Phosphorus pentasulfide

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Phosphorus pentasulfide

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Template:Longitem	Template:Chem2
Molar mass	444.50 g/mol
Appearance	Yellow solid
Odor	Rotten eggs
Density	2.09 g/cm3
Melting point	Template:Chembox CalcTemperatures
Boiling point	Template:Chembox CalcTemperatures
Solubility in other solvents	Template:Ubl
Vapor pressure	1 mmHg (300 °C)
Template:Longitem	triclinic, aP28
Template:Longitem	P1 (No. 2)
Template:Longitem	Template:Ubl

Phosphorus pentasulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula Template:Chem2 (empirical) or Template:Chem2 (molecular). This yellow solid is the one of two phosphorus sulfides of commercial value. Samples often appear greenish-gray due to impurities. It is soluble in carbon disulfide but reacts with many other solvents such as alcohols, DMSO, and DMF.

Structure and synthesis

Its tetrahedral molecular structure is similar to that of adamantane and almost identical to the structure of phosphorus pentoxide.

Phosphorus pentasulfide is obtained by the reaction of liquid white phosphorus (Template:Chem2) with sulfur above 300 °C. The first synthesis of Template:Chem2 by Berzelius in 1843 was by this method. Alternatively, Template:Chem2 can be formed by reacting elemental sulfur or pyrite, Template:Chem2, with ferrophosphorus, a crude form of Template:Chem2 (a byproduct of white phosphorus (Template:Chem2) production from phosphate rock):

Template:Chem2

Template:Chem2 Template:Overset Template:Chem2

Applications

Approximately 150,000 tons of Template:Chem2 are produced annually. The compound is mainly converted to other derivatives for use as lubrication additives such as zinc dithiophosphates. It is widely used in the production of sodium dithiophosphate for applications as a flotation agent in the concentration of molybdenite minerals. It is also used in the production of pesticides such as Parathion and Malathion. It is also a component of some amorphous solid electrolytes (e.g. Template:Chem2-Template:Chem2) for some types of lithium batteries.

Phosphorus pentasulfide is a dual-use material, for the production of early insecticides such as Amiton and also for the manufacture of the related VX nerve agents.

Phosphorus pentasulfide reacts with ethanol to give diethyl dithiophosphoric acid:

Template:Chem2

diorganodithiophosphoric acids are used to produce metal dithiophosphates.

Reactivity

Due to hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture, Template:Chem2 evolves hydrogen sulfide Template:Chem2, thus Template:Chem2 is associated with a rotten egg odour. Aside from Template:Chem2, hydrolysis of Template:Chem2 eventually gives phosphoric acid:

Template:Chem2

Other mild nucleophiles react with Template:Chem2, including alcohols and amines. Reaction with ammonium chloride gives the polymeric (SPN)_∞. Aromatic compounds such as anisole, ferrocene and 1-methoxynaphthalene react to form 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides such as Lawesson's reagent:

Template:Chem2 (Ar = aryl)

Template:Chem2 is used as a thionation reagent. Reactions of this type require refluxing solvents such as benzene, dioxane, or acetonitrile with Template:Chem2 dissociating into Template:Chem2. Some ketones, esters, and imides are converted to the corresponding thiocarbonyls. Amides give thioamides. With 1,4-diketones the reagent forms thiophenes. It is also used to deoxygenate sulfoxides. The use of Template:Chem2 has been displaced by the aforementioned Lawesson's reagent.

Template:Chem2 reacts with pyridine to form the complex Template:Chem2.