Troy weight

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Troy system)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description

File:Gold1oz.jpg
Troy ounce is a traditional unit of gold weightTemplate:Px2Template:MdashTemplate:Px2‌this sample marked "999,9" is Template:Em Template:Xref, meaning it is pure to 999.9 parts in 1,000 (Template:EmTemplate:Px299.99% pure)
File:Ingots of Ge, Fe, Al, Re, Os, one troy ounce each (2).jpg
Template:Convert samples of germanium, iron, aluminium, rhenium and osmium. The differences in size are due to differences in density.
File:1000oz.silver.bullion.bar.underneath.jpg
A Good Delivery silver bar weighing Template:Convert

Troy weight is a system of units of mass whose origin is uncertain.[1] By far the most common troy unit is the troy ounce (oz t), the standard mass unit for precious metals in industry and in trade; it equals 31.1034768 grams. The troy weight units are the grain, the pennyweight (24 grains), the troy ounce (20 pennyweights), and the troy pound (12 troy ounces). The troy grain is equal to the grain unit of the avoirdupois and apothecaries' systems, but the troy ounce is heavier than the avoirdupois ounce, and the troy pound is lighter than the avoirdupois pound.

Etymology

Troy weight is generally supposed to take its name from the French market town of Troyes where English merchants traded at least as early as the early 9th century.[2][3] The name troy is first attested in 1390, describing the weight of a platter, in an account of the travels in Europe of the Earl of Derby.[2][4]

Charles Moore Watson (1844–1916) proposes an alternative etymology: The Assize of Weights and Measures (also known as Script error: No such module "Lang".), one of the statutes of uncertain date from the reign of either Henry III or Edward I, thus before 1307, specifies "Script error: No such module "Lang"."—which the Public Record Commissioners translate as "troy weight". The word Script error: No such module "Lang". refers to markets.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Wright's The English Dialect Dictionary lists the word troi as meaning a balance, related to the alternate form 'tron' which also means market or the place of weighing. From this, Watson suggests that 'troy' derives from the manner of weighing by balance precious goods such as bullion or drugs; in contrast to the word 'avoirdupois' used to describe bulk goods such as corn or coal, sometimes weighed in ancient times by a kind of steelyard called the auncel.[5]

Troy weight referred to the Tower system; the earliest reference to the modern troy weights is in 1414.[5][6]

History

The origin of the troy weight system is unknown. Although the name probably comes from the Champagne fairs at Troyes, in northeastern France.[7] English troy weights were nearly identical to the troy weight system of Bremen. (The Bremen troy ounce had a mass of 480.8 British Imperial grains.)[8]

Many aspects of the troy weight system were indirectly derived from the Roman monetary system. Before they used coins, early Romans used bronze bars of varying weights as currency. An Script error: No such module "Lang". ("heavy bronze") weighed one pound. One twelfth of an Script error: No such module "Lang". was called an Script error: No such module "Lang"., or in English, an "ounce". Before the adoption of the metric system, many systems of troy weights were in use in various parts of Europe, among them Holland troy, Paris troy, etc.[9] Their values varied from one another by up to several percentage points. Troy weights were first used in England in the 15th century and were made official for gold and silver in 1527.[1] The British Imperial system of weights and measures (also known as imperial units) was established in 1824, prior to which the troy weight system was a subset of pre-imperial English units.

The troy ounce in modern use is essentially the same as the British Imperial troy ounce (1824–1971), adopted as an official weight standard for United States coinage by act of Congress on May 19, 1828.[10] The British Imperial troy ounce (known more commonly simply as the imperial troy ounce) was based on, and virtually identical with, the pre-1824 British troy ounce and the pre-1707 English troy ounce. (1824 was the year the British Imperial system of weights and measures was adopted; 1707 was the year of the Act of Union which created the Kingdom of Great Britain.) Troy ounces have been used in England since the early 15th century, and the English troy ounce was officially adopted for coinage in 1527. Before that time, various sorts of troy ounces were in use on the continent.[8]

The troy ounce and grain were also part of the apothecaries' system. This was long used in medicine, but has been largely replaced by the metric system (milligrams).[11] The only troy weight in widespread use is the British Imperial troy ounce and its American counterpart. Both are based on a grain of 0.06479891 gram (exact, by definition), with 480 grains to a troy ounce (compared with <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />437+1⁄2 grains for an ounce avoirdupois). The British Empire abolished the 12-ounce troy pound in the 19th century. It has been retained, though rarely used, in the American system. Larger amounts of precious metals are conventionally counted in hundreds or thousands of troy ounces, or in kilograms.

Troy ounces have been and are still often used in precious metal markets in countries that otherwise use International System of Units (SI).[12][13] However, the People's Bank of ChinaTemplate:Snd which had been using troy measurements in minting Gold Pandas since 1982Template:Snd from 2016 specifies Chinese bullion coins in an integer numbers of grams.[14]

Units of measurement

File:Comparison of pounds.svg
Chart comparing the mass (in grams) of tower, Troy, merchant, avoirdupois and London pounds. Each colored block represents one of that system's ounces (gold=Troy, blue= avoirdupois, purple=tower)

Troy pound (lb t)

File:TroyPoundEngraving.jpg
The standard British troy pound manufactured in 1758; it bears the abbreviation Template:Char ("pound") and the letter "T" for troy.

