Standard electrode potential (data page)

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Template:Short description Template:Use American English Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at:

Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) can be added. Those free energy changes satisfy

∆G° = –Template:MvarFE°,

where Template:Mvar electrons are transferred, and the Faraday constant Template:Mvar is the conversion factor describing Coulombs transferred per mole electrons. For example, from

FeTemplate:2+ + 2Template:E- Template:Eqm Fe(s) (−0.44 V),

the energy to form one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one FeTemplate:2+ ion and two electrons is 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 907 J/(mol Template:E-). That value is also the standard formation energy (∆Gf°) for an FeTemplate:2+ ion, since Template:E- and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: CuA++eA−⇌Cu(s)E1=+0.520 VCuA2++2eA−⇌Cu(s)E2=+0.337 VCuA2++eA−⇌CuA+E3=+0.159 V From additivity of Gibbs energies and canceling common factors, one must have 2⋅E2=1⋅E1+1⋅E3 But that equation does not hold exactly with the cited values.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element Half-reaction E°
(volt) 		Electrons
transferred 		Reference
Oxidant ⇌ Reductant
Sr Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Sr(s) −4.101 1 [1]
Ca Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Ca(s) −3.8 1 [1]
Th Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −3.6 1 [2]
Pr Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −3.1 1 Estimated[3]
N 3Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem(aq) −3.09 2 [4][5]
Li Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Li(s) −3.0401 1 [5][6]Template:Rp
N Template:Chem(g) + 4Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:OH- −3.04 2 [4]
Cs Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Cs(s) −3.026 1 [5]
Ca Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ca(s) + 2Template:OH- −3.02 2 [1]
Er Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −3 1 [1]
Ba Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ba(s) + 2Template:OH- −2.99 2 [1]
Rb Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Rb(s) −2.98 1 [5]
K Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ K(s) −2.931 1 [5]
Ba Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ba(s) −2.912 2 [5]
La [[Lanthanum hydroxide|Template:Chem]](s) + 3Template:E- ⇌ La(s) + 3Template:OH- −2.9 3 [5]
Fr Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Fr(s) −2.9 1 [1]
Sr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sr(s) −2.899 2 [5]
Sr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sr(s) + 2Template:OH- −2.88 2 [1]
Ca Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ca(s) −2.868 2 [5][6]Template:Rp
Li Template:Chem + Template:Chem(s) + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) −2.84 1 [5]
Eu Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Eu(s) −2.812 2 [5]
Ra Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ra(s) −2.8 2 [5]
Ho Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ HoTemplate:2+ −2.8 1 [1]
Bk Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.8 1 [1]
Yb Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Yb(s) −2.76 2 [1]
Na Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Na(s) −2.71 1 [5][7]
Mg Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Mg(s) −2.7 1 [1]
Nd Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.7 1 [1]
Mg Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Mg(s) + 2Template:OH- −2.69 2 [1]
Sm Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sm(s) −2.68 2 [1]
Be Template:Chem + 3Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ 2Be(s) + 6Template:OH- −2.63 4 [1]
Pm Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.6 1 [1]
Dy Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.6 1 [1]
No Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ No −2.5 2 [1]
Hf Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ Hf(s) + 4Template:OH- −2.5 4 [1]
Th Template:Chem + 4Template:E- ⇌ Th(s) + 4Template:OH- −2.48 4 [1]
Md Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Md −2.4 2 [1]
Tm Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Tm(s) −2.4 2 [1]
La Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ La(s) −2.379 3 [5]
Y Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Y(s) −2.372 3 [5]
Mg Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Mg(s) −2.372 2 [5]
Sc Template:Chem2(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sc(s) + 3HF(aq) −2.37 3 [6]Template:Rp
Zr Template:Chem(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ Zr(s) + 4Template:OH- −2.36 4 [5]
Pr Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Pr(s) −2.353 3 [1]
Ce Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ce(s) −2.336 3 [1]
Er Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Er(s) −2.331 3 [1]
Ho Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ho(s) −2.33 3 [1]
Al Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E- ⇌ Al(s) + 4Template:OH- −2.33 3 [1]
Nd Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Nd(s) −2.323 3 [1]
Tm Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Tm(s) −2.319 3 [1]
