Elections by country

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Sidebar". For each de jure and de facto sovereign state and dependent territory an article on elections in that entity has been included and information on the way the head of state, head of government, and the legislature is selected. Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government" indicate the office is the same for that country; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house" indicate a unicameral legislature. The linked articles include the results of the elections. For a chronological order, see the electoral calendar.

Template:Compact ToC

A

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Abkhazia Direct election[1] Direct election[1]
Template:Flagicon Afghanistan Autocrat elected by legislature[2][3][4] Appointment by autocrat[2] Appointment by autocrat[5]
Template:Flagicon Åland President of Finland Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon Albania Election by legislature[6] Election by legislature[6] Direct election[6]
Template:Flagicon Algeria Direct election[7] Election by legislature[7] Direct election[7] Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President[7]
Template:Flagicon American Samoa President of the United States[8] Direct election[8] Direct election[8] Election by regional governing councils[8]
Template:Flagicon Andorra The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state[9] Election by legislature[9] Direct election[9]
Template:Flagicon Angola Election by legislature[10] Direct election[10]
Template:Flagicon Anguilla Monarchy[11] Election by legislature[11] Direct election and appointments[11]
Template:Flagicon Antigua and Barbuda Monarchy[12] Election by legislature[12] Direct election[12] Appointments[12]
Template:Flagicon Argentina Direct election[13] Direct election[13]
Template:Flagicon Armenia Election by Legislature Election by Legislature Direct election [14]
Template:Flagicon Aruba Monarch of the Netherlands[15] Election by legislature[15] Direct election[15]
Template:Flagicon Australia Monarchy[16] Election by legislature[16] Direct election[16]
Template:Flagicon Austria Direct election[17] Election by legislature[17] Direct election[17] Indirect election[17]
Template:Flagicon Azerbaijan Direct election[18] Appointment by president[18] Direct election[18]

B

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Bahamas Monarchy[19] Election by legislature[19] Direct election[19] Appointments[19]
Template:Flagicon Bahrain Monarchy[20] Appointment by monarch[20] Direct election[20] Appointments[20]
Template:Flagicon Bangladesh Election by legislature[21] Election by legislature[21] Direct and indirect election[21]
Template:Flagicon Barbados Election by legislature[22] Election by legislature[21] Direct election[22] Appointments[22]
Template:Flagicon Belarus Direct election[23] Appointment by president[23] Direct election[23] Indirect election and appointments[23]
Template:Flagicon Belgium Monarchy[24] Election by legislature[24] Direct election[24] Indirect election[24]
Template:Flagicon Belize Monarchy[25] Election by legislature[25] Direct election[25] Appointments[25]
Template:Flagicon Benin Direct election[26] Direct election[26]
Template:Flagicon Bermuda Monarchy[27] Election by legislature[27] Direct election[27] Appointments[27]
Template:Flagicon Bhutan Monarchy[28] Elected by legislature[28] Direct election[28] Direct election and appointments[28]
Template:Flagicon Bolivia Direct election[29] Direct election[29]
Template:Flagicon Bosnia and Herzegovina Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates[30] Appointment by head of state[30] Direct election[30] Indirect election[30]
Template:Flagicon Botswana Election by legislature[31] Direct election[31] Hereditary and appointments[31]
Template:Flagicon Brazil Direct election[32] Direct election[32] Direct election[32]
Template:Flagicon British Virgin Islands Monarchy[33] Election by legislature[33] Direct election[33]
Template:Flagicon Brunei Monarchy[34] Appointments by head of state[34]
Template:Flagicon Bulgaria Direct election[35] Election by legislature[35] Direct election[35]
Template:Flagicon Burkina Faso Direct election[36] Appointment by president[36] Direct election[36]
Burma see Myanmar
Template:Flagicon Burundi Direct election[37] Direct election and co-option[37] Indirect election[37]

