USS Marmora (1862)

Marmora in the foreground

USS Marmora was a sternwheel steamer that served in the Union Navy from 1862 to 1865, during the American Civil War. Built in 1862 at Monongahela, Pennsylvania, as a civilian vessel, she was purchased for military service on September 17 and converted into a tinclad warship. Commissioned on October 21, the vessel served on the Yazoo River beginning the next month. She encountered Confederate naval mines on the Yazoo on December 11, and was present the next day when the ironclad USS Cairo was sunk by two mines. After further service on the Yazoo during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou in late December, Marmora was assigned in January 1863 to a fleet that was preparing to operate against Confederate Fort Hindman, but was not present when the fort surrendered on January 11.

From February to April, Marmora participated in the Yazoo Pass expedition, and in June burned and destroyed the settlements of Eunice and Gaines Landing, Arkansas, after Union vessels were fired on by Confederate troops. In August, the tinclad participated in some activities on the White River while the Little Rock campaign was beginning, and patrolled on the Mississippi River late that year. In February 1864, she participated in another movement up the Yazoo River, and fought in the Battle of Yazoo City on March 5. Continuing to serve on the Mississippi River, Marmora was declared surplus in May 1865 and was put in reserve status at Mound City, Illinois, the next month. On July 7, she was decommissioned, and was sold at public auction on August 17. Nothing further is known about Marmora after her sale.

Construction and characteristics

Marmora was built in 1862 at the shipyard of William Latta in Monongahela, Pennsylvania. She was built for ship captain James McDonald, who had previously operated another ship with the same name. She was also known as the Marmora No. 2,Template:Sfn and the name originated with the island of Marmara. She had a tonnage of 207 tons,Template:Sfn was long, had a draft of when "deeply loaded",Template:Sfn and had a beam of . A sternwheel steamer, her paddle wheel was in diameter, with paddles that were long. Propulsion was provided by two steam engines, which had cylinder diameters of and a stroke of .Template:Sfn Steam was provided by two Watson and Monroe boilers. Each boiler had three and three flues. Marmora had a top speed of ,Template:Sfn although this was reduced to when going upstream.Template:Sfn

McDonald used Marmora several times, including transporting Union Army troops down the Kanawha River in August. At that time she was also in use for transporting passengers and freight, running between Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Cincinnati, Ohio.Template:Sfn With the Civil War ongoing, the Union Navy was seeking to increase the number of ships it operated,Template:Sfn and the navy purchased Marmora for military use on September 17, at a cost of $21,000, ()Template:Sfn from C. Brennan, William Nelson, and James McDonnell.Template:Sfn The steamer was converted into a tinclad warship.Template:Sfn For tinclad conversions in general, this was a process that involved arming the ship, installing a wooden casemate that was at least partially covered with thin iron armor, replacing the pilothouse with a new armored one, reinforcing decks and internal beams, and generally removing the texas.Template:Sfn Tinclad warships were used to patrol rivers, protect and escort other vessels, and sometimes act as naval support for military actions.Template:Sfn

Marmora was assigned the identification number 2;Template:Sfn these numbers were painted onto the pilothouses of the tinclads beginning in June 1863.Template:Sfn She was commissioned into the Union Navy on October 21, 1862,Template:Sfn at Carondelet, St. Louis. Over the course of her military service, her armament varied. Initially, she was armed with two 12-pounder rifled cannons and two 24-pounder guns. In June 1864, four 24-pounder guns were added to her armament, which consisted of eight 24-pounder guns as of the following December. As of March 31, 1865, she was reported to have been armed with two 12-pounder guns and six 14-pounders.Template:Sfn Along with USS Signal, Marmora was one of the first purpose-converted tinclads in the Union Navy.Template:Sfn

