Territorial authorities of New Zealand

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Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Short description Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template other Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists The territorial authorities of New Zealand form the country's municipal-level of local government, existing alongside the country's regional councils. There are 67 such authorities, including 12 city councils, 53 district councils and 2 sui generis councils (Auckland Council and Chatham Islands Council). Five territorial authoritiesTemplate:Efn also have the powers of regional councils, and these are called unitary authorities.

Territorial authorities are not subservient to regional councils, and several of them have jurisdictions overlapping multiple regional council areas. Territorial authorities are responsible for the administration of local matters and resources. These include roads, building consents, water supply and sanitation, amongst other responsibilities. They are not responsible for broader regional environmental management or public transport, as those are the responsibilities of the regional councils.

History

In 1840 the Colonial Office was given the authority to divide New Zealand into counties, hundreds, towns, townships, and parishes. These divisions were to be of set sizes (similar to North American divisions, many of which are rectangular in shape) but this was rarely implemented.[1]

1989 local government reforms

For many decades until the local government reforms of 1989, a borough with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city. The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area.

New Zealand's local government structural arrangements were significantly reformed by the Local Government Commission in 1989 when approximately 700 councils and special purpose bodies were amalgamated to create 87 new local authorities. Regional councils were reduced in number from 20 to 13, territorial authorities (city/district councils) from 200 to 75, and special purpose bodies from over 400 to 7.[2] The new district and city councils were generally much larger and most covered substantial areas of both urban and rural land. Many places that once had a city council were now being administered by a district council.

As a result, the term "city" began to take on two meanings.

City also came to be used in a less formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded. Gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a district council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Under current law, an urban area has to be at least 50,000 residents before it can be officially proclaimed as a city.[3]

Changes since 1989

Since the 1989 reorganisations, there have been few major reorganisations or status changes in local government. Incomplete list:

Reports on completed reorganisation proposals since 1999 are available on the Local Government Commission's site (link below).

2007–2009 Royal Commission on Auckland Governance

On 26 March 2009, the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance recommended the Rodney, North Shore, Waitakere, Auckland City, Manukau, Papakura and Franklin territorial councils and the Auckland Regional Council be abolished and the entire Auckland region to be amalgamated into one "supercity".[5] The area would consist of one city council (with statutory provision for three Māori councillors), four urban local councils, and two rural local councils:

  • Rodney local council would lose Orewa, Dairy Flat, and Whangaparaoa but retain the remainder of the current Rodney District. The split areas as well as the current North Shore City would form a Waitemata local council.
  • Waitakere local council would consist of the current Waitakere City as well as the Avondale area.
  • Tamaki Makaurau would consist of the current Auckland City and Otahuhu (excluding CBD)
  • Manukau local council would consist of the urban parts of the current Manukau City and of the Papakura District.
  • Hunua local council would consist of the entire Franklin District, much of which is currently in the Waikato Region, along with rural areas of the current Papakura District and Manukau City.
  • The entire Papakura District would be dissolved between urban and rural councils.

The National-led Government responded within about a week. Its plan, which went to a Select Committee, accepted the proposal for supercity and many community boards, but rejected proposals for local councils and, initially, no separate seats for Māori.

Public reaction to the Royal Commission report was mixed, especially in regards to the Government's amended proposal. Auckland Mayor John Banks supported the amended merger plans.[6]

Criticism of the amended proposal came largely from residents in Manukau, Waitakere and North Shore Cities.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In addition, Māori Affairs Minister Pita Sharples spoke against the exclusion of the Māori seats, as recommended by the Royal Commission.[14][15] Opposition Leader Phil Goff called for a referendum on the issue.[16]

Creation of Auckland Council

Auckland Council was created on 1 November 2010—a unitary authority that is classed as both a region and a territorial authority. It incorporated the recommendations of the Royal Commission and was established via legislation.[17] Auckland Council is uniquely divided into "local boards" representing the lowest tier of local government.[18]