C

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Cabo Verde see Cape Verde
Template:Flagicon Cambodia Monarch elected by Royal Council[38] Election by lower house of legislature[38] Direct election[38] Indirect election and appointments[38]
Template:Flagicon Cameroon Direct election[39] Appointment by president[39] Direct election[39] Indirect election and appointments[39]
Template:Flagicon Canada Monarchy[40] Election by lower house of legislature[40] Direct election[40] Appointments[40]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon Cape Verde Direct election[41] Appointment by president[41] Direct election[41]
Template:Flagicon Cayman Islands Monarchy[42] Election by legislature[42] Direct election and appointments[42]
Template:Flagicon Central African Republic Direct election[43] Appointment by president[44] Direct election[43]
Template:Flagicon Chad Direct election[45] Appointment by president[45] Direct election[45]
Template:Flagicon Chile Direct election[46] Direct election[46]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon China Election by legislature[47] Appointment by head of state[47] Indirect election[47]
Template:Flagicon Colombia Direct election[48] Direct election[48] Direct election[48]
Template:Flagicon Comoros Direct election[49] Direct and indirect election[49]
Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo
Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo
Template:Flagicon Cook Islands Monarchy[50] Election by legislature[50] Direct election[50]
Template:Flagicon Costa Rica Direct election[51] Direct election[51]
Template:Flagicon Côte d'Ivoire Direct election[52] Appointment by president[52] Direct election[52]
Template:Flagicon Croatia Direct election[53] Election by legislature[53] Direct election[53]
Template:Flagicon Cuba Election by legislature[54] Direct election[54]
Template:Flagicon Curaçao Monarch of the Netherlands[55] Election by legislature[55] Direct election[55]
Template:Flagicon Cyprus Direct election[56] Direct election[56]
Template:Flagicon Czech Republic Direct election[57] Appointment by president[57] Direct election[57]

D

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon Democratic Republic of the Congo Direct election[58] Appointment by president[58] Direct election[58] Indirect election[58]
Template:Flagicon Denmark Monarchy[59] Election by legislature[59] Direct election[59]
Template:Flagicon Djibouti Direct election[60] Appointment by president[60] Direct election[60]
Template:Flagicon Dominica Election by legislature[61] Appointment by president[61] Direct election and appointments[61]
Template:Flagicon Dominican Republic Direct election[62] Direct election[62]

E

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Ecuador Direct election[63] Direct election[63]
Template:Flagicon Egypt Direct election[64] Appointment by president[64] Direct election and appointments[64]
Template:Flagicon El Salvador Direct election[65] Direct election[65]
Template:Flagicon Equatorial Guinea Direct election[66] Appointment by president[66] Direct election[66] Direct election and appointments[66]
Template:Flagicon Eritrea Election by legislature[67] Direct and indirect election[67]
Template:Flagicon Estonia Election by legislature and/or electoral college[68] Appointment by president[68] Direct election[68]
Template:Flagicon Eswatini Monarchy[69] Appointment by monarch[69] Election by traditional local councils and appointments[69] Election by lower house and appointments[69]
Template:Flagicon Ethiopia Election by legislature[70] Election by legislature[70] Direct election[70] Indirect election[70]

F

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Falkland Islands Monarchy[71] Election by legislature[71] Direct election and appointments[71]
Template:Flagicon Faroe Islands Monarch of Denmark[72] Election by legislature[72] Direct election[72]
Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia
Template:Flagicon Fiji Election by legislature[73] Appointment by president[73] Direct election[73]
Template:Flagicon Finland Direct election[74] Election by legislature[74] Direct election[74]
Template:Flagicon France Direct election[75] Appointment by president[75] Direct election[75] Indirect election[75]
Template:Flagicon French Polynesia President of France[76] Election by legislature[76] Direct election[76]

G

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Gabon Direct election[77] Appointment by president[77] Direct election[77] Indirect election[77]
Template:Flagicon Gambia Direct election[78] Direct election and appointments[78]
Template:Flagicon Georgia Direct election[79] Election by legislature[79] Direct election[79]
Template:Flagicon Germany Election by electoral college[80] Election by legislature[80] Direct election[80] Representation of state governments[80]
Template:Flagicon Ghana Direct election[81] Direct election[81]
Template:Flagicon Gibraltar Monarchy[82] Election by legislature[82] Direct and indirect election[82]
Template:Flagicon Greece Election by legislature[83] Election by legislature[83] Direct election[83]
Template:Flagicon Greenland Monarch of Denmark[84] Election by legislature[84] Direct election[84]
Template:Flagicon Grenada Monarchy[85] Election by legislature[85] Direct election[85] Appointment[85]
Template:Flagicon Guam President of the United States[86] Direct election[86] Direct election[86]
Template:Flagicon Guatemala Direct election[87] Direct election[87]
Template:Flagicon Guernsey Monarchy[88] Election by legislature[88] Direct election[88]
Template:Flagicon Guinea Direct election[89] Appointment by president[89] Direct election[89]
Template:Flagicon Guinea-Bissau Direct election[90] Appointment by president[90] Direct election[90]
Template:Flagicon Guyana Election by legislature[91] Direct election[91]