The troy pound (lb t) consists of twelve troy ounces[15] and thus is Template:Convert. (An avoirdupois pound is approximately 21.53% heavier at Template:Convert, and consists of sixteen avoirdupois ounces).

Troy ounce (oz t)

A troy ounce weighs 480 grains.[15] Since the implementation of the international yard and pound agreement of 1 July 1959, the grain measure is defined as precisely Template:Val.[16]Template:Rp[17] Thus one troy ounce = Template:Convert × Template:Convert/grain = Template:Convert. Since the ounce avoirdupois is defined as 437.5 grains, a troy ounce is exactly <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />480⁄437.5 = <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />192⁄175 or about 1.09714 ounces avoirdupois or about 9.7% more. The troy ounce for trading precious metals is considered to be sufficiently approximated by 31.10 g in EU directive 80/181/EEC.[18] The troy ounce is the only troy unit allowed in trade in the United Kingdom, and only for precious metals, since the implementation of the Weights and Measures Act of 1985.[19]

The Dutch troy system is based on a mark of 8 ounces, the ounce of 20 engels (pennyweights), the engel of 32 as. The mark was rated as 3,798 troy grains or 246.084 grams. The divisions are identical to the tower system.[9]

Pennyweight (dwt)

The pennyweight symbol is dwt. One pennyweight weighs 24 grains, and 20 pennyweights make one troy ounce.[15] Because there were 12 troy ounces in the old troy pound, there would have been 240 pennyweights to the pound (mass)Template:Snd just as there were 240 pennies in the original pound-sterling. However, prior to 1526, the English pound sterling was based on the tower pound, which is <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />15⁄16 of a troy pound. The d in dwt stands for denarius, the ancient Roman coin that equates loosely to a penny. The symbol d for penny can be recognized in the form of British pre-decimal pennies, in which pounds, shillings, and pence were indicated using the symbols £, s, and d, respectively.

Troy grain

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

There is no specific 'troy grain'. All Imperial systems use the same measure of mass called a grain (historically of barley), each weighing <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄7000 of an avoirdupois pound (and thus a little under 65 milligrams).Template:Efn

Mint masses

Mint masses, also known as moneyers' masses, were legalized by Act of Parliament dated 17 July 1649 entitled An Act touching the monies and coins of England. A grain is 20 mites, a mite is 24 droits, a droit is 20 perits, a perit is 24 blanks.[20][21]

Conversions

Unit Grains Grams (exact)
Troy pound (12 troy ounces) 5,760 373.24172 160
Troy ounce (20 pennyweights) 480 31.10347 680
Pennyweight 24 1.55517 384
Grain 1 0.06479 891
English pounds
Unit Script error: No such module "Navbar". Pounds Ounces Grains Metric
Avdp. Troy Tower Merchant London Metric Avdp. Troy Tower Troy Tower g kg
Avoirdupois 1 Template:Sfrac = 1.2152Template:¯ Template:Sfrac = 1.Template:¯ Template:Sfrac = 1.Template:¯ Template:Sfrac = 0.97Template:¯ ≈ 0.9072 16 Template:Sfrac = 14.58Template:¯ Template:Sfrac = 15.Template:¯ 7,000 Template:Sfrac ≈ 454 ≈ Template:Sfrac
Troy Template:Sfrac ≈ 0.8229 1 Template:Sfrac = 1.0Template:¯ Template:Sfrac = 0.85Template:¯ Template:Sfrac = 0.8 ≈ 0.7465 Template:Sfrac ≈ 13.17 12 Template:Sfrac = 12.8 5,760 8,192 ≈ 373 ≈ Template:Sfrac
Tower Template:Sfrac ≈ 0.7714 Template:Sfrac = 0.9375 1 Template:Sfrac = 0.8 Template:Sfrac = 0.75 ≈ 0.6998 Template:Sfrac ≈ 12.34 Template:Sfrac = 11.25 12 5,400 7,680 ≈ 350 ≈ Template:Sfrac
Merchant Template:Sfrac ≈ 0.9643 Template:Sfrac = 1.171875 Template:Sfrac = 1.25 1 Template:Sfrac = 0.9375 ≈ 0.8748 Template:Sfrac ≈ 15.43 Template:Sfrac = 14.0625 15 6,750 9,600 ≈ 437 ≈ Template:Sfrac
London Template:Sfrac ≈ 1.029 Template:Sfrac = 1.25 Template:Sfrac = 1.Template:¯ Template:Sfrac = 1.0Template:¯ 1 ≈ 0.9331 Template:Sfrac ≈ 16.46 15 16 7,200 10,240 ≈ 467 ≈ Template:Sfrac
Metric ≈ 1.1023 ≈ 1.3396 ≈ 1.4289 ≈ 1.1431 ≈ 1.0717 1 ≈ 17.64 ≈ 16.08 ≈ 17.15 7,716 10,974 = 500 = Template:Sfrac

The troy system was used in the apothecaries' system but with different further subdivisions.

See also

Explanatory footnotes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Systems of measurement

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" Template:Webarchive (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices Template:Webarchive. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027 Template:Webarchive. OCLC Template:OCLC. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Troy_weight&oldid=3432318"