List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from VFMA(AW))
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use dmy dates This is a list of all of the active squadrons that exist in the United States Marine Corps, sorted by type. Most squadrons have changed names and designations many times over the years, so they are listed by their current designation.

To see Marine Aviation units sorted by command hierarchy, see aviation combat element.

Squadron designations

The basic tactical and administrative unit of United States Marine Corps aviation is the squadron. Fixed-wing aircraft squadrons (heavier than air) and tiltrotor squadrons are denoted by the letter "V", which comes from the Spanish verb "volar" (to fly). Rotary wing (helicopter) squadrons use "H." Marine squadrons are always noted by the second letter "M." Squadron numbering is not linear as some were numbered in ascending order and others took numbers from the wing or the ship to which they were assigned. From 1920 to 1941, Marine flying squadrons were identified by one digit numbers. This changed on 1 July 1941, when all existing squadrons were redesignated to a three-digit system. The first two numbers were supposed to identify the squadrons parent group but with the rapid expansion during World War II and frequent transfer of squadrons this system fell apart.[1]

Rotary-wing aircraft

Marine Helicopter Squadron

The squadron is responsible for the helicopter transportation of the president of the United States, vice president, Cabinet members and VIPs. In addition to its VIP transport role, it is also tasked with operational test and evaluation (OT&E) of new flight systems for Marine Corps helicopters.[2] The squadron flies the VH-3D Sea King the VH-60N Whitehawk, and the MV-22 Osprey. These were due to be replaced by the VH-71 Kestrel,[3] however that program was cancelled in April 2009.[4] HMX-1 is now preparing for the arrival of the VH-92A Patriot, which will replace the VH-3D that serves as Marine One. Lastly, HMX-1 provides support to training at The Basic School, providing aerial insertion for various training events, as well as MAGTF Air component orientation to the student officers.

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
HMX-1 File:Hmx1 official insigia.jpg Marine One 1 December 1947 Headquarters Marine Corps MCAF Quantico, VA[5]

Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadrons

File:CH-53 Super Stallion 2.jpg
CH-53E Super Stallion

Heavy helicopter squadrons were first formed in 1966 when the Marine Corps began flying the heavy lift CH-53 Sea Stallion during the Vietnam War.[6] Each squadron is equipped with sixteen CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters. Their primary role is moving cargo and equipment with the secondary role of transferring troops ashore in an amphibious assault. The CH-53Es are the most powerful helicopter in the U.S. military inventory today.[7] As part of the current reorganization of the Corps, HMH-462 will be decommissioned by 2030.[8]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
HMH-361 File:HMH-361 insignia.png Flying Tigers 25 February 1952 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[9]
HMH-461 File:Hmh461newpatch.jpg Iron Horse 15 March 1944 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[10]
HMH-462 File:HMH-462 insignia.png Heavy Haulers 15 April 1944 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[11]
HMH-464 File:Hmh464-a.jpg Condors 5 April 1944 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[12]
HMH-465 File:HMH-465 insignia.png Warhorse 1 December 1981 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[13]
HMH-466 File:HMH-466 insignia.png Wolfpack 30 November 1984 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[14]
HMH-772 File:HMH-772 insignia.png Hustler 15 April 1958 MAG-49, 4th MAW McGuire Air Force Base, NJ[15]

Marine Heavy Helicopter Training Squadron

The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the CH-53E Super Stallion.Template:R

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
HMHT-302 File:HMT-302.png Phoenix 1 November 1966 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[16]

Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadrons

File:UH-1Y HMLAT-303 Camp Pendleton 2008.JPG
UH-1Y Venom

The Marine Corps’ light attack squadrons are composite squadrons made up of 18 AH-1Z Vipers and 9 UH-1Y Venoms.[17] The primary missions of the Viper is close air support, forward air control, reconnaissance and armed escort,[18] while the Huey provides airborne command and control, utility support, supporting arms coordination and medical evacuation.[19] The H-1 upgrade program will see both the AH-1 and UH-1 get greater power, improved avionics and an 85% commonality of parts.[20][21][22] The transition to the UH-1Y was completed in August 2014 when HMLA-773 flew the UH-1N for the last time. Due to the need for more light attack squadrons, the Marine Corps began adding new squadrons in 2008. HMLA-469 is the newest squadron. However, as part of the re-organization of the corps, HMLA-469 and HMLA-367 will be de-activated by 2030.[23]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
HMLA-167 File:HMLA-167 squadron patch.png Warriors 1 April 1968 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[24]
HMLA-169 File:HMLA-169 insignia.png Vipers 30 September 1971 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[25]
HMLA-267 File:HMLA-267.png Stingers 15 February 1944 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[26]
HMLA-269 File:Hmla-269.jpg The Gunrunners 22 February 1977 MAG-29, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC[27]
HMLA-367 File:HMLA 367 insignia.png Scarface 1 December 1943 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[28]
HMLA-369 File:HMLA-369 insignia.PNG Gunfighters 1 April 1972 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[29]
HMLA-773 File:Hmla-773.gif Red Dog June 1968 MAG-49, 4th MAW Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst, NJ[30]
HMLA-775 File:HMLA-775.png Coyote 1 October 2016 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[31]

Marine Light Attack Helicopter Training Squadron

The squadron trains newly designated (i.e., winged) Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, refresher pilots, and enlisted aircrew on the UH-1Y Venom, and the AH-1Z Viper.Template:R

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
HMLAT-303 File:HMLAT-303 New Squadron Patch 2019.png Atlas 30 April 1982 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA[32]

Tiltrotor Aircraft

Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadrons

File:20080406165033!V-22 Osprey refueling edit1.jpg
MV-22 Osprey

Marine tiltrotor squadrons are new units operating the MV-22 Osprey with their main mission being assault support. The Osprey offers twice the speed, five times the range, and can fly more than twice as high as the helicopters they are replacing.[33] As the Marine Corps’ number one aviation acquisition priority, the Osprey replaced the aging fleet of CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters and is a cornerstone of the capstone concept of Expeditionary maneuver warfare.[34] As of October 2017, the Marine Corps has 16 Fully Operationally Capable (FOC) MV-22 squadrons. VMM-268, VMM-364, and VMM-164 reached FOC in FY16. The two newest Osprey squadrons, VMM-362 and VMM-212, will stand up in FY18 and FY19 respectively, completing the Marine Corps' transition to 18 active component MV-22 squadrons. Each squadron operates 12 aircraft.

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station Note
VMM-161 File:VMM-161 insignia.jpg Greyhawks January 15, 1951 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [35]
VMM-162 File:VMM-162.jpg Golden Eagles June 30, 1952 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC [36]
VMM-163 File:Hmm163-a.jpg Evil Eyes December 1, 1951 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [37]
VMM-164 File:HMMT-164 Green.JPG Knightriders July 1, 1962 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA [38]
VMM-165 File:HMM-165 insignia.png White Knights July 1, 1965 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [39]
VMM-261 File:Vmm-261 squadron insignia.jpg Raging Bulls April 5, 1951 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC [40]
VMM-262 File:VMM-262.jpg Flying Tigers September 1, 1951 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan [41]
VMM-263 File:VMM263.jpg Thunder Chickens June 16, 1952 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC [42]
VMM-265 File:VMM 265 Reinforced patches.jpg Dragons October 1, 1962 MAG-36, 1st MAW MCAS Futenma, Japan [43]
VMM-266 File:Hmm266-a.jpg Fighting Griffins April 26, 1983 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC [44]
VMM-268 File:VMM-268 insignia.jpg Red Dragons April 26, 1983 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCB Hawaii, HI [45]
VMM-362 File:Hmm362logo.gif Ugly Angels April 30, 1952 MAG-16, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [46]
VMM-363 File:VMM-363 Logo.jpg Red Lions June 2, 1952 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCB Hawaii, HI [47]
VMM-364 File:VMM-364 (White).jpg Purple Foxes September 1, 1961 MAG-39, 3rd MAW MCAS Camp Pendleton, CA [48]
VMM-365 File:Vmm-365 squadron insignia.jpg Blue Knights July 1, 1963 MAG-26, 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC [49]
VMM-764 File:Hmm764logo.gif Moonlight April 15, 1958 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Miramar, CA [50]
VMM-774 File:HMM774WILDGOOSE.jpg Wild Goose September 5, 1958 MAG-49, 4th MAW MCAS New River, NC [51]