Service history

Vicksburg campaign

Marmora left Carondelet for Cairo, Illinois, on October 22, 1862, under the command of Acting Volunteer Lieutenant Robert Getty.Template:Sfn In November, Union Army Major Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman, along with Acting Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter, decided that the Union Navy would operate against Confederate forces along the Yazoo River, in conjunction with the Vicksburg campaign.Template:Sfn Porter's command was known as the Mississippi Squadron.Template:Sfn On November 21, Captain Henry A. Walke received orders to move with a naval force from Helena, Arkansas, to the mouth of the Yazoo.Template:Sfn Marmora was at Cairo at this time, and was ordered to join Walke.Template:Sfn The vessel reached Helena on November 24, and left for the mouth of the Yazoo the next day along with Signal and the ironclad USS Carondelet; the three vessels were joined by the timberclad USS Lexington on November 26.Template:Sfn The movement down the Mississippi River was conducted only during the daytime due to low water levels.Template:Sfn

During the movement, Marmora had her first combat, destroying several barges at Lake Providence, Louisiana, and later destroying a flatboat and capturing two skiffs. On November 28, Walke's flotilla reached Milliken's Bend, Louisiana, where he sent part of the crew of Marmora on a tugboat,Template:Sfn USS Laurel,Template:Sfn on a scouting mission. The scouting group was fired on by Confederate guerrillas on the shore,Template:Sfn and Acting Ensign H. H. Walker of Marmora was wounded.Template:Sfn The next day, Walke's ships reached the mouth of the Yazoo, and Marmora and Signal were sent to scout up the river, accompanied by 20 men and a gunner from Carondelet, as the river level was too low for navigation by the larger ships.Template:Sfn The scouting force upriver began at about 10:00am, and around noon, encountered Confederate cavalry and a picket station. The Confederate cavalry fled after firing on the vessels and Marmora destroyed the picket station with cannon fire. A minor skirmish occurred with Confederate forces from the mouth of the Yazoo at a ferry site, but the vessels continued for about another , until they sighted Confederate fortifications on Drumgould's Bluff.Template:Sfn The vessels took care to avoid any fighting with the Confederate batteries, and returned to Walke's main force at around 4:00pm.Template:Sfn

Sinking of USS Cairo

A ship along a shoreline. The vessel has two smokestacks, flies the American flag, and multiple cannon are visible.

USS Cairo. Marmora was present when Cairo sank on December 12, 1862.

Several Union Navy naval rams arrived at the mouth of the Yazoo in early December 1862, including USS Queen of the West.Template:Sfn Marmora helped refloat Queen of the West after the latter vessel ran aground on December 5. Marmora made multiple trips into the Yazoo to perform depth sounding.Template:Sfn On December 11, Marmora and Signal were sent back up the Yazoo to scout the Confederate fortifications upriver.Template:Sfn Walke had been informed by an escaped slave that the Confederates were erecting a barricade in front of the batteries, and wanted to verify that information. While in sight of the Confederate fortifications, the two ships noticed naval mines floating in the river. One of the men aboard Marmora shot one with a musket,Template:Sfn resulting in an explosion that shook the entire ship, despite her being at least from the mine. While returning to Walke, Marmora and Signal were fired on by Confederate troops on the riverbank.Template:Sfn Getty informed Walke that Marmora and Signal could clear the mines from the river if accompanied by larger vessels that could provide covering fire against any Confederate troops on the riverbanks;Template:Sfn the water level in the Yazoo had risen enough to accommodate larger vessels.Template:Sfn

The next day, Marmora, joined by Signal, Queen of the West, and the ironclads USS Cairo and USS Pittsburgh, moved up the Yazoo to remove the mines. Marmora and Signal were tasked with destroying the mines, with all of the ships' commanders instructed to avoid bringing their ships close to the mines. The expedition entered the Yazoo at around 8:00am,Template:Sfn and at either 10:00amTemplate:Sfn or 11:00am met a skiff containing an African American and a white plantation overseer. The overseer admitted to having knowledge of the location of the mines and as a result was arrested.Template:Sfn The vessels continued ahead to where the mines were.Template:Sfn Those on Cairo heard men from Marmora shooting at objects in the river and continued ahead thinking the tinclad was under assault.Template:Sfn Both Cairo and Marmora put small boats into the water to investigate the mines, which were found to be connected to the shore by wires.Template:Sfn Cairo and Marmora began to maneuver after launching the boats, and the Confederate batteries on Drumgould's Bluff fired on the vessels at long range. Cairo then struck two minesTemplate:Sfn and quickly sank. None of the crew of Cairo were killed, and they were picked up by the other Union vessels.Template:Sfn