Failed proposed changes

  • 2015: Proposals to amalgamate local councils in Wellington[19] and Northland were accepted[20] by the Local Government Commission for consideration, although following consultation they ultimately were not formed into a final proposal. The status quo remains.
  • 2015: Amalgamation of four local councils and the regional council in Hawke's Bay was proposed by the Local Government Commission. A district wide referendum was held in Sep-2015, and the proposal was defeated by 66% of voters.[21]
  • 2015: The Local Government Commission received a proposal to review local government arrangements on the West Coast. In August 2016 the Commission decided to progress the application. The Commission then invited alternative applications to the original application. The Commission's call for alternative reorganisation applications or other proposals for change to West Coast local government arrangements closed on 15 March 2017. The Commission received 23 responses, 19 of which made specific proposals for change. In December 2017 the Local Government Commission determined its preferred option for local government reorganisation on the West Coast to be the transfer of district plan preparation from the Buller, Grey and Westland district councils to the West Coast Regional Council.[22]
  • 2017: The Local Government Commission received a proposal to amalgamate the Masterton, Carterton and South Wairarapa District Councils into a combined Wairarapa District Council.[23] The proposal was defeated by referendum with 59% of voters rejecting the proposed merger.[24]

List of territorial authorities

Current

There are currently 67 territorial authorities. Before the Auckland Council "super merge" in November 2010, there were 73 territorial authorities. Before the Banks Peninsula District Council merged with the Christchurch City Council in 2006, there were 74 territorial authorities. Template:Table alignment

