United States House Committee on Ways and Means

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Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Committee on Ways and Means is the chief tax-writing committee of the United States House of Representatives. The committee has jurisdiction over all taxation, tariffs, and other revenue-raising measures, as well as a number of other programs including Social Security, unemployment benefits, Medicare, the enforcement of child support laws, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, foster care, and adoption programs. Members of the Ways and Means Committee are not allowed to serve on any other House committee unless they are granted a waiver from their party's congressional leadership. It has long been regarded as the most prestigious committee of the House of Representatives.[1]

The United States Constitution requires that all bills regarding taxation must originate in the U.S. House of Representatives, and House rules dictate that all bills regarding taxation must pass through Ways and Means. This system imparts upon the committee and its members a significant degree of influence over other representatives, committees, and public policy. Its Senate counterpart is the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance.

In the 119th Congress, the committee's chair is Jason T. Smith.[2] Recent chairs have included Bill Thomas, Charlie Rangel, Sander Levin, Dave Camp, Paul Ryan, Kevin Brady, and Richard Neal.

History

File:Ways and Means 2020.jpg
Inside a Ways and Means meeting in November 2019.

The Ways and Means Committee was first established during the first Congress, in 1789. However, this initial version was disbanded after only 8 weeks; for the next several years, only ad hoc committees were formed, to write up laws on notions already debated in the whole House. It was first established as a standing committee by resolution adopted December 21, 1795,[3] and first appeared among the list of regular standing committees on January 7, 1802.[4] Upon its original creation, it held power over both taxes and spending, until the spending power was given to the new Appropriations Committee in 1865.[5]

During the Civil War the key policy-maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens, as chair of the committee and Republican floor leader. He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and permanently transformed the nation's economic policies regarding tariffs, bonds, income and excise taxes, national banks, suppression of money issued by state banks, greenback currency, and western railroad land grants.[6] Stevens was one of the major policymakers regarding Reconstruction, and obtained a House vote of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson (who was acquitted by the Senate in 1868). Hans L. Trefousse, his leading biographer, concludes that Stevens "was one of the most influential representatives ever to serve in Congress. [He dominated] the House with his wit, knowledge of parliamentary law, and sheer willpower, even though he was often unable to prevail."[7] Historiographical views of Stevens have dramatically shifted over the years, from the early 20th-century view of Stevens and the Radical Republicans as tools of enormous business and motivated by hatred of the white South, to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterwards, who applauded their efforts to give equal rights to the freed slaves.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Three future presidents – James Polk, Millard Fillmore, and William McKinley – served as committee chair. Before the official roles of floor leader came about in the late 19th century, the chair of Ways and Means was considered the majority leader. The chair is one of very few representatives to have office space within the Capitol building itself.[8]

Political significance

Template:United States House of Representatives Because of its wide jurisdiction, Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy. Although it lacks the prospects for reelection help that comes with the Appropriations Committee, it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons: given the wide array of interests that are affected by the committee, a seat makes it easy to collect campaign contributions[9] and since its range is broad, members with a wide array of policy concerns often seek positions to be able to influence policy decisions. Some recent major issues that have gone through the Ways and Means Committee include welfare reform, a Medicare prescription drug benefit, Social Security reform, George W. Bush's tax cuts, and trade agreements including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA).

From 1911 to 1974, the Ways and Means Committee also had the responsibility to appoint members of other committees in addition to its legislative duties.[10] When Ways and Means chair Wilbur Mills' career ended in scandal, Congressman Phillip Burton transferred the committee's selection powers to a separate, newly created committee.[10]

Members, 119th Congress

Majority Minority
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Subcommittees

There are six subcommittees in the 118th Congress. In 2011, the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support was renamed the Subcommittee on Human Resources, returning to the name it held prior to the 110th United States Congress.[12] In 2015, the Select Revenue Measures was renamed the Subcommittee on Tax Policy.[13] In 2019 these two subcommittees were again renamed under Democratic control; Human Resources became Worker and Family Support and Tax Policy was renamed to Select Revenue Measures. In 2023 and under a return to Republican control, they were again renamed to Work and Welfare and Tax respectively.

Subcommittee Chair[14] Ranking Member[11]
Health Vern Buchanan (R-FL) Lloyd Doggett (D–TX)
Oversight David Schweikert (R-AZ) Terri Sewell (D-AL)
Social Security Ron Estes (R-KS) John B. Larson (D-CT)
Tax Mike Kelly (R-PA) Mike Thompson (D-CA)
Trade Adrian Smith (R-NE) Linda Sánchez (D-CA)
Work and Welfare Darin LaHood (R-IL) Danny Davis (D–IL)