H

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Haiti Direct election[92] Appointment by president[93] Direct election[92]
Template:Flagicon Honduras Direct election[94] Direct election[94]
Template:Flagicon Hong Kong Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council[95] Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council[95] Direct election and indirect election[95]
Holy See see Vatican City
Template:Flagicon Hungary Election by legislature[96] Election by legislature[96] Direct election[96]

I

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Iceland Direct election[97] Election by legislature[97] Direct election[97][98]
Template:Flagicon India Election by electoral college[99] Election by legislature[99] Direct election[99] Indirect election[99]
Template:Flagicon Indonesia Direct election[100] Direct election[100]
Template:Flagicon Iran Election by Assembly of Experts[101] Direct election[101] Direct election and appointment[101]
Template:Flagicon Iraq Election by legislature[102] Election by legislature[102] Direct election[102]
Template:Flagicon Ireland Direct election[103] Election by lower house of legislature[103] Direct election[103] Election by functional constituencies and appointment[103]
Template:Flagicon Isle of Man Monarchy[104] Election by legislature[104] Direct election[104] Indirect election/ex officio[104]
Template:Flagicon Israel Election by legislature[105] Appointment by president[106] Direct election[105]
Template:Flagicon Italy Election by legislature[107] Appointment by president[107] Direct election[107]

J

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Jamaica Monarchy[108] Election by lower house of legislature[108] Direct election[108] Appointment[108]
Template:Flagicon Japan Monarchy[109] Election by lower house of legislature[109] Direct election[109]
Template:Flagicon Jersey Monarchy[110] Election by legislature[110] Direct election[110]
Template:Flagicon Jordan Monarchy[111] Appointment by monarch[111] Direct election[111] Appointment by monarch[111]

K

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Kazakhstan Direct election[112] Appointment by president[112] Direct and indirect election[112] Indirect election and appointments[112]
Template:Flagicon Kenya Direct election[113] Direct election and appointments[113] Direct election[113]
Template:Flagicon Kiribati Direct election[114] Direct election and appointments[114]
Korea, North see North Korea
Korea, South see South Korea
Template:Flagicon Kosovo Election by legislature[115] Election by legislature[115] Direct election[115]
Template:Flagicon Kuwait Monarchy[116] Appointment by monarch[116] Direct election and appointments[116]
Template:Flagicon Kyrgyzstan Direct election[117] Election by legislature[117] Direct election[117]

L

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Laos Election by legislature[118] Election by legislature[118] Direct election[118]
Template:Flagicon Latvia Election by legislature[119] Appointment by president[119] Direct election[119]
Template:Flagicon Lebanon Election by legislature[120] Appointment by president[120] Direct election[120]
Template:Flagicon Lesotho Monarchy[121] Election by lower house of legislature[121] Direct election[121] Appointments[121]
Template:Flagicon Liberia Direct election[122] Direct election[122] Direct election[122]
Template:Flagicon Libya Head of Presidential Council[123] Direct election[124]
Template:Flagicon Liechtenstein Monarchy[125] Election by legislature[125] Direct election[125]
Template:Flagicon Lithuania Direct election[126] Appointment by president[126] Direct election[126]
Template:Flagicon Luxembourg Monarchy[127] Election by legislature[127] Direct election[127]

M

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Macau Election by election committee[128] Election by election committee[128] Direct election, indirect election, and appointments[128]
Template:Flagicon Madagascar Direct election[129] Election by lower house of legislature[129] Direct election[129] Indirect election and appointments[129]
Template:Flagicon Malawi Direct election[130] Direct election[130]
Template:Flagicon Malaysia Election by the rulers of the Malay states[131] Election by lower house of legislature[131] Direct election[131] Indirect election and appointments[131]
Template:Flagicon Maldives Direct election[132] Direct election[132]
Template:Flagicon Mali Direct election[133] Appointment by president[133] Direct election[133]
Template:Flagicon Malta Election by legislature Appointment by president Direct election
Template:Flagicon Marshall Islands Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon Mauritania Direct election Direct election Indirect election
Template:Flagicon Mauritius Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon Mexico Direct election Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Micronesia Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon Moldova Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Monaco Monarchy Direct election
Template:Flagicon Mongolia Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Montenegro Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Montserrat Monarchy[134] Election by legislature[134] Direct election[134]
Template:Flagicon Morocco Monarchy Appointment by monarch Direct election Indirect election and election by functional groups
Template:Flagicon Mozambique Direct election Direct election
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon Myanmar Election by legislature Direct election and appointments