CoA Territory Authority Seat Area (km²)[25] Pop.Template:Efn RegionTemplate:Efn
Link Far North District Council Kaikohe Template:Nts Template:Nts Northland
Link Whangārei District Council Whangārei Template:Nts Template:Nts Northland
None Kaipara District Council Dargaville Template:Nts Template:Nts Northland
None Auckland Council Auckland Template:Nts Template:Nts Auckland
None Thames-Coromandel District Council Thames Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato
None Hauraki District Council Paeroa Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato
None Waikato District Council Ngāruawāhia Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato
None Matamata-Piako District Council Te Aroha Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato
File:Hamilton CoA (shield only).svg Hamilton City Council Hamilton Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato
None Waipā District Council Te Awamutu Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato
None Ōtorohanga District Council Ōtorohanga Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato
None South Waikato District Council Tokoroa Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato
None Waitomo District Council Te Kūiti Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato (94.87%)
Manawatū-Whanganui (5.13%)
None Taupō District Council Taupō Template:Nts Template:Nts Waikato (73.74%)
Bay of Plenty (14.31%)
Hawke's Bay (11.26%)
Manawatū-Whanganui (0.69%)
None Western Bay of Plenty District Council GreertonTemplate:Efn Template:Nts Template:Nts Bay of Plenty
None Tauranga City Council Tauranga Template:Nts Template:Nts Bay of Plenty
File:Rotorua District coat of arms.svg Rotorua District Council Rotorua Template:Nts Template:Nts Bay of Plenty (61.52%)
Waikato (38.48%)
None Whakatāne District Council Whakatāne Template:Nts Template:Nts Bay of Plenty
None Kawerau District Council Kawerau Template:Nts Template:Nts Bay of Plenty
None Ōpōtiki District Council Ōpōtiki Template:Nts Template:Nts Bay of Plenty
File:Coat of Arms of Gisborne (escutcheon only).svg Gisborne District Council Gisborne Template:Nts Template:Nts Gisborne
Link Wairoa District Council Wairoa Template:Nts Template:Nts Hawke's Bay
File:Hastings CoA (shield only).svg Hastings District Council Hastings Template:Nts Template:Nts Hawke's Bay
File:Napier coat of arms shield.svg Napier City Council Napier Template:Nts Template:Nts Hawke's Bay
Link Central Hawke's Bay District Council Waipawa Template:Nts Template:Nts Hawke's Bay
None New Plymouth District Council New Plymouth Template:Nts Template:Nts Taranaki
None Stratford District Council Stratford Template:Nts Template:Nts Taranaki (68.13%)
Manawatū-Whanganui (31.87%)
None South Taranaki District Council Hāwera Template:Nts Template:Nts Taranaki
None Ruapehu District Council Taumarunui Template:Nts Template:Nts Manawatū-Whanganui
File:Whanganui CoA (shield only).svg Whanganui District Council Whanganui Template:Nts Template:Nts Manawatū-Whanganui
None Rangitikei District Council Marton Template:Nts Template:Nts Manawatū-Whanganui (86.37%)
Hawke's Bay (13.63%)
Link Manawatū District Council Feilding Template:Nts Template:Nts Manawatū-Whanganui
File:Coat of arms of Palmerston North (shield only).svg Palmerston North City Council Palmerston North Template:Nts Template:Nts Manawatū-Whanganui
None Tararua District Council Dannevirke Template:Nts Template:Nts Manawatū-Whanganui (98.42%)
Wellington (1.58%)
None Horowhenua District Council Levin Template:Nts Template:Nts Manawatū-Whanganui
None Kāpiti Coast District Council Paraparaumu Template:Nts Template:Nts Wellington
File:Porirua coat of arms shield.svg Porirua City Council Porirua Template:Nts Template:Nts Wellington
File:Upper Hutt coat of arms.svg Upper Hutt City Council Upper Hutt Template:Nts Template:Nts Wellington
File:Lower Hutt CoA shield.svg Lower Hutt City Council Lower Hutt Template:Nts Template:Nts Wellington
File:Wellington CoA (shield only).svg Wellington City Council Wellington Template:Nts Template:Nts Wellington
Link Masterton District Council Masterton Template:Nts Template:Nts Wellington
Link Carterton District Council Carterton Template:Nts Template:Nts Wellington
None South Wairarapa District Council Martinborough Template:Nts Template:Nts Wellington
None Tasman District Council Richmond Template:Nts Template:Nts Tasman
File:Nelson city coat of arms shield.svg Nelson City Council Nelson Template:Nts Template:Nts Nelson
Link Marlborough District Council Blenheim Template:Nts Template:Nts Marlborough
None Buller District Council Westport Template:Nts Template:Nts West Coast
None Grey District Council Greymouth Template:Nts Template:Nts West Coast
None Westland District Council Hokitika Template:Nts Template:Nts West Coast
None Kaikōura District Council Kaikōura Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
None Hurunui District Council Amberley Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
None Waimakariri District Council Rangiora Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
File:Christchurch coat of arms shield.svg Christchurch City Council Christchurch Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
Link Selwyn District Council Rolleston Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
File:Ashburton District Coat of Arms.svg Ashburton District Council Ashburton Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
File:Timaru coat of arms.svg Timaru District Council Timaru Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
None Mackenzie District Council Fairlie Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
None Waimate District Council Waimate Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury
None Waitaki District Council Oamaru Template:Nts Template:Nts Canterbury (59.61%)
Otago (40.39%)
None Central Otago District Council Alexandra Template:Nts Template:Nts Otago
Link Queenstown-Lakes District Council Queenstown Template:Nts Template:Nts Otago
File:Dunedin coat of arms (vector based on official emblazonment, alternative).svg Dunedin City Council Dunedin Template:Nts Template:Nts Otago
None Clutha District Council Balclutha Template:Nts Template:Nts Otago
Link Southland District Council Invercargill Template:Nts Template:Nts Southland
None Gore District Council Gore Template:Nts Template:Nts Southland
File:Invercargill CoA (shield only).svg Invercargill City Council Invercargill Template:Nts Template:Nts Southland
None Chatham Islands Council Waitangi Template:Nts Template:Nts Chatham Islands

Former (post-1989 reforms)

Template:Table alignment

CoA Territory Authority Existed Seat Area (km²) RegionTemplate:Efn Successor
Created Disbanded
None Banks Peninsula District Council 1 November 1989 6 March 2006 Canterbury Merged into Christchurch City Council
File:Auckland coat of arms shield only.svg Auckland City Council 1 November 2010 Auckland Merged into Auckland Council
None Rodney District Council
None North Shore City Council
File:Waitakere City coat of arms.svg Waitakere City Council
File:Manukau coat of arms shield only.svg Manukau City Council
None Franklin District Council
Link Papakura District Council

Governance

Mayors

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The directly elected leaders of territorial authorities are called mayors. They chair local council meetings and have limited executive powers, including the ability to appoint a deputy mayor, establish committees, and select chairpersons for said committees. Their constitutional role, as laid out in the Local Government Act 2002, is to provide leadership to their councillors and citizens of their districts, and to guide the direction of council plans and policies.