Chickasaw Bluff and Fort Hindman

A cannon positioned amid trees and brush on the side of a river

A view of the Confederate positions at Chickasaw Bayou

The surviving Union vessels returned to Walke's main force.Template:Sfn Upon their return, the commander of Cairo was told to put his crew on Marmora and take her up the Mississippi River to Cairo, where he was to report to Porter. Marmora met Porter and the gunboat USS Black Hawk on December 17 while moving upriver. Porter elected to not open a court of inquiry against the commander of Cairo, and ordered the mine clearing to be completed.Template:Sfn The crewmen of Cairo were landed at Cairo on December 18.Template:Sfn Marmora then helped other Union vessels clear the mines out of the river. The naval vessels also probed along the Yazoo in support of Union Army movements in the area. On December 27, Sherman landed army troops in front of Chickasaw Bluff, while Marmora joined six other naval vessels in advancing upriver against Drumgould's Bluff. The naval vessels were to cover Sherman's left flank and draw Confederate attention away from the main Union assault.Template:Sfn The flotilla fought against the Confederate batteries, but Marmora remained in the rear and was not struck by fire.Template:Sfn While Marmora did join the firing, her shooting, like that of the other vessels, accomplished little.Template:Sfn

The next morning, Marmora and the gunboat USS Forest Rose went up the Old River towards the False River and shelled the riverbanks. Forest Rose ran aground, but Marmora freed her, and the two vessels returned to the rest of the Union fleet in the early afternoon.Template:Sfn On December 29, Porter's gunboats provided supporting fire, but Sherman's men were repulsed in the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.Template:Sfn Marmora spent part of that day on another expedition into the Old River, this time accompanied by the tinclad USS Romeo.Template:Sfn Sherman's men withdrew after the repulse. After the defeat at Chickasaw Bayou, Union leadership used the capture of a Union transport, Blue Wing, as justification for a strike on a Confederate position at Fort Hindman in Arkansas.Template:Sfn Marmora was part of the Union fleet that participated in the resulting campaign in January 1863. On January 4, Porter reorganized his force, and Marmora was assigned to a division led by Lieutenant Commander Watson Smith. Porter's ships began the movement towards Fort Hindman that same day.Template:Sfn Three days later, a plan for naval activity against the fort was formed. Marmora was to advance upriver with several other ships,Template:Sfn but she instead found herself spending the day towing Carondelet, which was low on coal, up to Helena.Template:Sfn Marmora then arrived off of the mouth of the White River on the evening of January 9, towing two barges of coal.Template:Sfn Fort Hindman surrendered on January 11.Template:Sfn On January 14, Marmora was ordered by Porter to return to the rest of the fleet.Template:Sfn Three days later, she steamed up the Arkansas River, reached the site of the Confederate fort, and sent a party ashore to help destroy it.Template:Sfn

Yazoo River operations and burning of Eunice

An open stretch of river water. A barge is in the center of the image, and in the background is a wooded riverbank. There are no signs of human habitation on the riverbanks.

A modern view of the Mississippi River in the area of the former site of Eunice, Arkansas

In early 1863, Grant and Porter made a plan that has become known as the Yazoo Pass expedition to bypass the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg by moving through nearby waterways. Smith was in charge of the expedition. On February 13, Smith realized that the expedition would take long enough that there would be no chance of surprise, so additional ships, including Marmora, were assigned to the expedition. Marmora, with seven other warships and three coal barges, entered Moon Lake on February 20Template:Sfn or 21,Template:Sfn where they waited for a number of transports carrying Union Army troops. The expedition continued through Yazoo Pass itselfTemplate:Efn on February 26, reaching Coldwater, Mississippi, two days later.Template:Sfn The narrow channel forced the vessels to advance in a single-file line, so Marmora and the other tinclads assigned to the expedition were distributed throughout the column,Template:Sfn to better protect the troop transports and expedite the movement of coal barges.Template:Sfn On March 8, Marmora, a towboat, and a transport containing the 29th Iowa Infantry Regiment were left behind at a point on the Tallahatchie River to guard two coal barges.Template:Sfn By March 13, Marmora had gone back towards the Mississippi River for supplies. That day, she met a squadron of vessels loaded with troops for the expedition and then escorted the squadron through Moon Lake to Yazoo Pass the next day.Template:Sfn March 14 saw Marmora engaged in a minor skirmish against Confederate land forces.Template:Sfn Two days later, the tinclad led the vessels through Yazoo Pass.Template:Sfn On March 21, Marmora rejoined the main expeditionary force on the Tallahatchie, together with the ships she was escorting. The combined group then moved back down the Tallahatchie towards Confederate-held Fort Pemberton.Template:Sfn On March 26, Marmora was released from the expedition to escort a group of transports back upriver; she also carried dispatches.Template:Sfn