N

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Nagorno Karabakh Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Namibia Direct election[135] Direct election[135] Indirect election[135]
Template:Flagicon Nauru Election by legislature[136] Direct election[136]
Template:Flagicon Nepal Indirect election[137] Election by legislature[137] Direct election[137] Indirect election and appointments[137]
Template:Flagicon Netherlands Monarchy[138] Election by legislature[138] Direct election[138] Indirect election[138]
Template:Flagicon New Caledonia President of France[139] Election by legislature[139] Indirect election[139]
Template:Flagicon New Zealand Monarchy[140] Election by legislature[140] Direct election[140]
Template:Flagicon Nicaragua Direct election[141] Direct election and ex officio[141]
Template:Flagicon Niger Direct election[142] Appointment by president[142] Direct election[142]
Template:Flagicon Nigeria Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Niue Monarchy[143] Election by legislature[143] Direct election[143]
Template:Flagicon Norfolk Island Monarchy[144] Appointment by monarch[144] Direct election[144]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon North Korea Elected by legislature[145] Direct election
Template:Flagicon North Macedonia Direct election[146] Election by legislature[146] Direct election[146]
Template:Flagicon Northern Cyprus Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Northern Mariana Islands President of the United States[147] Direct election[147] Direct election[147]
Template:Flagicon Norway Monarchy Direct election

O

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Oman Monarchy[148] Indirect election[148] Appointments[148]

P

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Pakistan Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election
Template:Flagicon Palau Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Palestine Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Panama Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Papua New Guinea Monarchy[149] Election by legislature[149] Direct election[149]
Template:Flagicon Paraguay Direct election Direct election
People's Republic of China see China
Template:Flagicon Peru Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Philippines Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Pitcairn Islands Monarchy[150] Direct election[150] Direct election and appointment[150]
Template:Flagicon Poland Direct election Appointment by president Direct election
Template:Flagicon Portugal Direct election Appointment by president[151] Direct election
Template:Flagicon Puerto Rico President of the United States[152] Direct election[152] Direct election[152]

Q

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Qatar Monarchy[153] Appointed by monarch[153] Appointed by monarch[153]

R

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Republic of China see Taiwan
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon Republic of the Congo Direct election Direct election Indirect election
Template:Flagicon Romania Direct election[154] Appointed by president[154] Direct election[154]
Template:Flagicon Russia Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Template:Flagicon Rwanda Direct election[155] Appointment by president[155] Direct election and appointments[155] Indirect election and appointments[155]

S

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Election by legislature[156] Appointment by president[157] Direct election[158]
Template:Flagicon Saint Helena Monarchy[159] Appointment by monarch[159] Direct election and appointments[159]
Template:Flagicon Saint Kitts and Nevis Monarchy[160] Election by legislature[160] Direct election and appointments[160]
Template:Flagicon Saint Lucia Monarchy Direct election Appointments
Template:Flagicon Saint Pierre and Miquelon President of France[161] Election by legislature[161] Direct election[161]
Template:Flagicon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Monarchy Direct election and appointments
Template:Flagicon Samoa Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon San Marino Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon São Tomé and Príncipe Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Saudi Arabia Monarchy[162] Appointment by monarch[162]
Template:Flagicon Senegal Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Serbia Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Seychelles Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Sierra Leone Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Singapore Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Sint Maarten Monarch of the Netherlands[163] Election by legislature[163] Direct election[163]
Template:Flagicon Slovakia Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Slovenia Direct election Direct election Representation of interest groups
Template:Flagicon Solomon Islands Monarchy[164] Election by legislature[164] Direct election[164]
Template:Flagicon Somalia Direct election Transition
Template:Flagicon Somaliland Direct election Direct election Traditional leaders
Template:Flagicon South Africa Election by lower house of legislature[165] Direct election[165] Indirect election[165]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon South Korea Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon South Ossetia Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon South Sudan Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Spain Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Direct and indirect election
Template:Flagicon Sri Lanka Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Sudan Direct election Appointments due to transition Indirect election
Template:Flagicon Suriname Election by electoral college Direct election
Template:Flagicon Sweden Monarchy[166] Election by legislature[166] Direct election[166]
Template:Flagicon Switzerland Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon Syria Direct election Appointment by president Direct election

