. From 1902 to 1903, Elgin was made chairman of the commission that investigated the conduct of the Second Boer War. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st Fifeshire Volunteer Artillery Corps on 26 March 1902.[8]

The Elgin Committee discussed cavalry in spring 1903. Many mounted infantry units had been raised during the Boer War, some from scratch and some by converting infantry units. All were agreed that cavalry should be trained to fight dismounted with firearms, but traditionalists wanted cavalry still to be trained as the arme blanche, charging with lance and sabre. Although the traditional view appears absurd with hindsight, at the time matters were less clearcut. General French stressed the importance of morale, after the success of his cavalry charges at Elandslaagte and Kimberley. That view was by no means extreme: Maj-Gen J.P. Brabazon thought sword and lance were suitable only for "Latin" cavalry, and that "Anglo-Saxons" should instead be equipped with "a light battleaxe or tomahawk". After Wolseley, Evelyn Wood and Roberts (all of whom had seen the future of cavalry as being for use as mounted infantry only) had retired, the traditional view was reestablished as French and his protégé Major-General Haig rose to the top of the Army.[9] The recommendations of the Commission were never fully implemented. The Esher Report into the future of the Army overshadowed its findings, and the Army came to be dominated by the High Tory reorganisation of the War Office.

Colonial Secretary

When the Liberals returned to power in 1905, Elgin became Secretary of State for the Colonies (with Winston Churchill as his Under-Secretary). As colonial secretary, he pursued a conservative policy and opposed the generous settlement of the South African question proposed by Prime Minister Campbell-Bannerman, which was enacted more in spite of the Colonial Secretary's opposition than because of his efforts. After being dropped from the next government by the next prime minister, Asquith, Elgin retired from public life in 1908.[10]

Honours

Lord Elgin was appointed Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) on his appointment as Viceroy in 1894. He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG) on his return to the United Kingdom in 1899.

In July 1902, he received the freedom of the city of St Andrews "in recognition of his devotion to the public service, whether holding the exalted position of Viceroy of India, where he watched over the interests of a vast Empire with remarkable skill, prudence, and success, or discharging the duties connected with county government and giving his time and wide experience as Chairman of the Carnegie Trust for the advancement of education in Scotland".[11]

Family

File:Constance, Countess of Elgin (1876), daughter of Sir James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk.jpg
Constance, Countess of Elgin (1876), daughter of Sir James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk
File:Elgin in 18890002.jpg
The Earl of Elgin at his private estate in Scotland, 1889.

Lord Elgin married Lady Constance Mary Carnegie, daughter of James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk, in 1876. They had six sons and five daughters:

After Lady Elgin's death in 1909, he married Gertrude Lilian, daughter of William Sherbrooke and widow of Frederick Charles Ashley Ogilvy, in 1913. They had one posthumous son:

Death

Lord Elgin died at the family estate in Dunfermline in January 1917, at 67. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son from his first marriage, Edward.

His widow, Gertrude, later remarried and died in February 1971.

Kincardine whisky

Kincardine whisky was released in November 2016 by Fusion Whisky Ltd, in partnership with independent bottler and distillery Adelphi.[12] It was made to honour his achievements, particularly his time in India when he served as Viceroy and Governor-Consul.[13] It featured photography from the Bruce family's archive. The managing director and master blender of Adelphi is Alex Bruce, who is the great-grandson of Victor Bruce.[13]

The Kincardine was a blend, or fusion, of seven-year-old India single malt whisky from Amrut distillery in Bangalore and mature single malt Scotch whisky from Glen Elgin and Macallan distilleries in Speyside. Only 800 bottles were produced, with a price of about £135 and ABV of 52.9%. It was the fourth international blend from Fusion Whisky and followed from the highly acclaimed Glover whiskies.[14]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts; 1. Verso, 2000. Template:ISBN pg. 158
  7. ↑ Template:Cite EB1911
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "London Gazette util".
  9. ↑ Reid 2006, p107-8, 112
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

  • Elgin Papers, India Office Records, British Library
  • Queen Victoria – "Journals"
  • Queen Victoria – "Our Life in the Highlands"
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External links

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Political offices
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Treasurer of the Household
1886 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check First Commissioner of Works
1886 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Secretary of State for the Colonies
1905–1908 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Viceroy of India
1894–1899 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen
1914–1917 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Lord Lieutenant of Fife
1886–1917 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Earl of Elgin
Earl of Kincardine
1863–1917 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

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