Marine Medium Tiltrotor Training Squadron

The squadron provides new and conversion training to Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force pilots and units in the use and maintenance of the Osprey tiltrotor aircraft.[52]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station Notes
VMMT-204 File:VMMT-204.jpg Raptors May 1, 1972 2nd MAW MCAS New River, NC [53]

Fixed-Wing Aircraft

Marine Attack Squadrons

File:Harrier.av8b.750pix.jpg
AV-8B Harrier II

Marine attack squadrons fly the AV-8B Harrier II[54] and are tasked with providing close air support, air interdiction, surveillance and escort of helicopters. Because the STOVL Harrier can operate from amphibious assault ships, expeditionary airfields and tactical remote landing sites, it provides commanders with more flexibility in providing air support.[55] The Harrier is due to be replaced by the F-35B, the STOVL version of the F-35 Lightning II.[56] This transition began in 2016 when VMA-211 exchanged its Harriers for the F-35B and became VMFA-211.

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
VMA-223 File:VMA-223 Patch.svg Bulldogs 1 May 1942 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[57]
VMA-231 File:VMA-231 Emblem.svg Ace of Spades 8 February 1919 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[58]

VMA-223 will transition to F-35B in 2027, while VMA-231 will transition to F-35B in 2026.[59]

Marine Fighter Attack Squadrons

File:F-35B of VMFA-121 lands at MCAS Yuma 2013.JPG
F-35B Lightning II

Script error: No such module "anchor". The Marine Corps' VMFA squadrons fly the F/A-18 Hornet and F-35 Lightning II. Their primary mission is to attack and destroy surface targets, during both day and nighttime operations, under all weather conditions; conduct multi-sensor imagery reconnaissance; provide supporting arms coordination; and intercept and destroy enemy aircraft in all weather conditions. The current F/A-18s saw first deployments during Operation Desert Storm, after having replaced the A-6 Intruder. Each Hornet squadron operates 12 aircraft and each F-35 squadron operates 10 to 12 aircraft.[59][60][61]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Aircraft Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
VMFA-112 File:VMFA-112 squadron insignia.jpg Cowboys F/A-18C 1 March 1942 MAG-41, 4th MAW NASJRB Fort Worth, TX[62]
VMFA-121 File:VMFA(AW)-121 insignia.png Green Knights F-35B 24 June 1941 MAG-12, 1st MAW MCAS Iwakuni, Japan[63]
VMFA-122 File:Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 122 (United States Marine Corps) insignia, 2016.png Werewolves F-35B 1 March 1942 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[64]
VMFA-211 File:Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 211 insignia 2016.png Wake Island Avengers F-35B 1 January 1937 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[65]
VMFA-214 File:VMA214-Blacksheep.svg Black Sheep F-35B 1 July 1942 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[66]
VMFA(AW)-224 File:VMFA-224.png Fighting Bengals F/A-18D 1 May 1942 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC[67]
VMFA-225 File:VMFA-225 M-Th Chest Patch.png Vikings F-35B 1 January 1943 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[68]
VMFA-232 File:VMFA-232 patch.svg Red Devils F/A-18C 1 September 1925 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[69]
VMFA-242 File:Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 242 (United States Marine Corps) insignia, 2020.png Bats F-35B 1 July 1943 MAG-12, 1st MAW MCAS Iwakuni, Japan[70]
VMFA-251 File:VMFA-251.png Thunderbolts F-35C 1 December 1941 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[71]
VMFA-311 File:Vma311-a.jpg Tomcats F-35C 1 December 1942 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[72]
VMFA-312 File:VMFA-312.png Checkerboard F/A-18C 1 June 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC[73]
VMFA-314 File:VMFA-314patch.png Black Knights F-35C 1 October 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[74]
VMFA-323 File:VMFA-323 insignia.png Death Rattlers F/A-18C 1 August 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[75]
VMFA-533 File:VMFA-533.png Hawks F-35B 1 October 1943 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC[76]
VMFA-542 File:VMFA-542 Squadron Insignia.jpg Tigers F-35B 6 March 1944 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[77]

Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadrons

VMFAT squadrons train newly designated Naval Aviators to fly Marine Corps Aircraft.[78][79]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Aircraft Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
VMFAT-501 File:VMFAT-501.png Warlords F-35B 15 February 1944 MAG-31, 2nd MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC[80]
VMFAT-502 File:VMFAT-502 (2020).jpg Flying Nightmares F-35B 15 February 1944 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA

Marine Fighter Training Squadron

VMFT-401 and VMFT-402 are the only aggressor squadrons in the Marine Corps. They fly the F-5E Tiger II and provide instruction to active and reserve squadrons through dissimilar adversary combat tactics. The squadrons are based at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, AZ, and Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, SC, respectively, and are assigned to Marine Aircraft Group 41, 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Forces Reserve.

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
VMFT-401 File:VMFT-401.png Snipers 18 March 1986 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ
VMFT-402 File:VMFT-402.png Grim Reapers September 2024 MAG-41, 4th MAW MCAS Beaufort, SC

Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadrons

File:KC-130J USMC.jpg
KC-130J Hercules

VMGR squadrons operate the KC-130 Hercules tanker/transport. Their primary missions are aerial and rapid ground refueling, transportation of personnel and cargo to include MEDEVACs and parachute insertions, flying the airborne version of the Direct Air Support Center (DASC) and emergency resupply into unimproved landing zones.[81][82]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Aircraft Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
VMGR-152 File:VMGR-152patchscan.jpg Sumos KC-130J 11 March 1942 MAG-12, 1st MAW MCAS Iwakuni, Japan[83]
VMGR-153 File:VMGR-153 (clean).png Hercules KC-130J 1 March 1942 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii
VMGR-234 File:VMGR-234.png Rangers KC-130J 1 May 1942 MAG-41, 4th MAW NASJRB Fort Worth, TX[84]
VMGR-252 File:Vmgr252 insig.jpg Otis KC-130J 1 June 1928 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[85]
VMGR-352 File:VMGR-352 squadron insignia.png Raiders KC-130J 1 April 1943 MAG-11, 3rd MAW MCAS Miramar, CA[86]

Marine Transport Squadron

File:Marines-uc35-6766-070403-04cr-16.jpg
UC-35D

VMR squadrons provide search and rescue support as well as movement of key personnel and critical logistics support around the world. They also provide movement of high priority passengers and cargo during wartime in support of operations and other critical commitments.[87]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
VMR-1 File:VMR-1Insignia.gif Roadrunners January 1943 Marine Aircraft Group 41 Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, TX

Marine Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron

The squadron is a Marine Corps test and development unit. Its mission is to conduct operational testing and evaluation of Marine Corps fixed, tiltrotor, and rotary-wing aircraft. The unit was re-designated to VMX-1 (from VMX-22) on 13 May 2016.[88]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Aircraft Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
VMX-1 File:VMX-1 Logo.png Flying Lions UH-1Y
AH-1Z
CH-53E/K
MV-22B
F-35B
RQ-21
28 August 2003 Operational Test and Evaluation Force MCAS Yuma, AZ

Unmanned Aerial Systems

Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadrons

VMUs operate the RQ-21 Blackjack unmanned aerial system (UAS) which provides Marine ground forces with reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition. They also provide artillery spotting and can assist in search and rescue operations. Due to the high operational tempo of the VMU squadrons in recent years, the Marine Corps stood up VMU-3 in 2008 and VMU-4, a reserve unit, was activated in 2010 with the lineage of VMO-4.[89]

Squadron Name Insignia Nickname Date Commissioned Senior Command Station
VMU-1 File:VMU-1 squadron insignia.png Watchdogs 21 January 1987 MAG-13, 3rd MAW MCAS Yuma, AZ[90]
VMU-2 File:VMU-2 new insignia.png Night Owls June 1984 MAG-14, 2nd MAW MCAS Cherry Point, NC[91]
VMU-3 File:VMU-3 logo.png Phantoms 12 September 2008 MAG-24, 1st MAW MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI


See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:US Marine Corps navbox

Template:Refbegin

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Template:Refend

  1. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  90. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".