T

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon Taiwan Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Tajikistan Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Template:Flagicon Tanzania Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Thailand Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Representation of interest groups
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon Timor-Leste Direct election[167] Election by legislature[167] Direct election[167]
Template:Flagicon Togo Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Tokelau Monarchy[168] Rotation of village leaders[168] Direct election[168]
Template:Flagicon Tonga Monarchy Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio
Template:Flagicon Transnistria Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Trinidad and Tobago Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
Template:Flagicon Tunisia Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon Turkey Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Turkmenistan Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Turks and Caicos Islands Monarchy[169] Election by legislature[169] Direct election[169]
Template:Flagicon Tuvalu Monarchy[170] Election by legislature[170] Direct election[170]

U

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Uganda Direct election[171] Direct election and appointments[171]
Template:Flagicon Ukraine Direct election[172] Election by legislature[172] Direct election[172]
Template:Flagicon United Arab Emirates Indirect election by heads of constituent states[173] Indirect election by heads of constituent states[173] Appointments and indirect election[173]
Template:Flagicon United Kingdom Monarchy[174] Election by legislature[174] Direct election[174] Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election[174]
Template:Flagicon United States Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college[175] Direct election[175]
Template:Flagicon Uruguay Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Uzbekistan Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments

V

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Vanuatu Election by electoral college[176] Election by legislature[176] Direct election[176]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Template:Flagicon Vatican City Monarch elected by college of cardinals[177] Appointment by monarch[177] Appointment by monarch[177]
Template:Flagicon Venezuela Direct election Direct election
Template:Flagicon Vietnam Election by legislature Direct election
Template:Flagicon Virgin Islands President of the United States[178] Direct election[178] Direct election

W

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Wallis and Futuna President of France[179] Appointment by president[179] Direct election[179]

Y

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Yemen Direct election[180] Appointment by president[180] Direct election[180] Appointment by president[180]

Z

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Template:Flagicon Zambia Direct election[181] Mostly direct election, some appointments[181]
Template:Flagicon Zimbabwe Direct election[182] Direct election[182] Mix of direct and indirect election[182]