Al Template:Chem(s) + 3Template:E- ⇌ Al(s) + 3Template:OH- −2.31 3 [8]
Sm Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sm(s) −2.304 3 [1]
Fm FmTemplate:2+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Fm −2.3 2 [1]
Am Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −2.3 1 [1]
Dy Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Dy(s) −2.295 3 [1]
Lu Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Lu(s) −2.28 3 [1]
Sc ScFTemplate:Su + 2Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sc(s) + 2HF(l) −2.28 3 [6]Template:Rp
Tb Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Tb(s) −2.28 3 [1]
Gd Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Gd(s) −2.279 3 [1]
H Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem −2.23 2 [1]
Es Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Es(s) −2.23 2 [1]
Pm Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pm(s) −2.2 2 [1]
Tm Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ TmTemplate:2+ −2.2 1 [1]
Dy Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Dy(s) −2.2 2 [1]
Ac Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ac(s) −2.2 3 [1]
Yb Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Yb(s) −2.19 3 [1]
Cf Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Cf(s) −2.12 2 [1]
Nd Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Nd(s) −2.1 2 [1]
Ho Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ho(s) −2.1 2 [1]
Sc Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sc(s) −2.077 3 [9]
Al Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Al(s) + 6Template:Chem −2.069 3 [1]
Cm Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Cm(s) −2.04 3 [1]
Pu Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Pu(s) −2.031 3 [1]
Pr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pr(s) −2 2 [1]
Er Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Er(s) −2 2 [1]
Eu Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Eu(s) −1.991 3 [1]
Lr Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Lr −1.96 3 [1]
Cf Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Cf(s) −1.94 3 [1]
Es Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Es(s) −1.91 3 [1]
Pa Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −1.9 1 [1]
Am Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Am(s) −1.9 2 [1]
Th Template:Chem + 4Template:E- ⇌ Th(s) −1.899 4 [1]
Fm Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Fm −1.89 3 [1]
N Template:Chem2(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl(l) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem2 −1.87 2 [6]Template:Rp
Np Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Np(s) −1.856 3 [1]
Be Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Be(s) −1.847 2 [1]
P Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ P(s) + 2Template:OH- −1.82 1 [1]
U Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ U(s) −1.798 3 [1]
Sr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sr(Hg) −1.793 2 [1]
B Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E- ⇌ B(s) + 4Template:OH- −1.79 3 [1]
Th Template:Chem + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Th(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −1.789 4 [1]
Hf Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Hf(s) + Template:H2O-nl −1.724 4 [1]
P Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E- ⇌ P(s) + 5Template:OH- −1.71 3 [1]
Si [[Silicate|Template:Chem]] + 3Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ Si(s) + 6Template:OH- −1.697 4 [1]
Al Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Al(s) −1.662 3 [1]
Ti Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ti(s) −1.63 2 [7]
Zr Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Zr(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −1.553 4 [10]
Zr Template:Chem + 4Template:E- ⇌ Zr(s) −1.45 4 [10]
Ti Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ti(s) −1.37 3 [11]
Ti TiO(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ti(s) + Template:H2O-nl −1.31 2 [6]Template:Rp
B B(OH)Template:Su + 4Template:H2O-nl(l) + 8Template:E- ⇌ BHTemplate:Su + 8Template:OH- −1.24 8 [6]Template:Rp
Ti Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2TiO(s) + Template:H2O-nl −1.23 2 [6]Template:Rp
Ga GaO(OH)Template:Su + Template:H2O-nl(l) + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ga(s) + 3Template:OH- −1.22 3 [6]Template:Rp
Zn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Zn(s) + 4Template:OH- −1.199 2 [10]
Mn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Mn(s) −1.185 2 [10]
Fe Template:Chem + 6Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) −1.16 2 [12]
C C(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl(l) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(l) + 2Template:OH- −1.148 2 [6]Template:Rp
Cr Cr(CN)Template:Su + Template:E- ⇌ Cr(CN)Template:Su −1.143 1 [6]Template:Rp
Te Te(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −1.143 2 [13]
V Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ V(s) −1.13 2 [13]
Nb Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Nb(s) −1.099 3 [8]
Sn Sn(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −1.07 4
