Universal Monsters

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Template:Short description Template:Pp Template:Better sources needed Template:Infobox media franchise

The Universal Monsters (also known as Universal Classic Monsters and Universal Studios Monsters) is a media franchise comprising various horror film series distributed by Universal Pictures. It consists of different horror creature characters originating from various novels, such as Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hyde, the Phantom of the Opera, Count Dracula, Frankenstein's monster, the Mummy, and the Invisible Man, as well as original characters the Wolf Man and the Creature from the Black Lagoon.

The original series began with Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913) and ended with The Creature Walks Among Us (1956). While the early installments were initially created as stand-alone films based on published novels, their financial and critical success resulted in various cross-over releases between the monsters, as well as other properties such as Abbott and Costello. Following the positive response to various viewings of these films via television redistribution which began airing in the 1950s, the studio began developing the characters for other media. In the 1990s, it became priority for Universal to promote their catalogue with official packaging that presented films with the official franchise title. Through a number of VHS editions, their popularity continued into contemporary entertainment. This included additional development through modern-filmmaking adaptations, beginning with Dracula (1979) and most recently Wolf Man (2025).

Modern analyses describe the titular characters as "pop culture icons",Template:Sfn while the franchise as a whole is often cited as the prototypical example of the shared universe concept in film.[1][2][3] In addition to the films, the franchise has expanded to include novels, comics, and theme park rides.

History

Universal's early horror films were adaptations of work from familiar authors and texts to give their films a prestige appeal. These included Dracula (1931), whose success led to the production of other works such as Frankenstein (1931).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn FrankensteinTemplate:'s ending was changed by studio head Carl Laemmle Jr., who wanted Universal to be able deploy key characters from the film into subsequent Universal productions.Template:Sfn Following the release of other Universal films such as The Mummy (1932), The Invisible Man (1933) and Bride of Frankenstein (1935), there was a dry spell of horror films.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Universal only returned to the style following a successful theatrical re-release of Dracula and Frankenstein. The renewed interest in horror films led to new works, starting with Son of Frankenstein (1939).Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Universal would only introduce a few new monsters in the 1940s, with the most famous being Lon Chaney Jr. as The Wolf Man in The Wolf Man (1941).Template:Sfn The decade had Universal's horror output include many remakes and sequels, with films often directly reusing old sets, footage, and narratives to replicate moments in their earlier horror productions.Template:Sfn

Universal's first transmedia properties appeared in the 1940s and the 1950s with the films Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945) and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).Template:Sfn In these films, the monsters from the studio's earlier films "team up" against various characters. Author Megan De Bruin-Molé suggested that the Universal Classic Monsters films exist as a loose mash-up, which allowed for Dracula to exist and be watched separately from Frankenstein but allowed their characters to be systemically and consistently brought together and developed in other films and media.Template:Sfn These productions made were often crossovers and sequels, such as Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man, House of Frankenstein, House of Dracula and several occurrences in comedy films of Abbott and Costello meeting the monsters. These meetings started with Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein and ended with Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn De Bruin-Molé wrote that this approach from Universal was for commercial marketing terms, as it would establish the company as the "real" home of horror. Their films contained a world where potentially all monsters may dwell.Template:Sfn The sole new monster films that Universal produced in the 1950s were the Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954) and The Mummy (1959), the latter as a co-production with the British Hammer Film Productions.Template:Sfn

Towards the 1960s, the Universal monsters grew beyond film and became more consistently transmedial. Initially, this began in 1957 when Universal struck a ten-year television deal with Screen Gems to distribute 52 of their own titles.Template:Sfn These television screenings and the films being included on Mel Jass' Mel's Matinee Movie (1958-1979) would also prove to be popular. Stephen Sommers, director of The Mummy (1999), stated that his introduction to the series was on Jass's program.Template:Sfn Universal became part of the Music Corporation of America (MCA) in 1962. By 1964, Universal Studios tours would eventually include appearances from Frankenstein's monster.Template:Sfn Several products based on the characters from Universal's film series were released, ranging from plastic model kits, Halloween masks, figures, plush dolls, toys, drinking glasses, coloring books and postage stamps. While some of these objects bear similarity to the actors who portray them, others are more generic interpretations.Template:Sfn Other mediums featured the Universal monsters in tandem, such as Bobby "Boris" Pickett's 1962 popular song "Monster Mash" and the television series The Munsters (1964) which was based on the likeness of the Universal characters.Template:Sfn

In 1990, Universal was part of a merger between Matsushita, now known as Panasonic, and several other corporations. Between 1991 and 1994, Universal released VHS home video editions from their catalogue of horror films. This was the first time these films were packed together as the "Classic Monster" line, accompanied with a newly designed logo.Template:Sfn Prior to this home video series, the Universal films that featured multiple monsters were called "Super-Shocker[s]" or "monster rallies".Template:Sfn Louis Feol, the head of Worldwide Home Video for Universal Studios, said that the most important thing was the packaging of their sales. He added that it was "probably our single biggest priority and has been for a number of years", and that it was key to make the series of films "look like a line".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In a 1999 interview, Feol stated that creating the series was to "reinvigorate and re-market" the Universal catalog, specifically with their series of Dracula, Frankenstein, The Invisible Man, The Phantom of the Opera, The Wolf Man, and The Mummy.Template:Sfn

The 1990s also saw a trend in the merchandising of Universal Monsters material as part of a trend for the decade of recycling and reinventing old material from the past.Template:Sfn This led to the release of Stephen Sommer's The Mummy (1999) and a "monster rally"-styled film with Van Helsing (2004).Template:Sfn Merchandizing of the characters in formats such as clothing and board games has continued into the 21st century.[4][5] The franchise is featured in the Dark Universe portion of Universal Orlando theme park, Universal Epic Universe, which opened on May 22, 2025.[6]

Films

Classic era (1913–1956)

Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter(s) Story by Producer(s) Ref(s)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Template:Start dateTemplate:Notinsource Herbert BrenonTemplate:Notinsource Carl Laemmle[7][8][9] [10]Template:Better source[11][12][13]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame Template:Start date Wallace Worsley Edward T. Lowe Jr. & Perley Poore Sheehan [14][15][16][17][18]
The Phantom of the Opera Template:Start date Rupert Julian Walter Anthony, Elliott J. Clawson, Bernard McConville, Frank M. McCormack, Tom Reed, Raymond L. Schrock, Jasper Spearing & Richard Wallace [14][19][20][16][21][22]
Dracula Template:Start date Tod Browning Garrett Fort Tod Browning and Carl Laemmle, Jr. [14][23][24]Template:Better source[25][26]
Drácula Template:Start date George Melford Baltasar Fernández Cué and Garrett Fort Garrett Fort Carl Laemmle Jr. and Paul Kohner [24][14]
Frankenstein Template:Start date James Whale Francis Edward Faragoh & Garrett Fort John L. Balderston Carl Laemmle Jr. [14][23][24][27][28]
The Mummy Template:Start date Karl Freund John L. Balderston Nina Wilcox Putnam & Richard Schayer [29][23][24][30][31]
The Invisible Man Template:Start date James Whale R. C. Sherriff [29][23][24][32][33]
Bride of Frankenstein Template:Start date William Hurlbut William Hurlbut & John L. Balderston [14][23][24][34][35]
Werewolf of London Template:Start date Stuart Walker John Colton, Robert Harris, Harvey Gates, Edmund Pearson, James Mulhauser & Aben Kandel Robert Harris Stanley Bergerman [29][23][24][36][37]
Dracula's Daughter Template:Start date Lambert Hillyer Garrett Fort Oliver Jeffries E. M. Asher [29][23][24][38][39]
Son of Frankenstein Template:Start date Rowland V. Lee Wyllis Cooper Rowland V. Lee [23][24][40][41]
The Invisible Man Returns Template:Start date Joe May Curt Siodmak & Lester K. Cole Curt Siodmak & Joe May Ken Goldsmith [29][23][24][42][43]
The Mummy's Hand Template:Start date Christy Cabanne Griffin Jay and Maxwell Shane Ben Pivar [29][23][24][44][45]
The Invisible Woman Template:Start date A. Edward Sutherland Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & Gertrude Purcell Curt Siodmak & Joe May Burt Kelly [29][23][24][46][47]
The Wolf Man Template:Start date George Waggner Curt Siodmak George Waggner [14][23][24][48][49]
The Ghost of Frankenstein Template:Start date Erle C. Kenton William Scott Darling Eric Taylor [23][24][50][51]
Invisible Agent Template:Start date Edwin L. Marin Curt Siodmak Frank Lloyd [29][23][24][52][53]
The Mummy's Tomb Template:Start date Harold Young Griffin Jay & Henry Sucher Neil P. Varnick Ben Pivar [29][23][24][54][55]
Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man Template:Start date Roy William Neill Curt Siodmak George Waggner [23][24][56][57]
Phantom of the Opera Template:Start date Arthur Lubin Samuel Hoffenstein & Eric Taylor John Jacoby [14][23][24][58][59]
Son of Dracula Template:Start date Robert Siodmak Eric Taylor Curt Siodmak Ford Beebe and Donald H. Brown [29][23][24][60][61]
The Invisible Man's Revenge Template:Start date Ford Beebe Bertram Millhauser Ford Beebe [29][23][24][62][63]
The Mummy's Ghost Template:Start date Reginald LeBorg Griffin Jay, Henry Sucher & Brenda Weisberg Griffin Jay & Henry Sucher Ben Pivar [29][23][24][64][65]
House of Frankenstein Template:Start date Erle C. Kenton Edward T. Lowe Jr. Curt Siodmak Paul Malvern [23][24][66][67]
The Mummy's Curse Template:Start date Leslie Goodwins Bernard Schubert Leon Abrams & Dwight V. Babcock Oliver Drake [29][23][24][68]
House of Dracula Template:Start date Erle C. Kenton Edward T. Lowe Jr. Dwight V. Babcock & George Bricker Paul Malvern [23][24][69][70]
She-Wolf of London Template:Start date Jean Yarbrough George Bricker Dwight V. Babcock Ben Pivar [29][23][24][71][72]
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein Template:Start date Charles T. Barton Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & John Grant Robert Arthur [23][24][73][74]
Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man Template:Start date Charles Lamont Robert Lees, Frederic I. Rinaldo & John Grant Hugh Wedlock Jr. & Howard Snyder Howard Christie [23][24][75][76]
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Template:Start date Lee Loeb & John Grant Sidney Fields & Grant Garrett [12][77][78]
Creature from the Black Lagoon Template:Start date Jack Arnold Harry Essex & Arthur Ross Maurice Zimm William Alland [14][23][24]
Revenge of the Creature Template:Start date Martin Berkeley William Alland [14][23][24][79][80]
Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy Template:Start date Charles Lamont John Grant Lee Loeb Howard Christie [29][23][24][81][82]
The Creature Walks Among Us Template:Start date John Sherwood Arthur Ross William Alland [14][23][24][83][84]

Remakes and spin-off (1979–2010)

Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter(s) Story by Producers Ref(s)
Dracula Template:Start date John Badham W. D. Richter Marvin Mirisch and Walter Mirisch [85][86]
The Mummy Template:Start date Stephen Sommers Stephen Sommers and Lloyd Fonvielle & Kevin Jarre Sean Daniel and James Jacks [87][88]
The Mummy Returns Template:Start date Stephen Sommers [88][89]
The Scorpion King Template:Start date Chuck Russell William Osborne & David Hayter and Stephen Sommers Stephen Sommers & Jonathan Hales Sean Daniel, James Jacks, Kevin Misher and Stephen Sommers [89][90]
Van Helsing Template:Start date Stephen Sommers Stephen Sommers and Bob Ducsay [91][92]
The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Template:Start date Rob Cohen Alfred Gough & Miles Millar Sean Daniel, James Jacks, Stephen Sommers and Bob Ducsay [88][90]
The Wolfman Template:Start date Joe Johnston Andrew Kevin Walker & David Self Sean Daniel, Scott Stuber, Benicio del Toro and Rick Yorn [93][94]

