Template:Harvard citation documentation

Template:Tl1 is designed to be used to create Template:Sfnote, a citation style which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a complete citation in the references section at the end of the article (see example below). This citation style is used to reduce clutter in the edit window and to combine multiple citations to the same source.

Common problems and known workarounds are given in the section possible issues section below.

There are several other templates that are designed for use with shortened footnotes. They differ slightly in the way they format the author-date citation and how much of their functionality is automated. A full list of these related templates is below.

Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See WP:CITEVAR.

Also note that inline use of these templates, i.e. use of Template:Tl without <ref>...</ref> tags around it, was deprecated in September 2020. See also WP:PAREN.

Usage

{{{1}}} generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:

<ref>{{{{{1}}} | <last1*> | <last2> | <last3> | <last4> | <year*> | p= <page> | loc= <location> }}</ref>

with

• <last1> – required; surname of first author or corporate author
• <last2>–<last4> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation
• <year> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like Template:Pval
• |p= – specific page referenced in the source (alias: |page=Template:Hairspace)
• |pp= – comma-separated list of individual pages and / or range(s) of pages referenced in the source (alias: |pages=Template:Hairspace)
• |loc= – in-source location when |p= and |pp= are inappropriate; may be used to supplement |p= and |pp=; information such as a section or figure number. (alias: |at=Template:Hairspace)

Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full citation in the references section.

Template {{{1}}} is placed inside <ref>...</ref> tags to create Template:Sfnote. (Using {{{1}}} outside of <ref>...</ref> tags was deprecated in September 2020). Template:Markup

Parameters

Author(s) and year

The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from |lastN= or |authorN=Template:Hairspace) are required, followed by the year of publication (from |year= or |date=). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result.

The possible issues section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as large number of authors, no author name, multiple works in the same year, multiple authors with same last name and others.

Location in the source text

The optional parameters |p=, |pp= and |loc= can be used to indicate the location in the source, such as page numbers. For single pages, use |p=; for multiple pages (such as ranges), use |pp=. Use of |p= for multiple pages or |pp= for single pages can cause cite errors. |loc= can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. The parameters |page= and |pages= exist as aliases for |p= and |pp=, respectively.

Additional text

The optional parameter |postscript= or |ps= can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See § Adding additional comments or quotes and § No closing period, below.) The postscript is only effective the first time Template:Tl2 is used for a particular author, year and location.

Hard-coded link names

Not available in Template:Tl2 and similar templates.

The optional parameter |ref= is used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary, and it is more common to use Template:Tl2 or Template:Tl2 in the reference section. If you specify |ref=none, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter |Ref= is an alias for |ref=.

Possible issues

Adding additional comments or quotes

The templates Template:Tl2 or Template:Tl2 can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote. Examples are below.

: In the past, the use of |ps= has been advised to hold this additional information, but it is not suitable for this purpose. Two or more Template:Tlc templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different |ps= will result in a Template:Error message. This message happens because the reference names that Template:Tlc creates will be the same, but the content between the <ref name="FOOTNOTE..."> tag and the </ref> tag will be different. A workaround is to convert one or some of the Template:Tlc templates to Template:Tlx wrapped in <ref>...</ref> tags.

Adding a URL for the page or location

If a specific link to the page or section is available, a URL can be added to the location or page number. Template:Markup

A citation inside an explanatory footnote

Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. Templates like Template:Tl1 can't be directly imbedded between <ref>...</ref> tags, because the following message will be produced: Template:Error.

The templates Template:Tl1 and Template:Tl1 can be used to create separate explanatory footnotes from short citations, as shown in the first example. An article that uses this technique extensively is Chinese Room.

It is also possible to use the magic word {{#tag:ref|...}} and the Template:Tl template will work correctly inside the footnote, as shown in the second example.

Multiple lists of inline citations

Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see Template:Houston family tree and the article Margaret Lea Houston).

To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example Template:Tlx (lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as Template:Tlx place Template:Tlx or Template:Tlx within the efn template.

More than one work in a year

Where there is a need to cite more than one work by the same author published in the same year, the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the Template:Tlc template (e.g. Template:Tlc and Template:Tlc). Make sure to add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. {{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}}).

Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1

When Template:Tlc is used with Template:Tlx or Template:Cs1 templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to |date= for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric (YYYY-MM-DD). It is not necessary to include both |date= and |year= (see exception below). If both are included, |year= is used for the CITEREF anchor to be compliant with legacy citations.

|date=2013a: simple year only dates

|date=Jan 2013b or |date=Winter 2013b: month or season and year dates

|date=9 November 2013b or |date=November 9, 2013b: full dates

|date=June–July 2013c or |date=Winter–Spring 2013c: month or season ranges and year dates

|date=c. 2013d: circa year dates

|date=2026–2027e or |date=Summer 2026–27e: year ranges

|date=n.d.f: no date (n.d.)

|date=2013g-11-09: not supported, the template must use |year=2013g. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: |date=2013-11-09 |year=2013x. In this case, |date= is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and |year= for link disambiguation.