Youth councils

Under the terms of the Local Government Act 2002, district councils have to represent the interests of their future communities and consider the views of people affected by their decisions. To fulfill that requirement and give young people a say in the decision-making process, many councils have a youth council. [26] In late December 2023, the Ashburton District Council scrapped their youth council, stating they could engage better with younger people online and describing the current youth council as "a youth club where they ate pizza."[27] In early January 2024, the Gore District Council opted to restructure its youth council and ruled out dismantling it.[28] In April 2024, the Whanganui District Council proposed scrapping its youth council by June 2024 as part of budget saving measures.[26]

Elections

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Current composition of elected members

Template:Table alignment

Council MayorTemplate:Efn DeputyTemplate:Efn CouncillorsTemplate:Efn CompositionTemplate:Efn
Far North Moko Tepania Kahika Tepania 10 9 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Your Voice Our Community
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 ACT Local
Whangārei Ken Couper Scott McKenzie 13 13 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 ACT Local
Kaipara Jonathan Larsen Gordon Lambeth 8 8 Independent
Auckland rowspan="9" style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | Wayne Brown rowspan="9" style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | Desley Simpson 20 6 Independent
5 Labour
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 3 Fix Auckland
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 2 Manurewa-Papakura Action Team
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 City Vision
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Putting People First
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Communities and Residents
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 WestWards
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Team Franklin
Thames-Coromandel Peter Revell John Grant 13 11 Independent
Hauraki Toby Adams Paul Milner 10 14 Independent
Waikato Aksel Bech Eugene Patterson 13 14 Independent
Matamata-Piako Ash Tanner James Sainsbury 12 13 Independent
Hamilton Tim Macindoe Geoff Taylor 14 10 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 4 Better Hamilton
Waipā Mike Pettit Jo Davies-Colley 11 11 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 2 Better Waipa
Ōtorohanga Rodney Dow Katrina Christison 9 10 Independent
South Waikato Gary Petley Maria Te Kanawa 10 11 Independent
Waitomo John Robertson Eady Manawaiti 6 7 Independent
Taupō John Funnell Kevin Taylor 12 12 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Let's Go Taupō
Western Bay of Plenty James Denyer Margaret Murray-Benge 9 10 Independent
Tauranga Mahé Drysdale Jen Scoular 9 10 Independent
Rotorua Lakes Tania Tapsell Sandra Kai Fong 10 10 Independent
1 Te Pāti Māori
Whakatāne Nándor Tánczos Julie Jukes 10 11 Independent
Kawerau Faylene Tunui Sela Kingi 8 9 Independent
Ōpōtiki David Moore Maude Maxwell 7 8 Independent
Gisborne Rehette Stoltz Aubrey Ria 13 14 Independent
Wairoa Craig Little Benita Cairns 6 7 Independent
Hastings Wendy Schollum Michael Fowler 15 14 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Independent Green
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 CARE for Hastings
Napier Richard McGrath Sally Crown 11 12 Independent
Central Hawke's Bay Will Foley Jerry Greer 9 10 Independent
New Plymouth Max Brough Murray Chong 14 14 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 ACT Local
Stratford Neil Volzke Amanda Harris 11 12 Independent
South Taranaki Phil Nixon Rob Northcott 13 14 Independent
Ruapehu Weston Kirton Brenda Ralph 9 10 Independent
Whanganui Andrew Tripe Michael Law 12 13 Independent
Rangitikei Andy Watson Dave Wilson 11 12 Independent
Manawatū Michael Ford Grant Hadfield 11 11 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 ACT Local
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Independent Green
Palmerston North Grant Smith Debi Marshall-Lobb 15 13 Independent
2 Green
1 Labour
1 Te Pāti Māori
Tararua Scott Gilmore Sharon Wards 9 10 Independent
Horowhenua Bernie Wanden David Allan 12 13 Independent
Kāpiti Coast Janet Holborow Martin Halliday 10 10 Independent
1 Te Pāti Māori
Porirua Anita Baker Kylie Wihapi 10 9 Independent
2 Labour
Upper Hutt Peri Zee Corey White 10 11 Independent
Hutt Ken Laban Keri Brown 12 11 Independent
1 Labour
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Independent Green
Wellington Andrew Little Ben McNulty 15 6 Labour
5 Independent
4 Green
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Independent Together
Masterton Bex Johnson Craig Bowyer 8 9 Independent
Carterton Steve Cretney Grace Ayling 8 9 Independent
South Wairarapa Fran Wilde Rob Taylor 10 11 Independent
Tasman Tim King Brent Maru 14 13 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 2 Sensible, Affordable and Ethical
Nelson Nick Smith Pete Rainey 12 12 Independent
1 Labour
Marlborough Nadine Taylor David Croad 14 13 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 2 ACT Local
Buller Chris Russell Shayne Barry 10 11 Independent
Grey Tania Gibson Allan Gibson 8 9 Independent
Westland Helen Lash Reilly Burden 8 9 Independent
Kaikōura Craig Mackle Vicki Gulleford 7 8 Independent
Hurunui Marie Black Fiona Harris 10 11 Independent
Waimakariri Dan Gordon Philip Redmond 10 10 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Standing Together for Waimakariri
Christchurch Phil Mauger Victoria Henstock 16 8 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 4 The People's Choice
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 2 The People's Choice – Labour
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 2 Independent Citizens
1 Labour
Selwyn Lydia Gliddon Brendan Shefford 10 11 Independent
Ashburton Liz McMillan Richard Wilson 9 10 Independent
Timaru Nigel Bowen Scott Shannon 9 10 Independent
Mackenzie Scott Aronsen Scott McKenzie 7 8 Independent
Waimate Craig Rowley Sandy McAlwee 8 9 Independent
Waitaki Melanie Tavendale Rebecca Ryan 10 11 Independent
Central Otago Tamah Alley Tracy Paterson 10 11 Independent
Queenstown-Lakes John Glover Quentin Smith 11 12 Independent
Dunedin Sophie Barker Cherry Lucas 14 11 Independent
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Future Dunedin
style="background:Template:NZLBGC" | 1 Building Kotahitaka
1 Labour
1 Green
Clutha Jock Martin Michele Kennedy 9 10 Independent
Southland Rob Scott Christine Menzies 12 13 Independent
Gore Ben Bell Joe Stringer 11 12 Independent
Invercargill Tom Campbell Grant Dermody 12 13 Independent
Chatham Islands Greg Horler Celine Gregory-Hunt 8 9 Independent


