List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

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Template:Short description Template:Main other Template:Use dmy dates Template:Contains special characters This is a list of most likely gravitationally rounded objects (GRO) of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to their own gravity (but are not necessarily in hydrostatic equilibrium). Apart from the Sun itself, these objects qualify as planets according to common geophysical definitions of that term. The radii of these objects range over three orders of magnitude, from planetary-mass objects like dwarf planets and some moons to the planets and the Sun. This list does not include small Solar System bodies, but it does include a sample of possible planetary-mass objects whose shapes have yet to be determined. The Sun's orbital characteristics are listed in relation to the Galactic Center, while all other objects are listed in order of their distance from the Sun.

Star

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The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. It contains almost 99.9% of all the mass in the Solar System.[1]

  Sun[2][3]
File:Sun white.jpg
Symbol (image)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] File:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg
Symbol (Unicode)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] ☉
Discovery year Prehistoric
Mean distance
from the Galactic Center 		km
light years 		≈ 2.5Template:E
≈ 26,000
Mean radius km
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		695,508
109.3
Surface area km2
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		6.0877Template:E
11,990
Volume km3
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		1.4122Template:E
1,300,000
Mass kg
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		1.9855Template:E
332,978.9
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 1.327×1020
Density g/cm3 1.409
Equatorial gravity m/s2
g 		274.0
27.94
Escape velocity km/s 617.7
Rotation period days<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] 25.38
Orbital period about Galactic Center[4] million years 225–250
Mean orbital speed[4] km/s ≈ 220
Axial tilt<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[i] to the ecliptic deg. 7.25
Axial tilt<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[i] to the galactic plane deg. 67.23
Mean surface temperature K 5,778
Mean coronal temperature[5] K 1–2Template:E
Photospheric composition H, He, O, C, Fe, S

Planets

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In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a planet as a body in orbit around the Sun that was large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and to have "cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit".[6] The practical meaning of "cleared the neighborhood" is that a planet is comparatively massive enough for its gravitation to control the orbits of all objects in its vicinity. In practice, the term "hydrostatic equilibrium" is interpreted loosely. Mercury is round but not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium, but it is universally regarded as a planet nonetheless.[7]

According to the IAU's explicit count, there are eight planets in the Solar System; four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and four giant planets, which can be divided further into two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giant planets account for more than 99% of the mass of the Solar System.