Leadership

Chairs
Name Party State Start End
Script error: No such module "Sort". Federalist PA 1789 1789
Script error: No such module "Sort". Federalist SC 1794 1797
Script error: No such module "Sort". Federalist SC 1797 1800
Script error: No such module "Sort". Federalist CT 1800 1801
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican VA 1801 1805
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican PA 1805 1807
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican TN 1807 1809
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican VA 1809 1811
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican MA 1811 1812
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican SC 1812 1813
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican VA 1813 1815
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican SC 1815 1818
Script error: No such module "Sort". Democratic-Republican MD 1818 1822
Script error: No such module "Sort". Federalist DE 1822 1827
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic VA 1827 1827
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic SC 1827 1832
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NY 1832 1833
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TN 1833 1835
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NY 1835 1839
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic VA 1839 1841
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Party color" |Whig NY 1841 1843
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NC 1843 1847
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Party color" |Whig OH 1847 1849
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic VA 1849 1851
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic AL 1851 1855
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican OH 1856 1857
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic PA 1857 1858
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MO 1858 1859
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican OH 1860 1861
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican PA 1861 1865
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican VT 1865 1867
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican OH 1867 1871
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MA 1871 1871
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MA 1871 1875
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic IL 1875 1877
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NY 1877 1881
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic VA 1881 1881
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican PA 1881 1883
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic IL 1883 1887
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TX 1887 1889
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican OH 1889 1891
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic IL 1891 1893
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic WV 1893 1895
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican ME 1895 1899
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican NY 1899 1911
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic AL 1911 1915
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NC 1915 1919
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MI 1919 1923
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican IA 1923 1928
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican OR 1928 1931
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MS 1931 1933
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NC 1933 1947
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MN 1947 1949
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NC 1949 1953
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican NY 1953 1955
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TN 1955 1957
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic AR 1957 1974
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic OR 1974 1981
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic IL 1981 1994
Script error: No such module "Sort".
Acting
style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic FL 1994 1995
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican TX 1995 2001
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican CA 2001 2007
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NY 2007 2010
Script error: No such module "Sort".
Acting
style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic CA 2010
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MI 2010 2011
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MI 2011 2015
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican WI 2015 2015
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican TX 2015 2019
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MA 2019 2023
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MO 2023 present
Ranking members[15]
Name Party State Start End
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic OH 1863 1865
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NY 1866 1866
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MO 1866 1867
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NY 1867 1873
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic KY 1873 1875
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican ME 1875 1876
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican PA 1876 1879
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican OH 1879 1880
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican PA 1880 1881
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic PA 1881 1883
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican PA 1883 1889
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic KY 1889 1890
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TX 1890 1891
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican ME 1891 1895
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic GA 1895 1896
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TN 1896 1897
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TX 1897 1899
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TN 1899 1903
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MS 1903 1907
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MO 1907 1911
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican NY 1911 1914
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MI 1914 1919
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NC 1919 1923
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TX 1923 1931
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican OR 1931 1933
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MA 1933 1945
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MN 1945 1947
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NC 1947 1949
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican NY 1949 1953
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic TN 1953 1955
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican NY 1955 1959
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican PA 1959 1960
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican IL 1960 1963
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican WI 1963 1973
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican PA 1973 1977
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican NY 1977 1985
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican TN 1985 1988
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican TX 1988 1995
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic FL 1995 1997
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic NY 1997 2007
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican LA 2007 2009
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican MI 2009 2011
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MI 2011 2017
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MA 2017 2019
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" |Republican TX 2019 2023
Script error: No such module "Sort". style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" |Democratic MA 2023 present

Historical membership rosters

Majority Minority
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Subcommittees
Subcommittee Chair[16] Ranking Member[17]
Health Vern Buchanan (R-FL) Lloyd Doggett (D–TX)
Oversight David Schweikert (R-AZ) Bill Pascrell (D-NJ) (until August 21, 2024)
Linda Sánchez (D-CA) (from September 10, 2024)[18]
Social Security Drew Ferguson (R-GA) John B. Larson (D-CT)
Tax Mike Kelly (R-PA) Mike Thompson (D-CA)
Trade Adrian Smith (R-NE) Earl Blumenauer (D-OR)
Work and Welfare Darin LaHood (R-IL) Danny K. Davis (D–IL)

117th Congress

Majority Minority
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Subcommittees
Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member
Health Lloyd Doggett (D–TX) Vern Buchanan (R–FL)
Oversight Bill Pascrell (D-NJ) Tom Rice (R-SC)
Select Revenue Measures Mike Thompson (D-CA) Mike Kelly (R–PA)
Social Security John B. Larson (D-CT) Tom Reed (R-NY)
Trade Earl Blumenauer (D-OR) Adrian Smith (R–NE)
Worker and Family Support Danny Davis (D–IL) Vacant

116th Congress

Majority Minority
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Subcommittee
Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member
Health Lloyd Doggett (D–TX) Devin Nunes (R–CA)
Worker and Family Support Danny Davis (D–IL) Jackie Walorski (R–IN)
Oversight Bill Pascrell (D-NJ) Mike Kelly (R–PA)
Select Revenue Measures Mike Thompson (D-CA) Adrian Smith (R–NE)
Social Security John B. Larson (D-CT) Tom Reed (R-NY)
Trade Earl Blumenauer (D-OR) Vern Buchanan (R–FL)

115th Congress

Majority Minority
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See also

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References

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  5. Cannon, J. M., Time and Chance: Gerald Ford's Appointment with History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), p. 58.
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Sources

Further reading

  • Cataldo, Everett Felix. "The House Committee on Ways and Means" (PhD dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1965) onlineScript error: No such module "Unsubst"..
  • Curtis, Thomas B. "The House Committee on Ways and Means: Congress Seen Through a Key Committee." Wisconsin Law Review(1966): 121+ online.
  • Davidson, Roger. Masters of the House: Congressional leadership over two centuries (Routledge, 2018)
  • Kennon, Donald R., and Rebecca Mary Rogers. The Committee on Ways and Means: A Bicentennial History 1789–1989 (US Government Printing Office, 1989).
  • Manley, John F. "The House Committee on Ways and Means: Conflict management in a congressional committee." American Political Science Review 59.4 (1965): 927–939.
  • Manley, John F. The politics of finance: the House Committee on Ways and Means ( Little, Brown, 1970).
  • Sullivan, Terry. "Voter's paradox and logrolling: An initial framework for committee behavior on appropriations and ways and means." Public Choice (1976): 31–44. online
  • Winfree, Paul. A History (and Future) of the Budget Process in the United States (Springer Nature, 2019).

Primary sources

  • Rangel, Charles B.; Wynter, Leon (2007). And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since: From the Streets of Harlem to the Halls of Congress. New York: St. Martin's Press.

External links

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