Marmora arrived at Helena on March 27, slowed by boiler problems,Template:Sfn before leaving to return to the Yazoo Pass expedition the same day, along with a coal barge.Template:Sfn April 16 saw another minor skirmish between Marmora and Confederate forces,Template:Sfn but on April 17 she again left the expedition bearing dispatches and in need of repairs.Template:Sfn She spent the next several months on patrol and supply duties, and was reported to be based at the mouth of the Yazoo as of May 8.Template:Sfn Late on June 13, Marmora was fired on by Confederate guerillas near the town of Eunice, Arkansas. The next day, the steamer Nebraska, a transport with the United States Quartermaster Department, was fired on in the same area, prompting retribution from Marmora. The latter vessel then fired on the riverbank for two miles up and down from Eunice, and then landed armed parties that burned every structure within a mile of Eunice, including a warehouse and railroad depot.Template:Sfn Eunice was completely destroyed during the burning, and the town was replaced by the nearby community of Arkansas City after the war.Template:Sfn On June 15, Marmora continued on to Gaines Landing, Arkansas, where she was again fired on. A landing party from the vessel burned all but one house at the settlement in response.Template:Sfn The morning of June 16 saw a combined landing force from Marmora and the tinclad USS Prairie Bird burn another house in the Gaines Landing area, as there was circumstantial evidence it was being used by Confederate forces.Template:Sfn

Late 1863

Beginning on August 8, Marmora moved up the White River as part of a flotilla commanded by Lieutenant George M. Bache, and found the town of St. Charles, Arkansas, deserted due to Union control of the river.Template:Sfn Bache's ships met Brigadier General John W. Davidson's division of cavalry on August 9, at Clarendon, Arkansas; this movement occurred around the time of the beginning of the Little Rock campaign.Template:Sfn Marmora, along with the tinclad USS Linden, began the return to Helena late that day. The next day, both vessels returned to Clarendon: Linden escorted transports carrying Union Army soldiers commanded by Major General Frederick Steele, while Marmora towed barges.Template:Sfn Bache took Marmora, the gunboat USS Cricket, and Lexington, accompanied by part of the 32nd Iowa Infantry Regiment, on an expedition beginning on August 12, to locate Confederate cavalry believed to be in the area. The flotilla stopped at Des Arc to burn a Confederate military warehouse, and then split up at the mouth of the Little Red River. Lexington and Marmora continued on the White River, while Cricket moved up the Little Red, where she captured two Confederate gunboats, Tom Sugg and Kaskaskia. Lexington and Marmora continued up to Augusta, before turning back. When Lexington moved up the Little Red to join Cricket, Marmora remained behind at the junction of the rivers.Template:Sfn Bache returned to Clarendon on August 15.Template:Sfn

As of August 19, Marmora was assigned to the Fifth Division of the Mississippi Squadron, which was responsible for the area between Vicksburg and the White River.Template:Sfn On September 19, Acting Master Elias Rees, who was commanding the tinclad, reported that the ship was in a state of disrepair, with the boilers and machinery in poor condition and several small leaks in the hull.Template:Sfn By October 20, she was under the command of Acting Master J. F. Treat and was stationed on the White River.Template:Sfn Marmora patrolled on the Mississippi River in the later part of the year, seizing cotton owned by known Confederate sympathizers. For a time in November, she was stationed at the mouth of the Yazoo River to prevent the Confederates from blockading it. As of December 1, she was stationed at Island No. 70,Template:Sfn an island located in the Concordia Bend on the Mississippi River,Template:Sfn and was commanded by Acting Master Thomas Gibson.Template:Sfn By January 14, 1864, she had transferred to Greenville, Mississippi.Template:Sfn

