Ukrainian literature

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Expand Japanese The term Ukrainian literature (Template:Langx) is normally used to describe works of literature written in the Ukrainian language. In a broader sense it can also relate to all literary works created in the territory of Ukraine.

Ukrainian literature mostly developed under foreign domination over Ukrainian territories, foreign rule by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Romania, the Austria-Hungary Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, enriched Ukrainian culture and language, and Ukrainian authors were able to produce a rich literary heritage.

Ukrainian literature can be traced back to Kievan Rus' when Rus' chronicles and Epic poetry were written in Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic. Oral folktale also appeared at the time. Old Church Slavonic was divided into Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian. Ukrainian culture was thriving under the rule of Template:Ill. But after the collapse of Kievan Rus', it was divided into an eastern and western part in terms of politics. From the 19th century, Ukrainian literary works started to be written in a colloquial form. Poems, novels, plays, and other works were published. Following the trend, Ukrainian nationalist and independence movements started to grow. The Russian Empire and the following Soviet Union, however, often suppressed and restricted the use of the Ukrainian language, methods of expression, and literary subjects.

Definition

In the language sense, Ukrainian literature can be broadly divided into Ukrainian-speaking writers and Russian-speaking writers who live in Ukraine and write on Ukrainian themes. However, works written in Surzhyk, or Ukrainian by foreign authors, can also be seen as Ukrainian literature.Template:Sfn Works written in Crimean Tatar language or foreign languages by Ukrainian people also count.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn

Ukrainian literature of the past has been rediscovered and repositioned through historical traces.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Russian literature has also a similar process.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In history, the relationship between Ukraine and Russia has been fluid. This is because they were not separated in the past, and there are multiple criteria for classification, making it difficult to determine. Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn Since Ukrainian independence, there's a trend toward Ukrainianization and Derussification of publishing, and the proportion of Ukrainian works continues to increase.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

History

Ukrainian literature’s precursor: writings in Old-Church Slavonic and Latin in Ukraine

Prior to the establishment of Ukrainian literature in the 18th century, many authors from Ukraine wrote in "scholarly" languages of the Middle Ages – Latin and Old-Church Slavonic. Among prominent authors from Ukraine who wrote in Latin and Old-Church Slavonic are Hryhorii Skovoroda, Yuriy Drohobych, Stanislav Orikhovsky-Roxolan, Feofan Prokopovych, Template:Ill, Template:Ill and others.

Beginnings of oral Ukrainian literature

During this period of history there was a higher number of elementary schools per population in the Hetmanate than in either neighboring Muscovy or Poland. In the 1740s, of 1,099 settlements within seven regimental districts, as many as 866 had primary schools. The German visitor to the Hetmanate, writing in 1720, commented on how the son of Hetman Danylo Apostol, who had never left Ukraine, was fluent in the Latin, Italian, French, German, Polish and Russian languages

Late 16th and early 17th century included the rise of folk epics called dumy. These songs celebrated the activities of the Cossacks and were oral retellings of major Ukrainian historical events in modern Ukrainian language (i.e., not in Old-Church Slavonic). This tradition produced Ostap Veresai, a renowned minstrel and kobzar from Poltava province, Ukraine.

Beginnings of written Ukrainian literature

Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1769–1838)	Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861)	Ivan Franko (1856–1916)	Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky (1864–1913)	Lesya Ukrainka (1871–1913)
File:Kotlyarevsky.jpg	File:Taras Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg	File:Ivan Franko (1898).png	File:Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky.jpg	File:Lesya Ukrainka portrait crop.jpg

The establishment of Ukrainian literature is believed to have been triggered by the publishing of a widely successful poem Eneida by Ivan Kotliarevsky in 1798, which is one of the first instances of a printed literary work written in modern Ukrainian language. Due to Kotliarevsky's role as the inaugurator of Ukrainian literature, among literary critics he is often referred to as "the father of Ukrainian literature". Modern Ukrainian prose was inaugurated by Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko’s novel Marusya (1834).

Contemporary literature

Contemporary Ukrainian literature refers to the period after the Perestroika and the foundation of Bu-Ba-Bu. Since the late 1980s, and particularly after the independence of Ukraine (1991) and disappearance of Soviet censorship the whole generation of writers emerged: Sofia Maidanska, Ihor Kalynets, Moysey Fishbein, Yuri Andrukhovych, Serhiy Zhadan, Oksana Zabuzhko, Oleksandr Irvanets, Yuriy Izdryk, Maria Matios, Ihor Pavlyuk and many others. Many of them are considered to be "postmodernists".