Community and local boards

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Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template other Any territorial authority can set up subdivisions of itself to represent specific communities, known as community or local boards. These were first established as part of the 1989 local government reforms, and are currently defined by the Local Government Act 2002.

Community boards are sub-district, unincorporated local government bodies that may be established for any contiguous area in a territorial authority district.[29] They are intended to represent and advocate for specific communities within a council catchment area. since 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., there are around 110 community boards across New Zealand.[30]

Local boards have greater powers than community boards. since 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Auckland Council is the only territorial authority in New Zealand with local boards,[31] which were established by the Local Government (Auckland Council) Act 2009.

Auckland Council has 21 local boards covering the entire city which provide governance at the local level and are responsible for libraries and other community facilities, local parks and events, and have the power to develop local by-laws or propose local targeted rates.[31] Each local board has 5 to 9 elected members, with 149 local board members across all boards.[32]

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Wallis, J.and Dollery, B. (2000). Local Government Reform in New Zealand Working Paper Series in Economics, No 2000-7, May 2000, Template:ISBN, University of New England School of Economic Studies, Armidale NSW 2351 Australia. Copyright 2000 by Joe Wallis and Brian Dollery. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". File:CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Countries File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg Cook Islands File:Flag of Niue.svg Niue
Regions 11 non-unitary regions 5 unitary regions Chatham Islands Kermadec Islands
NZ Subantarctic Islands
Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands 		File:Flag of Tokelau.svg Tokelau Ross Dependency 15 islands 14 villages
Territorial authorities 11 cities and 50 districts 1 metropolitan area, 1 city, and 3 districts
Notes Seven districts lie in more than one region These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one Special territorial authority New Zealand outlying islands outside any regional authority (the outlying Solander Islands form a part of the Southland Region) Non-self-governing territory of New Zealand New Zealand's Antarctic dependency States in free association with New Zealand

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Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Territorial Authorities of New Zealand

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