Modern era

Beginning in October 2013, Universal hired Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman to collaborate in developing a relaunch of the Universal Monsters characters as a new shared universe of films similar in fashion to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, notably a franchise which includes interconnectivity that originated previously in the classic Universal Monsters films.[95][96]Template:Better source By July 2014, the studio officially hired Chris Morgan to replace Orci and work alongside Kurtzman in overseeing development of an interconnected series of films based around rebooted versions of the Universal Monster characters. The duo was tasked with creating the overall outline for the titular monsters.[97] The development of a cinematic universe continued as Kurtzman and Morgan became involved with additional photography for Dracula Untold (2014); reshoots positioned the final scenes of the film in modern-day, in order to connect with other films and to allow the cast to reprise their roles in future installments.[98] The film's connections to the new franchise were later downplayed following its mixed critical and financial reception,[99]Template:Better source needed[100] with The Mummy (2017) repositioned as the official start of the shared film universe.[101] In May 2017, the slate of reimagined incarnations of titular monsters was officially titled Dark Universe. The studio announced the franchise with a press release, which debuted the official logo, website, trailer, and score.[102] Universal Pictures, in collaboration with Kurtzman and Morgan, created a writer's room consisting of various contributors to create stories that were to be expanded into scripts,[103] which were intended to be rooted in horror as opposed to the action adventure nature of the studio's previous remakes.[104]Template:Better source needed[105]Template:Better source needed The Mummy introduced its ancient titular monster (played by Sofia Boutella), alongside the heroic character portrayed by Tom Cruise whose adventures as a monster were intended to expand upon in later installments.[106][107] Prior to the film's release, additional cast officially joined the franchise as announced by Universal Pictures.[108]Template:Better source[109] The studio revealed a slate of films,[110][111] but following the poor critical reception and underwhelming box office performance of The Mummy (2017), Universal cancelled pre-production that had begun on Bride of Frankenstein which was to be the next film in the franchise, and postponed all plans for the Dark Universe slate of films.[112]

In January 2018, the production studio began reconfiguring their approach to the Universal Monsters,[113][114] and following the departures of Kurtzman and Morgan from their roles as co-architects of the franchise,[112] the studio decided to abandon a shared cinematic universe in favor of returning to standalone adaptations of the characters instead.[115][116] After previously expressing interest in working with Universal Pictures on relaunching the characters for modern audiences,[117][118][119] Jason Blum officially signed on to collaborate on a number of the projects in development. The producer later stated in 2020 that control of the Dark Universe and the Universal Monsters remains under the direction of Universal Pictures.[120]

Film U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Story by Producer(s) Ref(s)
Dracula Untold Template:Start date Gary Shore Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless Michael De Luca [121]
The Mummy Template:Start date Alex Kurtzman David Koepp and Christopher McQuarrie
and Dylan Kussman 		Jon Spaihts and Alex Kurtzman & Jenny Lumet Alex Kurtzman, Chris Morgan, Sean Daniel and Sarah Bradshaw [122]
The Invisible Man Template:Start date Leigh Whannell Jason Blum and Kylie du Fresne [123]
Renfield Template:Start date Chris McKay Ryan Ridley Robert Kirkman Chris McKay, Samantha Nisenboim, Bryan Furst, Sean Furst, Robert Kirkman and David Alpert [124]
The Last Voyage of the Demeter Template:Start date André Øvredal Bragi Schut Jr. & Zak Olkewicz Bragi Schut Jr. Bradley J. Fischer, Mike Medavoy and Arnold W. Messer [125]
Wolf Man Template:Start date Leigh Whannell Leigh Whannell & Corbett Tuck and Lauren Schuker Blum & Rebecca Angelo Jason Blum [126]