More than one author with the same last name

The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both Richard Bushman and Claudia Lauper Bushman published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "2006a" and the second one "2006b".

Large number of authors

If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in |last= or |author=) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use the |ref=Template:Tl in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.

No author name in citation template

Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are:

1. The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides.
2. For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.
3. For a publication by an institution, use either:
   1. The initials of the institution
   2. The name of the institution
4. Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."

An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using |ref=Template:Tl in the citation template can handle these cases.

Citation has |date= and no |year=

Either the |date= or |year= of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both |date= and |year= parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.

Using {{{1}}} with {{cite comic}}

The Template:Tl template uses the parameter |ref= to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This can be set with Template:Tl2, Template:Tl2, or using CITEREF directly with a concatenation of #CITEREF plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

Citation format does not support anchors: {{wikicite}}

In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the |ref= parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use Template:Tl2 to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove Template:Tl2 or Template:Tl2, leaving plain text without links.

It is also possible to use <cite> to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with HTML 5.

No closing period: |ps=none

Using |ps=none in Template:Tl2 removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with Citation style 2, as produced by Template:Tl2, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) when rendering full citations. The postscript is only effective the first time Template:Tl2 is used for a particular author, year, and location. An empty |ps= will also suppress terminal punctuation, but |ps=none is recommended in order to make it clear that an editor intended there to be no terminal punctuation.

Wikilink to citation does not work

If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted wikilink from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:

1. The correct citation does not appear at the bottom of the article. Solution: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with Template:Tl2.
2. The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and
   1. The Harvard citation uses a template (such as Template:Tl2 or Template:Tl2):
      1. The citation uses a template from the list at Citation Style 1:
         1. The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than in the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations.
         2. The year is different here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations.
         3. The template has a |date= field and no |year= field, but the format of the |date= field is unusual. Solution: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add |year= to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)
         4. The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors). Solution: check that |ref=Template:Tl is set correctly (see below).
      2. The citation uses a template that does not support |ref= (See Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors). Solution: Consider modifying the template to support |ref=. Alternatively, an anchor can be created using {{wikicite|id={{harvid|args}}|reference={{citation}}}}.
      3. The full citation does not use a template:
         1. It has no wikicode to create an anchor. Solution: If Template:Cite * citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the full citation with the appropriate Template:Cite * template (and set the |ref= appropriately, if necessary). Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add Template:Cite * templates and Template:Tl2 templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use Template:Tl2 to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.
         2. It uses a <cite>...</cite> span to create an anchor. Solution: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed following the recommendation immediately above.
         3. It uses Template:Tl2. Solution: Check that the text in |id=Template:Tl matches the text in Template:Tl2.
   2. If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as [[#Reference-Smith2006|Smith (2006)]]:
      1. The citation uses a citation template which supports |ref= (See Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors). Solution: Check that |ref= is set to a matching id.
      2. Otherwise, check that the reference has {{wikicite|ref=id|reference=citation}} with a matching id.

Templates that have broken wikilinks using these templates are added to the category Template:Category link/core.

Link works but displays a no target error

When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like (which wraps ), a Template:Error-small error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding |ignore-err=yes to the template, or by adding the template {{Sfn whitelist}} with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in Special:ExpandTemplates and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead.

{{{1}}} embedded in list-defined ref does not work

If you embed an {{{1}}} template in a list-defined reference, you may get a false-positive "missing key" error which looks like this:

A list-defined reference named ". . ." is not used in the content (see the help page).

Template:Tracked This is a false-positive: list-defined references do not work correctly when references are nested. It is due to a long-standing bug in mediawiki software (see phab:T22707). A workaround is possible using Template:Tl.

Additional bugs associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the reference name given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in Template:Phab.

Other author–date citation templates

There are several templates used to create short citations; they differ in the use and placement of parentheses, in the separator before the page or location, and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:

In-text templates

Templates	Aliases	Example
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2	Template:Harvcoltxt
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2	Template:Harvcol
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2	Template:Harvcolnb
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2	John Smith (2006, 2007) (and many other forms).
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2	Template:Harvp
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2	(Cite several contributions/chapters in a larger work) Article text.Template:Sfn More article text.Template:Sfn Even more article text. References Sources Template:Harvc Template:Harvc Template:Harvc
Template:Tl2	Template:Tl2	Article text.Template:Sfn
Template:Tl2		Article text.Template:Sfnp
Template:Tl2		Article text.Template:Sfnm
Template:Tl2		Article text.Template:Sfnmp

Full citations can be created manually or by templates:

• Template:Cs1 templates
• Template:Tl2

All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of Template:Tl2 and Template:Tl2; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.