Po Po(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −1.021 2 [14]
Cr [Cr(edta)(H2O)]− + Template:E- ⇌ [Cr(edta)(H2O)]2− −0.99 1 [6]Template:Rp
P 2Template:Chem2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(aq) + Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.933 2 [6]Template:Rp
C COTemplate:Su + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ HCOTemplate:Su + Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.93 2 [6]Template:Rp
Ti Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Ti(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.93 4
Si Template:Chem(quartz) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Si(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −0.909 4 [6]Template:Rp
Cr Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Cr(s) −0.9 2 [6]Template:Rp
B Template:Chem(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ B(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl −0.89 3 [6]Template:Rp
Fe Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Fe(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.89 2 [12]
Fe Template:Chem(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.86 2 [12]
H 2Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:OH- −0.8277 2 [10]
Bi Bi(s) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.8 3 [10]
Zn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Zn(Hg) −0.7628 2 [10]
Zn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Zn(s) −0.7618 2 [10]
Ta Template:Chem(s) + 10Template:H+ + 10Template:E- ⇌ 2Ta(s) + 5Template:H2O-nl −0.75 10
Cr Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Cr(s) −0.74 3 [7]
Te 2Te(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ TeTemplate:Su −0.74 2 [6]Template:Rp
Ni Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ni(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.72 2 [1]
Nb Template:Chem2(s) + 10Template:H+ + 10Template:E- ⇌ 2Nb(s) + 5Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.7 10 [6]Template:Rp
Ag Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Ag(s) + Template:Chem(aq) −0.69 2
Te TeTemplate:Su + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem2(g) −0.64 2 [6]Template:Rp
Sb Sb(OH)Template:Su + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sb(s) + 4Template:OH- −0.639 3 [6]Template:Rp
Au Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) + 2Template:Chem −0.6 1
Ta Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ta(s) −0.6 3 [8]
Pb PbO(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pb(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.580 2 [8]
Ti 2Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.56 2 [6]Template:Rp
Ga Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Ga(s) −0.549 3 [8]
U Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.52 1 [15]
P Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ P(white)[note 1] + 2Template:H2O-nl −0.508 1 [10]
P Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H2O-nl −0.499 2 [10]
Ni Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.49 2 [1]
Sb Sb(OH)Template:Su + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sb(OH)Template:Su + 2Template:OH- −0.465 2 [6]Template:Rp
P [[Phosphorous acid|Template:Chem]](aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ P(red)[note 1] + 3Template:H2O-nl −0.454 3 [10]
Bi Template:Chem2(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl(l) + 6Template:E- ⇌ Bi(s) + 6Template:OH- −0.452 6 [6]Template:Rp
Ta TaFTemplate:Su + 7Template:H+ + 5Template:E- ⇌ Ta(s) + 7HF(l) −0.45 5 [6]Template:Rp
In Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2 −0.444 2 [6]Template:Rp
Cu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Cu(s) + 2Template:Chem −0.44 1 [13]
Fe Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Fe(s) −0.44 2 [7]
C 2Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ HOOCCOOH(aq) −0.43 2
Cr Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.407 1 [8]
Cd Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Cd(s) −0.4 2 [8]
Ti Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.37 1 [6]Template:Rp
Cu Template:Chem(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Cu(s) + 2Template:OH- −0.36 2 [10]
Pb Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pb(s) + Template:Chem −0.3588 2 [10]
Pb Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pb(Hg) + Template:Chem −0.3505 2 [10]
Eu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.35 1 [15]
In Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ In(s) −0.34 3 [13]
Tl Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Tl(s) −0.34 1 [13]
Ge Ge(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.29 4
Co Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Co(s) −0.28 2 [10]
P Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H2O-nl −0.276 2 [10]
N N2(g) + 8Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ 2NHTemplate:Su −0.27 6 [16]
V Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem −0.26 1 [7]
Ni Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ni(s) −0.257 2 [8]
S 2HSOTemplate:Su + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ S2OTemplate:Su + 2Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.253 2 [6]Template:Rp