Potential projects

  • Dark Army: By September 2019, the film featuring monsters from the original films as well as new characters was in development. Paul Feig was attached as director, from a script of his own, and as co-producer with Laura Fischer. The project is a joint production between Universal Pictures and Feigco Productions.[127] By October, Universal was reviewing his script as a reworking of the Dark Universe concept, while The Bride of Frankenstein is cited as a major influence.[128] By February 2020, Feig was working on a second draft of the script upon receiving input from Universal Pictures.[129] By that May, the filmmaker completed the newest draft while describing the tone as closer to the original films with horror elements, but a portrayal of the monsters as rejects.[130] Feig had been given the option to develop films of any characters from the roster of monsters owned by Universal Pictures, prior to his chosen project.[131][132]
  • Frankenstein: Originally announced in June 2017, the project was initially planned as a part of the abandoned shared universe films with Javier Bardem cast to portray the titular character, and following the studio's standalone approach James Wan signed on as producer in November 2019.[133] Jason Blum expressed interest in joining the production in a producing role.[134] Robbie Thompson was hired as screenwriter in 2020, while the plot is said to center around a group of teenagers who discover that a neighbor is creating a monster in their basement. The project is a joint production between Universal Pictures and Atomic Monster.[135]
  • The Invisible Woman: In November 2019, a reboot of The Invisible Woman was revealed to be in development. Elizabeth Banks was attached to star in, and direct the film, from a script written by Erin Cressida Wilson which was based on an original story written by Banks, also serving as a producer with Max Handelman.[136] Banks was given options to develop a film from any characters in the roster of monsters owned by Universal Pictures, while she chose the Invisible Woman.[131][132]
  • Monster Mash: In February 2020, a musical titled after and centered around the novelty song "Monster Mash" was revealed to be in development. Grammy Award nominee Matt Stawski was hired as a director, with Will Widger as screenwriter (from an original story written by Stawski), while Marty Bowen was put as producer. The project is a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures and Temple Hill Entertainment.[137]
  • Untitled Dracula film: In February 2021, Chloé Zhao was hired to write and direct a separate futuristic sci-fi Western film centered around Dracula.[138] The filmmaker stated that she was continuing to work on the script in March of 2023.[139]
  • Little Monsters: In July 2020, Josh Cooley was hired as both writer and director, with a story centering around the characters from the Universal Monsters, inspired and based on drawings of the monster characters made by Crash McCreery who will be given an executive producer credit. The project is intended to serve as a "love letter to classic Hollywood and the history of film-making with a story that takes a multi-generational approach to the monsters and a more PG-rated, lighthearted family-friendly tone in the tradition of the classic '80s Spielberg films from Amblin Entertainment to match as well". The film is said to be a live-action/CGI hybrid, with Todd Lieberman and David Hoberman attached as producers. The project is a joint production between Universal Pictures and Mandeville Films.[140]
  • Untitled Invisible Man sequel: In February 2020, Leigh Whannell stated that though The Invisible Man (2020) was developed as a standalone film, he considered to make a follow-up to this film.[141] Whannell was working on writing the story that July.[142][140] By April 2024, Elisabeth Moss began working with Blumhouse through her production company Love & Squalor Pictures to develop a sequel.[143][144] In January 2025, Whannell said that he will not be involved with a sequel, while expressing being content with the first film's story.[145]
  • Bride of Frankenstein: Initially planned as a part of the abandoned shared universe films,[146] the studio continued development after shelving all projects associated with the Dark Universe.[110] In February 2020, Universal hired Amy Pascal as producer on a new standalone adaptation of the character where the producer discussed rehiring David Koepp who had worked on the previous drafts of the script. After initially discussing the project with Sam Raimi who passed on the opportunity, Pascal began working on the film with John Krasinski. The project is intended to be a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures, Pascal Pictures, and Sunday Night Productions.[147]
  • Untitled Scorpion King reboot: A reboot of The Scorpion King film series was in development since November 2020. Jonathan Herman was hired as screenwriter, with the plot taking place during modern-day and involving a contemporary adaptation of Mathayus of Akkad / Scorpion King. Dwayne Johnson, who started his acting career as the titular role in The Mummy Returns, was attached as producer alongside Dany Garcia and Hiram Garcia. The project is a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures and Seven Bucks Productions.[148]
  • Untitled film: An untitled project was announced in November 2020, with Channing Tatum tentatively attached to star. Wes Tooke was hired as a screenwriter, from a story written by Reid Carolin, while Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were attached as producers alongside Tatum, Carolin, Peter Kiernan, and Aditya Sood. The plot is described as "a modern-day, tongue-in-cheek thriller", while being "a bold genre reinvention of one of the studio's most beloved characters from the Monsters Universe". The project is a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures, Lord Miller Productions, and Free Association Productions.[149]
  • Van Helsing: Originally announced in 2015, the project was originally planned as a part of the abandoned shared universe films,[150] though the project had re-entered development in December 2020. Julius Avery was hired to direct, from a script based on a previous draft by Eric Pearson. James Wan was set to produce, with the project intended to be a joint-production between Universal Pictures and Atomic Monster.[151]
  • Phantom: After previously attempting an adaptation that was planned as a part of the abandoned shared universe films, Universal purchased a speculative screenplay in December 2021, written by John Fusco which functions as a modern-day reboot of The Phantom of the Opera. The writer authored the script while working on his own record albums while in self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fusco determined to write a script that would be a musical, and be set in the French Quarter, Vieux Carré area of New Orleans in the United States. Incorporating aspects of rhythm and blues, jazz, neo-soul, and funk, the story is said to utilize French Creole nightlife culture of the geographical area, including voodoo and Mardi Gras, as well as the romance and mystery aspects of the original film. Harvey Mason Jr., John Legend, and Mike Jackson signed onto the project as producers, with the project being a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures, Harvey Mason Media, and Get Lifted Film Co. in a collaborative effort.[152]
  • The Creature from the Black Lagoon: Universal attempted various incarnations of producing a remake centered around the titular Gill-man throughout a number of decades (beginning as early as 1982), with various filmmakers attached at different times including: John Landis,[153] John Carpenter,[154] Peter Jackson,[155] Ivan Reitman,[156] Guillermo del Toro,[157] and Breck Eisner.[158] Some time in 2004, James Gunn pitched an adaptation of the character but the studio passed on adapting the script,[159] while del Toro later repurposed his material for another unrelated project.[160] Beginning in June 2017, the project was planned as a part of the abandoned shared universe films.[110][111] By August 2024, the modern-day adaption was once again in development and James Wan was hired as producer in addition to being in early discussions to serve as director.[161] By September, Sean Tretta was hired to write the script, which is based on an original story co-authored by Wan, Rafael Jordan, and Bryan Coyne. The project is a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures, and the newly-merged Atomic Monster and Blumhouse Productions.[162]