Applications of these templates

Shortened footnote: {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}}

Template Template:Tl2 inside a <ref> span can be used to create a shortened footnote that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template Template:Tl2 (without the use of <ref>) has the same effect, automatically adds a period (full stop) after the page number, and combines identical footnotes automatically.

In text attribution: {{harvtxt}}

Template Template:Tl2 can be used to link an in-text attribution to the full citation at the bottom of the page. Template:Markup

Bundled citation: {{harvnb}} or {{sfnm}}

Template Template:Tl2 can be used to bundle citations. Template:Tl2 also produces bundled citations.

Note that Template:Tl2 is inappropriate for bundled citations; use Template:Tl2 or Template:Tl2.

Harvard citation: {{harv}}

Template Template:Tl2 creates a parenthetical reference with a link to the full citation. It should only be used within footnotes or on internal pages. Use of inline parenthetical referencing within the body text of articles has been deprecated by the Wikipedia community since 2022. This usage has not been deprecated within internal pages such as Wikipedia documentation, user pages, or wikiprojects, though there is rarely a practical use for it instead of just using normal citation footnotes.

More exotic Harvard citations: {{harvid}} or {{harvs}}

More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the Template:Tl2 template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom [[#{{harvid|parameters}}|link name]]. (Template:Tl is a wrapper for Template:Tl making it easier to consistently create such internal links in small superscript^[n] or plain-text label styles.)

Some articles use this idiom [[#CITEREFid | link name ]]. See notes on implementation details below.

Variations

Using colon format: Template:Tl2, Template:Tl2, Template:Tl2

Templates Template:Tl2, Template:Tl2, and Template:Tl2 use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.

Parentheses around the year: {{sfnp}} and {{harvp}}

Template Template:Tl2 puts parentheses around the year. Compare the two examples.

Similarly, in order to mimic Template:Cs1 citations, template Template:Tl2 puts parentheses around the year. Template:Markup

Implementation notes

These templates use two elements: a wikilink in the body of the article, and an anchor in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.

Citation template anchor

The most common citation templates are Template:Cs1 or Template:Cs2. By default, Module:Citation/CS1 creates an anchor <a name="CITEREF"> followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:

• last or last1 or surname or surname1 or author-last or author-last1 or author1-last or author-surname or author-surname1 or author1-surname or author or author1 or authors,
• last2 or surname2 or author-last2 or author2-last or author-surname2 or author2-surname or author2,
• last3 or surname3 or author-last3 or author3-last or author-surname3 or author3-surname or author3,
• last4 or surname4 or author-last4 or author4-last or author-surname4 or author4-surname or author4,
• editor-last or editor-last1 or editor1-last or editor-surname or editor-surname1 or editor1-surname or editor1 or editor,
• editor-last2 or editor2-last or editor-surname2 or editor2-surname or editor2,
• editor-last3 or editor3-last or editor-surname3 or editor3-surname or editor3,
• editor-last4 or editor4-last or editor-surname4 or editor4-surname or editor4,
• date, year

This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors.

Use of the date parameter in place of the year parameter in citation templates is preferred.

Harvard citation wikilink

The Harvard citation templates create a wikilink to the anchor. For example Template:Tlx produces the link #CITEREFSmith2006 and Template:Tlx produces the anchor CITEREFSmith2006.

Using CITEREF directly

A few articles create a custom ID using CITEREF, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. [[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]) or as a value for |ref= in the citation template. Template:Refname rules

Examples:

• Template:Tlx
• Template:Tlx
• Template:Tlx

Where cite_name is a name such as the publisher.

To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors, Template:Tl can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this^[n]) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations.

Note that the CITEREF prefix is necessary for the reference tooltips gadget (MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js) to detect that a link goes to a citation.

{{sfn}}'s ref name

Template Template:Tl2 creates a named footnote, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with FOOTNOTE followed by a concatenation of the arguments to Template:Tl2. E.g.: this template call Template:Tlx should have exactly the same functionality as <ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626">Template:Tl</ref> which, in turn, has the same functionality as <ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626">[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p. 26</ref>.

The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g. Template:Tlg, which, once defined, can be called by <ref name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaconcisehistory00joycgoogpagen226 213]" />. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL.

The call to Template:Tl2 has been subst'ed for quicker load times.