As As(s) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.23 3 [13]
N N2(g) + 5Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ N2HTemplate:Su −0.23 4 [6]Template:Rp
Ga Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Ga(s) −0.2 1 [8]
Ag AgI(s) + Template:E- ⇌ Ag(s) + Template:Chem −0.15224 1 [10]
Ge GeO2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Ge(s) + 2H2O(l) −0.15 4 [16]
Mo Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Mo(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −0.15 4
Si Si(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.14 4
Sn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sn(s) −0.13 2
O Template:Chem(g) + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) −0.13 1
In Template:Chem2 + Template:E- ⇌ In(s) −0.126 1 [6]Template:Rp
Pb Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pb(s) −0.126 2 [7]
W Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ W(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl −0.12 4
Ge Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ GeO(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.118 2 [8]
P P(red) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.111 3 [10]
C Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ HCOOH(aq) −0.11 2
Se Se(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.11 2 [6]Template:Rp
C Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ CO(g) + Template:H2O-nl −0.11 2
Sn α-SnO(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Sn(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.104 2 [6]Template:Rp
Cu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Cu(s) + 2Template:Chem(aq) −0.1 1 [13]
Nb Template:Chem2(s) + 10Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem + 5Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.1 4 [6]Template:Rp
W Template:Chem(aq) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ W(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl −0.09 6 [13]
Sn Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ α-SnO(s) + Template:H2O-nl −0.088 2 [6]Template:Rp
Fe [[Magnetite|Template:Chem]](s) + 8Template:H+ + 8Template:E- ⇌ 3Fe(s) + 4Template:H2O-nl −0.085 8 [17]
V Template:Chem + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl(l) −0.082 1 [6]Template:Rp
P P(white) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) −0.063 3 [10]
N Template:Chem2(g) + Template:H2O-nl(l) + 6Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem2 −0.05 4 [6]Template:Rp
Fe Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Fe(s) −0.04 3 [12]
C HCOOH(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ HCHO(aq) + Template:H2O-nl −0.034 2 [6]Template:Rp
H 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) 0 2
Ag AgBr(s) + Template:E- ⇌ Ag(s) + Template:Chem 0.07133 1 [10]
S [[Tetrathionate|Template:Chem]] + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2[[Thiosulfate|Template:Chem]] 0.08 2
N Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem(aq) 0.092 6
Hg HgO(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ Hg(l) + 2Template:OH- 0.0977 2
Cu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:Chem(aq) 0.1 1 [13]
Ru [[Ruthenium|Template:Chem]] + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.1 1 [15]
N Template:Chem(aq) + 4Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem + 4Template:OH- 0.11 2 [4]
Mo Template:Chem(aq) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ Mo(s) + 4Template:H2O-nl 0.11 6
Ge Template:Chem + 4Template:E- ⇌ Ge(s) 0.12 4
C C(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) 0.13 4 [13]
C HCHO(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) 0.13 2
S S(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) 0.144 2 [6]Template:Rp
Sb Sb2O3(s) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ 2Sb(s) + 3H2O 0.15 6 [6]Template:Rp
Sn Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.151 2 [8]
S Template:Chem + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.158 2 [6]Template:Rp
Cu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.159 1 [13]
U Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.163 1 [15]
S Template:Chem + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.17 2
Ti Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl 0.19 1
Sb Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Sb(s) + Template:H2O-nl 0.2 3
Fe 3Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem(s) + Template:H2O-nl 0.22 2 [18]Template:Rp
Ag AgCl(s) + Template:E- ⇌ Ag(s) + Template:Chem 0.22233 1 [10]
As Template:Chem(aq) + 3Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ As(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl 0.24 3 [6]Template:Rp
Ru Template:Chem(aq) + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) 0.249 1 [19]
Pb Template:Chem2(s) + Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ α-Template:Chem2(s) + 2Template:OH- 0.254 2 [6]Template:Rp
Ge GeO(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Ge(s) + Template:H2O-nl 0.26 2
Hg Template:Chem2(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2Template:Chem2 0.27 2 [16]
U Template:Chem + 4Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.273 1 [15]
Re Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Re(s) 0.300 3 [8]
At At + Template:E- ⇌ At− 0.3 1 [20]
Bi Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Bi(s) 0.308 3 [10]
C 2HCNO + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ (CN)2 + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.330 2 [8]
Cu Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Cu(s) 0.337 2 [13]
V Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl 0.337 1 [6]Template:Rp
Sb Template:Chem2(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(s) + Template:H2O-nl(l) 0.342 2 [6]Template:Rp
At At+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ At− 0.36 2 [21]
Fe Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.3704 1 [22]
C (CN)2 + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2HCN 0.373 2 [8]
P Template:Chem2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem2 0.38 2 [6]Template:Rp
S 2SO2(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ S2OTemplate:Su + H2O(l) 0.4 2 [6]Template:Rp
O Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl + 4Template:E- ⇌ 4Template:OH-(aq) 0.401 4 [7]
Mo Template:Chem + 6Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 4Template:H2O-nl 0.43 3
Ru Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.455 2 [19]
V Template:Chem2 + 2Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl(l) 0.481 1 [6]Template:Rp
C Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) + Template:H2O-nl 0.5 2
S Template:Chem(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ S(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.5 4 [6]Template:Rp
S 4Template:Chem(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ S4OTemplate:Su + 2Template:H2O-nl(l) 0.51 6 [16]
Cu Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Cu(s) 0.52 1 [13]
C CO(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ C(s) + Template:H2O-nl 0.52 2 [6]Template:Rp
I Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ 3Template:Chem 0.53 2 [7]
Te Template:Chem2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Te(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl(l) 0.53 4 [6]Template:Rp
Cu Template:Chem + Template:Chem2 + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(s) 0.54 1 [16]
I Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem 0.54 2 [7]
Au Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) + 4Template:Chem 0.56 3
As Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H2O-nl 0.56 2 [6]Template:Rp
S S2OTemplate:Su + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem2 0.569 2 [6]Template:Rp
Au Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) + 2Template:Chem 0.58 1
Mn Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:OH- 0.595 3 [1]
S Template:Chem + 6Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ 2S(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl 0.6 4 [6]Template:Rp
Fe Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Fc(s) 0.63 1 Substantial literature variation[23]
Mo Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.65 2
N HN3(aq) + 11Template:H+ + 8Template:E- ⇌ 3NHTemplate:Su 0.69 8 [16]
O Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) 0.695 2 [8]
Sb Template:Chem2(s) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.699 4 [6]Template:Rp
C File:1,4-Benzochinon.svg + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ File:Hydrochinon2.svg 0.6992 2 [10]
V H2V10OTemplate:Su + 24Template:H+ + 10Template:E- ⇌ 10Template:Chem2 + 8Template:H2O-nl(l) 0.723 10 [6]Template:Rp
Pt Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:Chem 0.726 2 [15]
Fe Template:Chem(s) + 6Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem + 3Template:H2O-nl 0.728 2 [18]Template:Rp
Se Template:Chem(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Se(s) + 3Template:H2O-nl 0.74 4 [8]
At AtO+ + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ At+ + Template:H2O-nl 0.74 2 [21]
Tl Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Tl(s) 0.741 3 [8]
No Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.75 1 [24]
Pt Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pt(s) + 4Template:Chem 0.758 2 [15]
Br Template:Chem2 + Template:H2O-nl(l) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2 + 2Template:OH- 0.76 2 [6]Template:Rp
Po Po4+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Po 0.76 4 [8]
S (SCN)2 + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2SCN− 0.769 2 [25][8]
Fe Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.771 1 [8]
Hg Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Hg(l) 0.7973 2 [8]
Ag Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Ag(s) 0.7996 1 [10]
N 2[[Nitrate|Template:Chem]](aq) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.803 2 [6]Template:Rp
Fe 2Template:Chem + 5Template:H2O-nl + 6Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 10Template:OH- 0.81 6 [12]
Au Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) + 4Template:Chem 0.85 3
Hg Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Hg(l) 0.85 2
Ir Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.87 1 [6]Template:Rp
Mn Template:Chem + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.9 1
Po Po4+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Po2+ 0.9 2 [8]
Hg 2Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 0.91 2 [13]
Pd Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pd(s) 0.915 2 [15]
Au Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) + 4Template:Chem 0.93 3
N NOTemplate:Su + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(aq) 0.94 2 [6]Template:Rp
Mn Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl 0.95 1
N Template:Chem(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ NO(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl(l) 0.958 3 [7]
Au Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) + 2Template:Chem 0.96 1
Fe [[Magnetite|Template:Chem]](s) + 8Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 3Template:Chem + 4Template:H2O-nl 0.98 2 [18]Template:Rp
Xe Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 4Template:OH- 0.99 2 [6]Template:Rp[26]
N Template:Chem2(aq) + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ NO(g) + Template:H2O-nl(l) 0.996 1 [6]Template:Rp
At HAtO + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ At + Template:H2O-nl 1.0 1 [20]
V Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H2O-nl 1 1 [27]
Te Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H2O-nl 1.02 2 [27]
N NO2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ NO(g) + H2O(l) 1.03 2 [16]
Br BrTemplate:Su + 2Template:E- ⇌ 3Template:Chem 1.05 2 [16]
Sb Template:Chem2(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(s) + Template:H2O-nl(l) 1.055 2 [6]Template:Rp
I IClTemplate:Su + Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem + I(s) 1.06 1 [16]
Br Template:Chem(l) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem 1.066 2 [10]
N Template:Chem2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem2 1.07 2 [6]Template:Rp
Br Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem 1.0873 2 [10]
Ru Template:Chem + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.120 2 [19]
Cu Template:Chem + 2Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 1.12 1 [13]
I Template:Chem + 5Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ HIO(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.13 4 [6]Template:Rp
O Template:Chem2(aq) + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:H2O-nl(l) + Template:Chem2 1.14 1 [6]Template:Rp
Au Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) + 2Template:Chem 1.15 1
Se Template:Chem + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + Template:H2O-nl 1.15 2 [6]Template:Rp
Ag Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Ag(s) + Template:H2O-nl 1.17 2
Cl Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) + Template:H2O-nl 1.175 1 [6]Template:Rp
Xe Template:Chem + 5Template:H2O-nl + 8Template:E- ⇌ Xe(g) + 11Template:OH- 1.18 8 [26]
Pt Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Pt(s) 1.188 2 [15]
Cl Template:Chem(g) + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) 1.19 1 [28]
I 2Template:Chem + 12Template:H+ + 10Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 6Template:H2O-nl 1.2 10 [16]
Mn Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.224 2 [10]
O Template:Chem(g) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:H2O-nl 1.229 4 [7]
N N2HTemplate:Su + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2NHTemplate:Su 1.28 2 [6]Template:Rp
Cl Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl 1.23 2 [29]
Ru Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 1.24 1 [1]
Xe Template:Chem + 3Template:H2O-nl + 6Template:E- ⇌ Xe(g) + 7Template:OH- 1.24 6 [6]Template:Rp[26]
N 2NOTemplate:Su + 12Template:H+ + 10Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(g) + 6Template:H2O-nl(l) 1.25 10 [6]Template:Rp
Tl Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 1.25 2 [6]Template:Rp
N 2Template:Chem2(aq) + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(g) + 3Template:H2O-nl(l) 1.297 4 [6]Template:Rp
Cr Template:Chem + 14Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem + 7Template:H2O-nl 1.33 6 [4]Template:Rp
N Template:Chem2 + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ NHTemplate:Su + Template:H2O-nl(l) 1.35 2 [6]Template:Rp
Cl Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem 1.36 2 [7]
Ru Template:Chem(aq) + 8Template:H+ + 5Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + 4Template:H2O-nl 1.368 5 [19]
Ru Template:Chem + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.387 4 [19]
Co Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.42 1
N 2[[Hydroxylamine|Template:Chem]] + Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ [[Hydrazine|Template:Chem]] + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.42 2 [4]
I 2HIO(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.44 2 [6]Template:Rp
Br Template:Chem + 5Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ HBrO(aq) + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.447 4 [6]Template:Rp
Pb Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.46 2 [13]
Pb Template:Chem(s) + 4Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.468 2 [13]
Br 2Template:Chem + 12Template:H+ + 10Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(l) + 6Template:H2O-nl 1.48 10
At HAtO3 + 4Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ HAtO + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.5 4 [20]
Mn Template:Chem + 8Template:H+ + 5Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 4Template:H2O-nl 1.51 5 [16]
O Template:Chem + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) 1.51 1
Au Template:Chem + 3Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) 1.52 3
Ru Template:Chem(aq) + 8Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + 4Template:H2O-nl 1.563 4 [19]
N 2NO(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(g) + Template:H2O-nl(l) 1.59 2 [6]Template:Rp
Ni Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 2Template:OH- 1.59 2
Ce Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 1.61 1
Cl 2HClO(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.63 2 [28]
I Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl 1.64 2 [29]
Ag Template:Chem(s) + 6Template:H+ + 4Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem + 3Template:H2O-nl 1.67 4
Cl Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ HClO(aq) + Template:H2O-nl 1.67 2 [28]
Pb Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 1.69 2 [13]
Mn [[permanganate|Template:Chem]] + 4Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl 1.7 3 [16]
Br Template:Chem + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl 1.74 2 [29]
Ag AgO(s) + 2Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + Template:H2O-nl 1.77 1
N Template:Chem2(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem2(g) + Template:H2O-nl(l) 1.77 2 [6]Template:Rp
O [[Hydrogen peroxide|Template:Chem]](aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:H2O-nl 1.78 2 [28]
Au Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Au(s) 1.83 1 [13]
Co Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 1.92 1 [8]
Ag Template:Chem + Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem 1.98 1 [13]
O Template:Chem + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2[[sulfate|Template:Chem]] 2.01 2 [10]
O Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(g) + Template:H2O-nl 2.075 2 [15]
Mn Template:Chem + 3Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(s) + 2Template:H2O-nl 2.09 2
Xe Template:Chem(aq) + 6Template:H+ + 6Template:E- ⇌ Xe(g) + 3Template:H2O-nl 2.12 6 [6]Template:Rp[26]
Xe Template:Chem(aq) + 8Template:H+ + 8Template:E- ⇌ Xe(g) + 6Template:H2O-nl 2.18 8 [6]Template:Rp[26]
Fe [[Ferrate|Template:Chem]] + 8Template:H+ + 3Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem + 4Template:H2O-nl 2.2 3 [30]
Xe Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) 2.32 2 [26][28]
O Template:Chem2 + Template:H+ + Template:E- ⇌ Template:H2O-nl(l) 2.38 1 [6]Template:Rp
Xe Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ Template:Chem(aq) + 3Template:H2O-nl 2.42 2 [26][6]Template:Rp
F Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2Template:Chem 2.87 2 [6]Template:Rp[7][13]
Cm Cm4+ + e– ⇌ Cm3+ 3.0 1 Estimated[3]
F Template:Chem(g) + 2Template:H+ + 2Template:E- ⇌ 2HF(aq) 3.077 2 [3]
Tb Tb4+ + e– ⇌ Tb3+ 3.1 1 Estimated[3]
Pr Pr4+ + e– ⇌ Pr3+ 3.2 1 Estimated[3]
Kr Template:Chem(aq) + 2Template:E- ⇌ Kr(g) + 2Template:Chem(aq) 3.27 2 Estimated[31]

See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ a b Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3.

References

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv Template:RubberBible87th
  2. ↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263
  3. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "cite".
  4. ↑ a b c d e Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Script error: No such module "cite".
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd Script error: No such module "cite".
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Script error: No such module "cite".
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Script error: No such module "cite".
  9. ↑ David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com Template:Webarchive, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Script error: No such module "cite".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  12. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "cite".
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Script error: No such module "cite".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "cite".
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "cite".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  18. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "cite".
  19. ↑ a b c d e f Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077
  20. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "cite".
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "cite".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  26. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "cite".
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  28. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "cite".
  29. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "cite".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".

External links

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