Cancelled and repurposed projects

  • Dark Universe: In development as early as October 2013, the series of films was intended to relaunch the Universal Monsters characters, through a format similar to the Marvel Cinematic Universe and DC Extended Universe.[95][96][163]Template:Better source The projects were officially announced in July 2014, as Universal hired Chris Morgan and Alex Kurtzman to oversee the development of the rebooted modern-day versions of the Universal Monsters,[97] with the duo's first involvements beginning with additional photography scenes filmed for Dracula Untold (2014) which positioned the characters of the film in modern-day.[98] After the film underperformed its connections to the Dark Universe were downplayed,[100] with The Mummy (2017) repositioned as the official start of the new film series.[101] In May 2017, the slate of reimagined incarnations of titular monsters was officially titled, by the studio through a press conference including official logo, website, trailer video, and scored theme music composed by Danny Elfman.[102] Universal Pictures worked with Kurtzman and Morgan to create a writer's room of various contributors to create stories that were to be expanded into scripts,[103] where the films were intended to have horror as their primary genre, as opposed to the action adventure nature of the studio's previous remakes.[104][105] The Mummy introduced its ancient titular monster (played by Sofia Boutella), alongside the heroic character-turned monster portrayed by Tom Cruise whose monstrous origins depicted in the film were intended to be expanded upon in later installments.[106] Prior to the film's release, Universal Pictures announced the additional main cast of additional characters for the intended series alongside Cruise, including Russell Crowe as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde, Johnny Depp as Dr. Griffin / the Invisible Man, and Javier Bardem as the Frankenstein Monster.[108] Following poor critical reception and an underwhelming box office performance of The Mummy (2017), Universal postponed all plans for the Dark Universe slate of films.[164] In January 2018, the production studio began reconfiguring their approach to the Universal Monsters,[113][114] and following the departures of Kurtzman and Morgan from their roles as co-architects of the franchise,[164] the studio abandoned the planned shared cinematic universe in favor of individualized standalone adaptations of the monsters.[115][116] Years later, Universal revived the "Dark Universe" brand name for a Universal Monsters–themed land at its new Universal Epic Universe park at Universal Orlando.[165] The studio had revealed an official slate of films including:[110][111]
  • Frankenstein:[110][164] Javier Bardem was cast in the role of Frankenstein's Monster in May 2017, while the character was intended to initially debut in Bride of Frankenstein before starring in his own film.[166][167]
  • Wolf Man:[110][10]Template:Better source[164] With a script developed by Aaron Guzikowski,[168][169] the studio had been interested in casting Dwayne Johnson in the titular role.[170][10]
  • Bride of Frankenstein:[110][164] The project was announced in May 2017, and was intended to be directed by Bill Condon with a script written by David Koepp,[146] with a February 14, 2019 release date.[171] Angelina Jolie was in negotiations with the studio to star in the lead role,[172][173] before the film was delayed and removed from its scheduled release in October.[174]
  • Dracula:[110][10] By June 2017, a feature film titled and centered around the titular vampire was planned as a part of the Dark Universe franchise.[164]
  • Creature from the Black Lagoon: A feature film centered around the character was initially in development as a part of the planned slate of films.[110] Will Beall was hired to write the script,[175][164] while the studio considered Scarlett Johansson for a role in the film.[176][177][10]
  • The Invisible Man:[110][164] Announced initially in February 2016 with Ed Solomon writing the script, Johnny Depp was cast to star in the lead role.[178]
  • Phantom of the Opera:[110][10] By June 2017, a feature film centered around the titular character was planned as a part of the Dark Universe franchise.[164][179]
  • Hunchback of Notre Dame:[110][10]Template:Better source Alex Kurtzman announced developments for a Dark Universe film centered around the titular monster in June 2017.[164]
  • Van Helsing:[110][164] Development began on the project as early as June 2012,[180] when Alex Kurtzman worked on the first draft of script,[181] taking inspiration from The Dark Knight as an influence.[180] By July 2016, Eric Heisserer and Jon Spaihts were hired to collaborate on a new draft of the script, where the co-authors looked towards the lead character of the Mad Max franchise for further inspiration.[182] The studio had been courting Channing Tatum to star in the lead role, after Tom Cruise had initially been considered to play the character prior to being cast his starring role in The Mummy (2017) instead.[173][10]
  • Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde:[110][10] In June 2017, Alex Kurtzman confirmed plans for a feature film centered around the titular character.[164]
  • Untitled Mina Harker film: By March 2020, Karyn Kusama was hired to direct a film centered around Dracula, from a script co-written by Matt Manfredi and Phil Hay. The project was to be a joint-venture production, with Blumhouse Productions serving as the production studio.[183][184] The film has been described to be a "faithful adaptation" of Bram Stoker's Dracula, including a plot told from multiple perspectives.[185] The film was intended to take place in modern-day Los Angeles with the working title Mina Harker. Jasmine Cephas Jones was cast to play Mina Harker while Dracula would have used the alias of Vladimir, but in April 2022, three weeks prior to its principal photography start date, the project was cancelled by the associated studios due to creative differences with Kusama. At the time that it was shelved, Miramax had been intended to be one of the associated production studios.[186]

Main cast and characters

This table includes the Universal Monster characters and their respective actors for each film in the franchise. Additional characters include recurring primary characters of the Universal Studios Monsters franchise. Template:More citations needed