Events, Prizes, Organisations

Following the 2000s, literature events like book fairs and book forums are increasing. Noticeable events are Arsenal Book Festival held in Kyiv in May, Book Forum Lviv held in Lviv in September. In addition to book introductions, these events will feature film screenings, concerts, and plays.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn Ukrainian publishers also attend various international book fairs, such as Frankfurt Book Fair. Template:Sfn

Literary prize includes Shevchenko National Prize, Koronatsiya Slova, and Book of the Year BBC Ukraine. Shevchenko National Prize is the highest state prize of Ukraine for works of culture and the arts, awarded for achievements in various fields of Ukraine. There are up to six prizes in the Shevchenko National Prize, including Literature, Journalism, Music, Theatre, Film, and Performing Arts. Koronatsiya Slova established in 1999. There are up to five prizes in it, including Novels, Lyrics, Film scripts, Plays, and Children's literature. "Book of the Year BBC Ukraine" is established by BBC, awarding adult and children's Ukrainian literature. Template:Sfn

There was an artists' organisation called "Union of Ukrainian Writers" since the Soviet era. However, the younger generation held a negative reputation for it. Template:Efn In 1997, therefore, the Union of Ukrainian Writers was founded, and in 1998, PEN Ukraine was founded.Template:Sfn

Notable Ukrainian authors

• Andriy Lyubka
• Andriy Malyshko
• Bohdan Boychuk
• Bohdan-Ihor Antonych
• Borys Antonenko-Davydovych
• Eaghor (Ihor) Kostetzky
• Eliáš Galajda
• Emma Andijewska
• Hryhir Tiutiunnyk
• Hryhori Skovoroda
• Hryts’ko Kernerenko
• Igor Kaczurowskyj
• Ihor Kalynets
• Ihor Pavlyuk
• Ilarion Cholhan
• Iryna Kalynets
• Iryna Vilde
• Ivan Bahrianyi
• Ivan Drach
• Ivan Franko
• Ivan Kocherha
• Ivan Kotlyarevsky
• Ivan Kulyk
• Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky
• Joseph Oleskiw
• Leonid Mosendz
• Les Podervianskyi
• Lesia Khraplyva
• Lesya Ukrainka
• Lina Kostenko
• Ludmyla Kovalenko
• Maksym Rylsky
• Maria Matios
• Marko Vovchok
• Maryna Sokolyan
• Moysey Fishbein
• Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky
• Mykola Bazhan
• Mykola Khvylovy
• Mykola Kulish
• Mykola Zerov
• Myroslav Laiuk
• Natalia Kobrynska
• Nikolai Gogol
• Oksana Liaturynska
• Oksana Lutsyshyna
• Oksana Zabuzhko
• Oleh Koverko
• Oleh Lysheha
• Oleksa Kolomiyets
• Oleksandr Oles
• Olena Pchilka
• Olena Teliha
• Oles Berdnyk
• Oles Honchar
• Oles Ulianenko
• Olha Kobylyanska
• Ostap Vyshnia
• Panas Myrny
• Panteleimon Kulish
• Pavlo Tychyna
• Pavlo Zahrebelnyi
• Serhiy Zhadan
• Sofia Maidanska
• Stepan Charnetskyi
• Stepan Rudansky
• Svitlana Pyrkalo
• Tadey Karabovych/Karabowicz
• Tanya Malyarchuk
• Taras Shevchenko
• Theodore Odrach
• Valerian Pidmohylny
• Valeriy Shevchuk
• Vasyl Barka
• Vasyl Makhno
• Vasyl Shkliar
• Vasyl Stefanyk
• Vasyl Stus
• Vasyl Symonenko
• Viktor Domontovych
• Victoria Amelina
• Vira Vovk
• Volodymyr Sosyura
• Volodymyr Vynnychenko
• Yaroslav Halan
• Yevhen Hutsalo
• Yevhen Malaniuk
• Yelysei Karpenko
• Yuri Andrukhovych
• Yuriy Klen
• Yuriy Kosach
• Yuriy Lypa
• Yuriy Tarnawsky
• Yuriy Tys
• Yuriy Vynnychuk
• Yuriy Yanovsky

See also

• The Forest Song
• Eneida
• List of Ukrainian-language writers
• Shevchenko National Prize – the national literary and artistic award
• Ukrainian Book Institute
• Ukrainian studies
• Belarusian literature
• Contemporary Ukrainian literature

Bibliography

• A History of Ukrainian Literature (From the 11th to the End of the 19th Century): With an Overview of the Twentieth Century (Annals of the Ukrainian Academy … and Sciences in the U.S., Inc, Vol 17–19) by Dmitrij Tschizewskij, George S. N. Luckyj, Dolly Ferguson, and Doreen Gorsline
• Ukrainian Literature Through the Ages by Yevhen Shabliovsky, Abraham Mistetsky, and Andrew Marko (Paperback – 1 January 2001)
• Toward a history of Ukrainian literature. Grabowicz, George G. / distrib. by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute / 1981 (104: SLA U 50 : 50s Bungehuis-Spuistraat 210, 2e etage)
• A history of Ukrainian literature, from the 11th to the end of the 19th century. Cyzevs'kyj, Dmytro / Ukrainian Academic Press / 1975 (UBM: H 77–63, Singel 425, UB magazijn)
• Ukrainian literature. Kasinec, Edward / Harvard University / 1977 (UBM: Br. f\0 L m 9)
• Ukrainian literature in the twentieth century: a reader's guide. Luckyj, George S.N. / Univ. of Toronto press / 1992 (UBM: H 96-1818)
• Ukrainian Literature in English, 1980–1989 by Marta Tarnawsky

External links

• A history of Ukrainian literature by Dmytro Čyževs'kyj
• Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature – established under the auspices of the Institute of Encyclopedic Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
• Danylo Husar Struk. Literature at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
• Slavic Literature Resources from the Slavic Reference Service, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
• Ukrainian literature in The Columbia Encyclopedia
• Ukrainian literature in Encyclopædia Britannica
• Ukrainian Writing in Canada in The Canadian Encyclopedia
• Ukrainian literature in The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe