Tacca
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The genus Tacca, which includes the batflowers and arrowroot, consists of flowering plants in the order Dioscoreales, native to tropical regions of South America, Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and various Oceanic islands.[1] In older texts, the genus was treated in its own family Taccaceae, but the 2003 APG II system incorporates it into the family Dioscoreaceae.[2] The APG III and APG IV systems continue to include Tacca in Dioscoreaceae.[3][4]
Description
Many Tacca species have nearly black flowers, with conspicuous involucral bracts and bracteoles like whiskers.[5] Engbert Drenth hypothesized that species of this genus attracted "carrion and dung flies" for pollination and that the fleshy seam of the seed might be attractive to ants and hence that ants might aid in seed dispersal.[6]
Taxonomy
Earlier classifications placed the genus within the monogeneric family Taccaceae, which in turn was the sole family in the order Taccales. Dahlgren recognised the similarities to the genera within the Dioscoreales, and incorporated the family into that order.Template:Sfn
Subdivision
There are at least 16 species,[7]
- Tacca ampliplacenta L.Zhang & Q.J.Li - Yunnan
- Tacca ankaranensis Bard.-Vauc., 1997 - Madagascar
- Tacca bibracteata Drenth - Sarawak
- Tacca borneensis Ridl. - Borneo
- Tacca celebica Koord. - Sulawesi
- Tacca chantrieri André, 1901 - Indochina, Assam, Bangladesh, Tibet, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Yunnan
- Tacca ebeltajae Drenth - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
- Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl., 1812 - Tibet, Bhutan, Assam, Bangladesh, Indochina, India, Pakistan, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
- Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze, 1891 - widespread across tropical Africa, Madagascar, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans
- Tacca maculata Seem., 1866 - Western Australia, Northern Territory, Fiji, Samoa
- Tacca palmata Blume - Indonesia, Indochina, Malaysia, Philippines, New Guinea
- Tacca palmatifida Baker - Sulawesi
- Tacca parkeri Seem. - South America
- Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Drenth, 1972 - Indochina, southern China
- Tacca reducta P.C.Boyce & S.Julia - Sarawak, Borneo, Malesia
- Tacca subflabellata P.P. Ling & C.T. Ting, 1982 - Yunnan
- Tacca lanceolata Spruce - Brazil, Venezuela = Tacca parkeri Seem.[8][9]
Cultivation
Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants for their bold foliage and large flowers. The well-known T. chantrieri goes by the names of black batflower, bat-head lily, devil flower or cat's whiskers. Tacca integrifolia is known as the purple or white batflower. Other cultivated varieties include the arrowroot, T. leontopetaloides, and T. cristata aspera.[10][11]
Gallery
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Black bat flower, Tacca chantrieri, close-up of flower
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Tacca cristata, flowering
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Ankarana arrowroot, Tacca ankaranensis, flower
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Polynesian arrowroot, Tacca leontopetaloides, mature plants
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References
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- ↑ Caddick, L. R., P. Wilkin, P. J. Rudall, T. A. J. Hedderson & M. W. Chase. 2002. Yams reclassified: a recircumscription of Dioscoreaceae and Dioscoreales. Taxon 51(1): 103–114.
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- ↑ Catalogue of Life: 2017 Annual Checklist Tacca
- ↑ Catalogue (2017)
- ↑ Tropicos
- ↑ Govaerts, R., Wilkin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2007). World Checklist of Dioscoreales. Yams and their allies: 1-65. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ↑ Flora of China, Vol. 24 Page 274, 蒟蒻薯属 ju ruo shu shu, Tacca J. R. Forster & G. Forster, Char. Gen. Pl. 35. 1775.
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Bibliography
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- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Tacca
- Taccaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), The families of flowering plants Template:Webarchive
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.