Character Classic era Remakes & spin-offs Modern era
1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s
Dr. Henry Jekyll
Mr. Edward HydeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10][11][12] 		King BaggotTemplate:Efn colspan="3" Template:CEmpty Boris Karloff
& Eddie ParkerTemplate:Efn 		Stephen Fisher
& Robbie ColtraneTemplate:Efn 		Russell CroweTemplate:Efn
Quasimodo
The Hunchback of Notre DameScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] 		Template:CEmpty Lon ChaneyTemplate:Efn colspan="5" Template:CEmpty
The Phantom of the Opera[14] Template:CEmpty Lon ChaneyTemplate:Efn Template:CEmpty Claude RainsTemplate:Efn colspan="3" Template:CEmpty
Count Dracula[14] colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Bela LugosiTemplate:Efn
Carlos VillarTemplate:EfnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		John CarradineTemplate:Efn
Bela LugosiTemplate:Efn 		Template:CEmpty Frank LangellaTemplate:Efn
Richard RoxburghTemplate:Efn 		Luke EvansTemplate:Efn
Nicolas CageTemplate:Efn
Javier BotetTemplate:Efn
Brides of Dracula[187] colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Geraldine Dvorak,
Cornelia Thaw,
& Dorothy TreeTemplate:Efn
Uncredited actressesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Efn 		colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Silvia Colloca,
Elena Anaya,
& Josie MaranTemplate:Efn 		Template:CEmpty
Robert Montague "R. M." Renfield[188] colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Dwight FryeTemplate:Efn
Pablo Álvarez RubioTemplate:EfnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Tony HaygarthTemplate:Efn Nicholas HoultTemplate:Efn
Prof. Van Helsing colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Edward Van SloanTemplate:Efn
Eduardo ArozamenaTemplate:EfnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Laurence OlivierTemplate:Efn
Hugh JackmanTemplate:Efn 		Template:CEmpty
Frankenstein's Monster[14] colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Boris KarloffTemplate:Efn Lon Chaney Jr.Template:Efn
Bela LugosiTemplate:Efn
Glenn StrangeTemplate:Efn 		Template:CEmpty Shuler HensleyTemplate:Efn Template:CEmpty
Dr. Heinrich "Henry" von Frankenstein colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Colin CliveTemplate:Efn Cedric HardwickeTemplate:Efn Template:CEmpty Samuel WestTemplate:Efn Template:CEmpty
Imhotep
The MummyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Boris KarloffTemplate:Efn colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Arnold VoslooTemplate:Efn Sofia BoutellaTemplate:Efn
Dr. Jack Griffin
The Invisible ManScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Claude RainsTemplate:Efn colspan="2" Template:N/A colspan="1" Template:CEmpty Oliver Jackson-CohenTemplate:Efn
Bride of Frankenstein[14] colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Elsa LanchesterTemplate:Efn colspan="4" Template:CEmpty
Dr. Wilfred Glenn
Werewolf of LondonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Henry HullTemplate:Efn colspan="4" Template:CEmpty
Countess Marya Zaleska
Dracula's DaughterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Gloria HoldenTemplate:Efn colspan="4" Template:CEmpty
Ygor colspan="2" Template:CEmpty Bela LugosiTemplate:Efn Template:CEmpty Kevin J. O'ConnorTemplate:Efn Template:CEmpty
Geoffrey Radcliffe
The Invisible ManScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty Vincent PriceTemplate:Efn colspan="3" Template:CEmpty
Kharis
The MummyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty Tom TylerTemplate:Efn
Lon Chaney Jr.Template:Efn 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty
Kitty Carol
The Invisible WomanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty Virginia BruceTemplate:Efn colspan="3" Template:CEmpty
Lawrence "Larry" Talbot
The Wolf ManScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty Lon Chaney Jr.Template:Efn Template:CEmpty Will KempTemplate:Efn
Benicio del ToroTemplate:Efn 		Christopher AbbottTemplate:Efn
Frank "Raymond" Griffin
The Invisible ManScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty Jon HallTemplate:Efn colspan="3" Template:CEmpty
Count Alucard
Son of DraculaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty Lon Chaney Jr.Template:Efn colspan="3" Template:CEmpty
Robert Griffin
The Invisible ManScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty Jon HallTemplate:Efn colspan="3" Template:CEmpty
Phyllis Allenby
She-Wolf of LondonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="3" Template:CEmpty June LockhartTemplate:Efn colspan="3" Template:CEmpty
Tommy Nelson
The Invisible ManScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="4" Template:CEmpty Arthur FranzTemplate:Efn colspan="2" Template:CEmpty
Gill-Man
The CreatureScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] 		colspan="4" Template:CEmpty Ben ChapmanTemplate:Efn
Ricou BrowningTemplate:Efn
Tom HennesyTemplate:Efn
Don MegowanTemplate:Efn 		colspan="2" Template:CEmpty
Klaris
The MummyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29] 		colspan="4" Template:CEmpty Eddie ParkerTemplate:Efn colspan="2" Template:CEmpty
Mathayus of Akkad
The Scorpion KingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[189] 		colspan="5" Template:CEmpty Dwayne JohnsonTemplate:Efn
Michael CoponTemplate:Efn
Victor WebsterTemplate:Efn
Zach McGowanTemplate:Efn 		Template:CEmpty
Han the Dragon Emperor
The MummyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[190] 		colspan="5" Template:CEmpty Jet LiTemplate:Efn Template:CEmpty

Television

Series Season(s) Episode(s) Originally released Creator(s) Executive producer Status
First released Last released Network
Monster Force 1 13 Template:Start date Template:End date Syndication Marv Wolfman Sheldon S. Wiseman Ended
The Mummy: The Animated Series 2 26 Template:Start date Template:End date Kids' WB Stephen Sommers and Thomas Pugsley & Greg Klein Stephen Sommers Ended

Monster Force (1994)

Created by comic book author and artist Marv Wolfman, in collaboration with Universal Cartoon Studios, the show was developed to reintroduce the Universal Monsters to child audiences. The plot centers around a group of college-age students and their professor Dr. Reed Crawley to form a squad call the Monster Force, who through the use of some supernatural skills and technological weaponry must combat Dracula and his army called the Creatures of the Night. The series aired through broadcast syndication from April to July 1994. With mild viewership, the show was canceled after its first season.[191]Template:Better source needed[192]

The Mummy: The Animated Series (2001–2003)

Created by Stephen Sommers in collaboration with Thomas Pugsley and Greg Klein, the show is an animated adaptation of the film series which had starred Brendan Fraser. The television show centers around Imhotep / The Mummy, while following the adventures of Rick O'Connell and his family. Featuring the voices of Jim Cummings, John Schneider, Chris Marquette, Grey DeLisle, and an ensemble of supporting cast, the show was marketed towards younger audiences through Universal Cartoon Studios. Airing on The WB through the Kids' WB! programming block from September 2001 to June 2003, the show received critical acclaim while some critics called the release superior to the feature-length sequels to the live-action 1999 film.[191]Template:Better source needed[193][194]

Direct-to-video films

Following the financial successes of The Mummy Returns (2001) and its prequel The Scorpion King (2002), a series of Scorpion King films were produced and distributed straight-to-home video through Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.

Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter(s) Story by Producer(s) Ref(s)
The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior Template:Start date Russell Mulcahy Randall McCormick Sean Daniel and James Jacks
The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption Template:Start date Roel Reiné Brendan Cowles & Shane Kuhn Randall McCormick Leslie Belzberg
The Scorpion King 4: Quest for Power Template:Start date Mike Elliott Michael D. Weiss Mike Elliott and Ogden Gavanski
The Scorpion King: Book of Souls Template:Start date Don Michael Paul David Alton Hedges & Frank DeJohn Mike Elliott

Short films

Film U.S. release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Producer
Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon Template:Start date Sid Smith & Edward Sobol John Grant and Hugh Wedlock Jr. & Howard Snyder Edward Sobol
Van Helsing: The London Assignment Template:Start date Sharon Bridgeman Garfield Reeves-Stevens & Judith Reeves-Stevens John Kafka

Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954)

Developed in collaboration with Colgate-Palmolive-Peet, the short was released during The Colgate Comedy Hour as a live-television comedy sketch created to introduce audiences to The Creature from the Black Lagoon. Continuing the trend with previous installments where Bud Abbott and Lou Costello meet the Universal Monsters, the short follows a plot where the two actors explore the studio's prop room which references some of their previous interactions with the various characters, while encountering the Invisible Man, Frankenstein's Monster (Glenn Strange), and the Gill-Man (Ben Chapman).[195][196][197]

Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)

Developed as an anime-styled prologue to the 2004 feature-length film, the short was directed by Sharon Bridgeman from a script written by Garfield and Judith Reeves-Stevens. The plot takes place immediately before the live-action film and follows Gabriel Van Helsing's investigation in the grisly murders plaguing Victorian era London, and his discovery of a monstrous killer named Mr. Hyde. Marketed as the prequel to the theatrical release, it was produced for the straight-to-home video market by Universal and was received with mixed reception.[198][199][200]

Other media

Home video collections

The franchise has received a variety of home video packing boxsets including: The Classic Collection (1991-1994), the Classic Monster Collection (1999), The Legacy Collection (2004), the Essential Collection (2012), and the Complete Collection (2018).

Universal Monsters films
Year Title The Classic Collection
(1991–94) 		Classic Monster Collection
(1999) 		The Legacy Collection
(2004) 		Essential Collection
(2012) 		Complete Collection
(2018) 		Ref(s)
1931 Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [201][202][203][204][205]Template:Sfn
Dracula (Spanish) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [201][202][203][204][205]Template:Sfn
Frankenstein Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [206][207][208][204][205]Template:Sfn
1932 Murders in the Rue Morgue Yes No No No No [209]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [210][211][212][204][205]Template:Sfn
Island of Lost SoulsTemplate:Efn Yes No No No No [213][214]
1933 Template:Sort Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [215][216][217][204][205]Template:Sfn
1934 Template:Sort Yes No No No No [218]Template:Sfn
1935 Template:Sort Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [219][220][208][204][205]Template:Sfn
Werewolf of London Yes No Yes No Yes [221][222][205]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes No No No No [223]Template:Sfn
1936 Dracula's Daughter Yes No Yes No Yes [224][203][205]Template:Sfn
1939 Son of Frankenstein Yes No Yes No Yes [225][208][205]Template:Sfn
Tower of London Yes No No No No [226]Template:Sfn
1940 Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [227][217][205]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [228][212][205]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [229][217][205]Template:Sfn
1941 Template:SortTemplate:Efn Yes No No No No [230][231]
Man-Made Monster Yes No No No No [232]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [233][234][222][204][205]Template:Sfn
1942 Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [235][208][205]Template:Sfn
Invisible Agent Yes No Yes No Yes [236][217][205]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [237][212][205]Template:Sfn
1943 Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man Yes No Yes No Yes [238][222][205]Template:Sfn
Captive Wild Woman Yes No No No No [239]Template:Sfn
Phantom of the Opera Yes Yes No Yes Yes [240][241][204][205]Template:Sfn
Son of Dracula Yes No Yes No Yes [242][203][205]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes No No No No [243]Template:Sfn
1944 Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [244][217][205]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [245][212][205]Template:Sfn
House of Frankenstein Yes No Yes No Yes [246][208][205]Template:Sfn
Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [247][212][205]Template:Sfn
1945 House of Dracula Yes No Yes No Yes [248][203][205]Template:Sfn
1946 House of Horrors Yes No No No No [249]Template:Sfn
She-Wolf of London No No Yes No Yes [222][205]Template:Sfn
1948 Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein No No No No Yes [205][250]
1951 Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man No No No No Yes [205][251]
1954 Creature from the Black Lagoon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [252][253][254][204][205][255]
1955 Revenge of the Creature Yes No Yes No Yes [256][254][205][257]
Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy No No No No Yes [205][258]
1956 Template:Sort Yes No Yes No Yes [259][254][205][260]

Literature

Universal Pictures collaborated with a number of publishing companies to produce a variety mediums of literature, featuring the Universal Monsters characters, including novels, young adult fiction, graphic novels, comic books, and limited series.

Novels

Universal Monsters novels
Title Author Publication date Publisher Notes Ref(s)
Return of the Wolfman Jeff Rovin Template:Start date Berkley Boulevard Books Template:N/A [261][262]
Universal Monsters - Dracula: Return of Evil Larry Mike Garmon Template:Start date Scholastic, Incorporated Part of Larry Mike Garmon's Universal Monsters series [263][264]
Universal Monsters - The Wolf Man: Blood Moon Rising [265][266]
Universal Monsters - Frankenstein: Anatomy of Terror [267][268]
Universal Monsters - Creature from the Black Lagoon: Blackwater Horror Template:Start date [269][270]
Universal Monsters - The Mummy: Book of the Dead Template:Start date [271][272]
Universal Monsters - Bride of Frankenstein: Vow of Vengeance Template:Start date [273][274]
Dracula: Asylum Paul Witcover Template:Start date Dark Horse Comics Template:N/A [275][276]
Frankenstein: The Shadow of Frankenstein Stefan Petrucha Template:Start date Template:N/A [277][278]
Creature from the Black Lagoon: Time's Black Lagoon Paul Di Filippo Template:Start date Template:N/A [279][280]
The Wolf Man: Hunter's Moon Michael Jan Friedman Template:Start date Template:N/A [281][282]
The Mummy: Dark Resurrection Michael Paine Template:Start date Template:N/A [283][284]
The Bride of Frankenstein: Pandora's Bride Elizabeth Hand Template:Start date Template:N/A [285][286]

Comics

Dark Horse Comics (1993–2006)

Dark Horse Comics series
Title Publication date Writer Pencilller Inker Colorist Letterer Editor Designer
Universal Monsters: Frankenstein[287] May 1, 1993 Denis Beauvais Dan Thorsland Scott Tice
Universal Monsters: Creature from the Black Lagoon[288] August 1, 1993 Steve Moncuse Arthur Adams Terry Austin Matt Hollingsworth Lois Buhalis
Universal Monsters: Dracula[289] October 1, 1993 Dan Vado Jonathan D. Smith Clem Robins
Universal Monsters: The Mummy[290] November 1, 1993 Dan Jolley Tony Harris Matt Hollingsworth Lois Buhalis
Universal Monsters: Cavalcade of Horror[291] January 11, 2006

Skybound Entertainment (2023–present)