Yazoo City and later service

File:Yazoo River 1863 Porter.jpg

Map of the Satartia, Liverpool, and Yazoo City areas from the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies

On February 2, 1864, Marmora began a movement up the Yazoo River along with Prairie Bird, and the tinclads Romeo, USS Exchange and USS Petrel. The naval force was led by Lieutenant Commander Elias K. Owen, and was working in conjunction with a Union Army brigade commanded by Colonel James E. Coates.Template:Sfn Later that day, the Union forces skirmished with Confederate land forces near Satartia, Mississippi, and on February 3 and 4 fought against land-based Confederates in the Liverpool, Mississippi, area. On February 4, Marmora and Exchange pushed on to Yazoo City but came under artillery fire and withdrew to Satartia. After Sherman's Meridian campaign drew Confederate forces away from the Yazoo River area, Owen and Coates moved back up the river, probing Yazoo City on February 8, and occupying the town the next day.Template:Sfn

Late on February 14, the expedition occupied Greenwood, upriver from Yazoo City. The Union forces collected about 450 cotton bales in the area, while Marmora scouted up the Tallahatchie River. They began returning downriver on February 19, arriving at Yazoo City on February 28.Template:Sfn By late February, the Union vessels remaining on the Yazoo were Petrel and Exchange at Yazoo City, Prairie Bird at Liverpool, and Marmora running patrols on the river. After the Meridian campaign ended, Confederate cavalry was free to return to the Yazoo River area, and attacked Yazoo City on March 5. Marmora was present at the city and fired on the Confederate attackers.Template:Sfn A 12-pounder howitzer from the tinclad was sent ashore, with a crew under the command of Gibson. The howitzer fired rapidly, and assisted in repulsing the Confederate attacks on Yazoo City.Template:Sfn Three seamen from MarmoraTemplate:'s howitzer crew received the Medal of Honor for their actions at Yazoo City: William J. Franks, Bartlett Laffey, and James Stoddard;Template:Sfn All three men's Medal of Honor citations noted that they had been "bravely standing by his gun despite enemy rifle fire which cut the gun carriage and rammer".

Marmora remained in the area for some time, and then was assigned duties controlling illegal trading, and was reported as of May 17, to be patrolling in the area from the river town of Napoleon, Arkansas, to Island No. 76.Template:Sfn As of May 20, she was part of the Sixth Division of the Mississippi Squadron, which was assigned to the region between Vicksburg and the Arkansas River.Template:Sfn On August 23, Owen reported that the ship's stern was in poor condition,Template:Sfn while Gibson reported on September 13 that the vessel had been visited by smallpox.Template:Sfn In February 1865, Marmora accepted the surrender of seven Confederate soldiers, and that same month escorted the ironclad USS Cincinnati to New Orleans, Louisiana.Template:Sfn On February 21, she was reported as having been temporarily transferred to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron.Template:Sfn By April 1, she had been returned to the Sixth Division of the Mississippi Squadron.Template:Sfn

In late April, Marmora was one of the vessels earmarked to patrol the regions of the Mississippi River where it was thought most likely that fleeing Confederate president Jefferson Davis might attempt to cross the river.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn Marmora was reported on May 8 to be patrolling in the area between Napoleon and Gaines Landing.Template:Sfn The war was winding down in April and May with a Confederate defeat,Template:Sfn and on May 29, Marmora was one of a number of vessels reported as surplus by the Mississippi Squadron.Template:Sfn She was sent to Mound City, Illinois, in June, where she entered reserve status. Decommissioned on July 7, she was sold to D. D. Barr for $8,650, () at a public auction on August 17. The tinclad had required $15,107.40 () in repairs while in military service.Template:Sfn Nothing further about her after her sale is known. Extracts from her ship's log were later published more times in the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies than those of any other tinclad; naval historian Myron J. Smith suggests that this may indicate that Marmora was a favorite vessel of the compilers.Template:Sfn