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c Albania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  7. ↑ a b c d Algeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  8. ↑ a b c d American Samoa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  9. ↑ a b c Andorra. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  10. ↑ a b Angola. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  11. ↑ a b c Anguilla. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  12. ↑ a b c d Antigua and Barbuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  13. ↑ a b Argentina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  14. ↑ Armenia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  15. ↑ a b c Aruba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  16. ↑ a b c Australia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  17. ↑ a b c d Austria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  18. ↑ a b c Azerbaijan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  19. ↑ a b c d Bahamas, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  20. ↑ a b c d Bahrain. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  21. ↑ a b c d Bangladesh. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  22. ↑ a b c Barbados. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  23. ↑ a b c d Belarus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  24. ↑ a b c d Belgium. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  25. ↑ a b c d Belize. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  26. ↑ a b Benin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  27. ↑ a b c d Bermuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  28. ↑ a b c d Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  29. ↑ a b Bolivia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  30. ↑ a b c d Bosnia and Herzegovina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  31. ↑ a b c Botswana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  32. ↑ a b c Brazil. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  33. ↑ a b c British Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  34. ↑ a b Brunei. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  35. ↑ a b c Bulgaria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  36. ↑ a b c Burkina Faso. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  37. ↑ a b c Burundi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  38. ↑ a b c d Cambodia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  39. ↑ a b c d Cameroon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  40. ↑ a b c d Canada. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  41. ↑ a b c Cabo Verde. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  42. ↑ a b c Cayman Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  43. ↑ a b Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ a b c Chad. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  46. ↑ a b Chile. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  47. ↑ a b c China. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  48. ↑ a b c Colombia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  49. ↑ a b Comoros. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  50. ↑ a b c Cook Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  51. ↑ a b Costa Rica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  52. ↑ a b c Cote d'Ivoire. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  53. ↑ a b c Croatia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  54. ↑ a b Cuba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  55. ↑ a b c Curacao. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  56. ↑ a b Cyprus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  57. ↑ a b c Czechia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  58. ↑ a b c d Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  59. ↑ a b c Denmark. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  60. ↑ a b c Djibouti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  61. ↑ a b c Dominica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  62. ↑ a b Dominican Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  63. ↑ a b Ecuador. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  64. ↑ a b c Egypt. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  65. ↑ a b El Salvador. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  66. ↑ a b c d Equatorial Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  67. ↑ a b Eritrea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  68. ↑ a b c Estonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  69. ↑ a b c d Swaziland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  70. ↑ a b c d Ethiopia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  71. ↑ a b c Falkland Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  72. ↑ a b c Faroe Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  73. ↑ a b c Fiji. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  74. ↑ a b c Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  75. ↑ a b c d France. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  76. ↑ a b c French Polynesia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  77. ↑ a b c d Gabon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  78. ↑ a b Gambia, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  79. ↑ a b c Georgia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  80. ↑ a b c d Germany. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  81. ↑ a b Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  82. ↑ a b c Gibraltar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  83. ↑ a b c Greece. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  84. ↑ a b c Greenland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  85. ↑ a b c d Grenada. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  86. ↑ a b c Guam. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  87. ↑ a b Guatemala. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  88. ↑ a b c Guernsey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  89. ↑ a b c Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  90. ↑ a b c Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  91. ↑ a b Guyana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  92. ↑ a b Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ a b Honduras. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  95. ↑ a b c Hong Kong. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  96. ↑ a b c Hungary. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  97. ↑ a b c Iceland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  98. ↑ Icelands Athingi is unicameral.
  99. ↑ a b c d India. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  100. ↑ a b Indonesia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  101. ↑ a b c Iran. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  102. ↑ a b c Iraq. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  103. ↑ a b c d Ireland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  104. ↑ a b c d Isle of Man. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  105. ↑ a b Israel. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ a b c Italy. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  108. ↑ a b c d Jamaica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  109. ↑ a b c Japan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  110. ↑ a b c Jersey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  111. ↑ a b c d Jordan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  112. ↑ a b c d Kazakhstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  113. ↑ a b c Kenya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  114. ↑ a b Kiribati. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  115. ↑ a b c Kosovo. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  116. ↑ a b c Kuwait. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  117. ↑ a b c Kyrgyzstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  118. ↑ a b c Laos. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  119. ↑ a b c Latvia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  120. ↑ a b c Lebanon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  121. ↑ a b c d Lesotho. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  122. ↑ a b c Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Libya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  125. ↑ a b c Liechtenstein. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  126. ↑ a b c Lithuania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  127. ↑ a b c Luxembourg. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  128. ↑ a b c Macau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  129. ↑ a b c d Madagascar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  130. ↑ a b Malawi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  131. ↑ a b c d Malaysia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  132. ↑ a b Maldives. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  133. ↑ a b c Mali. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  134. ↑ a b c Montserrat. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  135. ↑ a b c Namibia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  136. ↑ a b Nauru. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  137. ↑ a b c d Nepal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  138. ↑ a b c d Netherlands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  139. ↑ a b c New Caledonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  140. ↑ a b c New Zealand. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  141. ↑ a b Nicaragua. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  142. ↑ a b c Niger. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  143. ↑ a b c Niue. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  144. ↑ a b c Norfolk Island. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  145. ↑ North Korea's parliament elects the Head of State
  146. ↑ a b c Macedonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  147. ↑ a b c Northern Mariana Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  148. ↑ a b c Oman. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  149. ↑ a b c Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  150. ↑ a b c Pitcairn Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ a b c Puerto Rico. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  153. ↑ a b c Qatar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  154. ↑ a b c Romania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  155. ↑ a b c d Rwanda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ a b c Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  160. ↑ a b c Saint Kitts and Nevis. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  161. ↑ a b c Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  162. ↑ a b Saudi Arabia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  163. ↑ a b c Sint Maarten. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  164. ↑ a b c Solomon Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  165. ↑ a b c South Africa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  166. ↑ a b c Sweden. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  167. ↑ a b c Timor-Leste. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  168. ↑ a b c Tokelau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  169. ↑ a b c Turks and Caicos Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  170. ↑ a b c Tuvalu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  171. ↑ a b Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  172. ↑ a b c Ukraine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  173. ↑ a b c United Arab Emirates. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  174. ↑ a b c d United Kingdom. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  175. ↑ a b United States. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  176. ↑ a b c Vanuatu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  177. ↑ a b c Holy See. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  178. ↑ a b Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  179. ↑ a b c Wallis and Futuna. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  180. ↑ a b c d Yemen. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  181. ↑ a b Zambia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  182. ↑ a b c Zimbabwe. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

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External links

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