Skybound Entertainment series
Title Writer Pencilller Inker Colorist Letterer Editor Designer Premiere date Finale date
Universal Monsters: Dracula[292][293] James Tynion IV Martin Simmonds Rus Wooton Alex Antone Jillian Crab October 25, 2023 January 24, 2024
Universal Monsters:
Creature from the Black Lagoon Lives![294] 		Ram V
Dan Watters 		Matthew Roberts Dave Stewart (1-2)
Trish Mulvihill (3-4) 		D. C. Hopkins April 24, 2024 July 24, 2024
Universal Monsters: Frankenstein[295] Michael Walsh Toni-Marie Griffin Becca Carey August 28, 2024 November 27, 2024
Universal Monsters: The Mummy[296] Faith Erin Hicks Lee Loughridge Hassan Otsmane-Elhaou March 26, 2025 TBA

Theme park attractions

  • Universal Monsters Live Rock and Roll Show: This live show has played under several different names across the Universal Parks & Resorts, and features several Universal Monsters alongside the title character of the horror-comedy film Beetlejuice.
  • Universal's Halloween Horror Nights: Since 1991 at Universal Parks & Resorts the theme park attraction have featured characters from the Universal Classic Monsters franchise. From 2006 to 2014, the characters also appeared in the year-round walk-through attraction, Universal's House of Horrors, at Universal Studios Hollywood. The franchise is also the central theme of Universal's Horror Make-Up Show. The live show opened in 1990 at Universal Studios Florida and is still in operation.[297]
  • Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride: Opening in 2004 at Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood, the roller coaster with dark ride elements is based on the first two Mummy films of the remake era.[298]
  • Universal Epic Universe: A theme park attraction based on the concept and title of cancelled shared universe of films opened in May 2025, as a part of Universal Destinations & Experiences's planned expansion of the Orlando park location. Thematically inspired by each of its films, the park serves as a modern day follow-up to the original films, where attendees can explore a town named Darkmoor Village. This attraction features the great-great-granddaughter of Henry Frankenstein named Victoria, who has continued to follow in the mad scientist footsteps of her family and has begun creating monsters of her own. Visitors attending the park can see the events of a plot unfold, where her latest experiment which was intended to bring all of the Universal Monsters under her control backfires as a result of Dracula's revolt. The Dark Universe includes attractions, locales from the films, a number of rides, and a combination of actors, animatronics, special effects, and cutting-edge technology that was developed for the park.[299][300] The location includes Dracula, Frankenstein's Monster, Wolf Man, Bride of Frankenstein, Creature from the Black Lagoon, The Mummy, Invisible Man, and various others from the studio's films.[301]
  • Universal Horror Unleashed: A haunted house attraction featuring characters from the Universal Classic Monsters franchise will open on August 14, 2025.[302][303]

Influence on unrelated media

The Universal Monsters have been attributed with directly influencing the horror genre and its filmmakers in the decades that followed,[304] as well as also retroactively adding additional depth to the source material for the characters.[305][306] The popularity of the franchise inspired decades of horror films that followed,[307] including leading to various unrelated media based on the characters and adapting in a variety of means.[308]

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Additional sources

Template:Refbegin

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Template:Universal Studios franchises Template:Skybound Entertainment

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  12. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Notinsource
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named UM_DoG
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  89. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  96. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  103. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  104. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  105. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:SPS
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Murray 2005, pp. 154–156.
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ "Recreating the Eighth Wonder". King Kong (3-disc Deluxe Extended Edition DVD), 2006.
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  164. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  173. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  188. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  196. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  197. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  198. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  199. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ a b Template:Cite video
  202. ↑ a b Template:Cite video
  203. ↑ a b c d e Template:Cite video
  204. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Template:Cite video
  205. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Template:Cite video
  206. ↑ Template:Cite video
  207. ↑ Template:Cite video
  208. ↑ a b c d e Template:Cite video
  209. ↑ Template:Cite video
  210. ↑ Template:Cite video
  211. ↑ Template:Cite video
  212. ↑ a b c d e Template:Cite video
  213. ↑ Template:Cite video
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Template:Cite video
  216. ↑ Template:Cite video
  217. ↑ a b c d e Template:Cite video
  218. ↑ Template:Cite video
  219. ↑ Template:Cite video
  220. ↑ Template:Cite video
  221. ↑ Template:Cite video
  222. ↑ a b c d Template:Cite video
  223. ↑ Template:Cite video
  224. ↑ Template:Cite video
  225. ↑ Template:Cite video
  226. ↑ Template:Cite video
  227. ↑ Template:Cite video
  228. ↑ Template:Cite video
  229. ↑ Template:Cite video
  230. ↑ Template:Cite video
  231. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  232. ↑ Template:Cite video
  233. ↑ Template:Cite video
  234. ↑ Template:Cite video
  235. ↑ Template:Cite video
  236. ↑ Template:Cite video
  237. ↑ Template:Cite video
  238. ↑ Template:Cite video
  239. ↑ Template:Cite video
  240. ↑ Template:Cite video
  241. ↑ Template:Cite video
  242. ↑ Template:Cite video
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  244. ↑ Template:Cite video
  245. ↑ Template:Cite video
  246. ↑ Template:Cite video
  247. ↑ Template:Cite video
  248. ↑ Template:Cite video
  249. ↑ Template:Cite video
  250. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  252. ↑ Template:Cite video
  253. ↑ Template:Cite video
  254. ↑ a b c Template:Cite video
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ Template:Cite video
  257. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  259. ↑ Template:Cite video
  260. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  261. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  262. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  263. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  264. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  268. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  269. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  270. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  271. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  272. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  273. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  274. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  275. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  276. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  277. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  278. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  279. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  280. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  281. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  282. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  283. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  284. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  285. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  286. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  287. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  288. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  289. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  290. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  291. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  292. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  293. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  294. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  295. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  296. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  297. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  298. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  299. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  300. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  301. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  302. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  303. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  304. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  305. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  306. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  307. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  308. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  309. ↑ Template:Cite video
  310. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  311. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  312. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  313. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  314. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  315. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  316. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  317. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  318. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  319. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  320. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  321. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  322. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  323. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  324. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Better source
  325. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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