Key
* Terrestrial planet
° Gas giant
× Ice giant
  *Mercury[8][9][10] *Venus[11][12][10] *Earth[13][14][10] *Mars[15][16][10] °Jupiter[17][18][10] °Saturn[19][20][10] ×Uranus[21][22] ×Neptune[23][24][10]
File:Mercury in true color.jpg File:PIA23791-Venus-NewlyProcessedView-20200608.jpg File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg File:Mars - August 30 2021 - Flickr - Kevin M. Gill.png File:Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg File:Uranus Voyager2 color calibrated.png File:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png
Symbol<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] File:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg File:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg File:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg File:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg File:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg File:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg File:Uranus symbol (fixed width).svg or File:Uranus Herschel symbol (fixed width).svg File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg
Symbol (Unicode)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] ☿ ♀ 🜨 ♂ ♃ ♄ ⛢ or ♅ ♆
Discovery year Prehistoric Prehistoric Prehistoric Prehistoric Prehistoric Prehistoric 1781 1846
Mean distance
from the Sun 		km
AU 		57,909,175
0.38709893 		108,208,930
0.72333199 		149,597,890
1.00000011 		227,936,640
1.52366231 		778,412,010
5.20336301 		1,426,725,400
9.53707032 		2,870,972,200
19.19126393 		4,498,252,900
30.06896348
Equatorial radius km
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		2,440.53
0.3826 		6,051.8
0.9488 		6,378.1366
1 		3,396.19
0.53247 		71,492
11.209 		60,268
9.449 		25,559
4.007 		24,764
3.883
Surface area km2
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		75,000,000
0.1471 		460,000,000
0.9020 		510,000,000
1 		140,000,000
0.2745 		64,000,000,000
125.5 		44,000,000,000
86.27 		8,100,000,000
15.88 		7,700,000,000
15.10
Volume km3
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		6.083Template:E
0.056 		9.28Template:E
0.857 		1.083Template:E
1 		1.6318Template:E
0.151 		1.431Template:E
1,321.3 		8.27Template:E
763.62 		6.834Template:E
63.102 		6.254Template:E
57.747
Mass kg
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		3.302Template:E
0.055 		4.8690Template:E
0.815 		5.972Template:E
1 		6.4191Template:E
0.107 		1.8987Template:E
318 		5.6851Template:E
95 		8.6849Template:E
14.5 		1.0244Template:E
17
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 2.203×1013 3.249×1014 3.986×1014 4.283×1013 1.267×1017 3.793×1016 5.794×1015 6.837×1015
Density g/cm3 5.43 5.24 5.52 3.940 1.33 0.70 1.30 1.76
Equatorial gravity m/s2
g 		3.70
0.377 		8.87
0.904 		9.8
1.00 		3.71
0.378 		24.79
2.528 		10.44
1.065 		8.87
0.904 		11.15
1.137
Escape velocity km/s 4.25 10.36 11.18 5.02 59.54 35.49 21.29 23.71
Rotation period<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] days 58.646225 243.0187 0.99726968 1.02595675 0.41354 0.44401 0.71833 0.67125
Orbital period<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] days
years 		87.969
0.2408467 		224.701
0.61519726 		365.256363
1.0000174 		686.971
1.8808476 		4,332.59
11.862615 		10,759.22
29.447498 		30,688.5
84.016846 		60,182
164.79132
Mean orbital speed km/s 47.8725 35.0214 29.7859 24.1309 13.0697 9.6724 6.8352 5.4778
Eccentricity 0.20563069 0.00677323 0.01671022 0.09341233 0.04839266 0.05415060 0.04716771 0.00858587
Inclination<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] deg. 7.00 3.39 0[13] 1.85 1.31 2.48 0.76 1.77
Axial tilt<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[i] deg. 0.0 177.3<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[h] 23.44 25.19 3.12 26.73 97.86<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[h] 28.32
Mean surface temperature K 440–100 730 287 227 152 <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[j] 134 <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[j] 76 <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[j] 73 <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[j]
Mean air temperature<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[k] K 288 165 135 76 73
Atmospheric composition He,  Na+
K+  		CO2, N2, SO2 N2, O2, Ar, CO2 CO2, N2
Ar 		H2, He H2, He H2, He
CH4 		H2, He
CH4
Number of known moons<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[v] 0 0 1 2 97 274 28 16
Rings? No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Planetary discriminant<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[l]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[o] 9.1Template:E 1.35Template:E 1.7Template:E 1.8Template:E 6.25Template:E 1.9Template:E 2.9Template:E 2.4Template:E

Dwarf planets

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Dwarf planets are bodies orbiting the Sun that are massive and warm enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but have not cleared their neighbourhoods of similar objects. Since 2008, there have been five dwarf planets recognized by the IAU, although only Pluto has actually been confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium[25] (Ceres is close to equilibrium, though some anomalies remain unexplained).[26] Ceres orbits in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. The others all orbit beyond Neptune.

Key
† Asteroid belt
‡ Kuiper belt
§ Scattered disc
× Sednoid
  †Template:Dwarfplanet[27] ‡Template:Dwarfplanet[28][29] ‡Template:Dwarfplanet[30][31][32] ‡Template:Dwarfplanet[33][34] §Template:Dwarfplanet[35]
File:Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg File:Pluto in True Color - High-Res.jpg File:Haumea Hubble.png File:Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg File:Eris and dysnomia2.jpg
Symbol<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] File:Ceres symbol (fixed width).svg File:Pluto monogram (fixed width).svg or File:Pluto symbol (large orb, fixed width).svg File:Haumea symbol (fixed width).svg File:Makemake symbol (fixed width).svg File:Eris symbol (fixed width).svg
Symbol (Unicode)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] ⚳ ♇ or ⯓ 🝻 🝼 ⯰
Minor planet number 1 134340 136108 136472 136199
Discovery year 1801 1930 2004 2005 2005
Mean distance
from the Sun 		km
AU 		413,700,000
2.766 		5,906,380,000
39.482 		6,484,000,000
43.335 		6,850,000,000
45.792 		10,210,000,000
67.668
Mean radius km
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		473
0.0742 		1,188.3[10]
0.186 		816
(Template:Val)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
0.13[36][37] 		715
0.11[38] 		1,163
0.18[39]
Volume km3
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		4.21Template:E
0.00039<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] 		6.99Template:E
0.0065 		1.98Template:E
0.0018 		1.7Template:E
0.0016<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] 		6.59Template:E
0.0061<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b]
Surface area km2
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		2,770,000
0.0054<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] 		17,700,000
0.035 		8,140,000
0.016<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[y] 		6,900,000
0.0135<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] 		17,000,000
0.0333<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a]
Mass kg
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		9.39Template:E
≈ 0.0002 		1.30Template:E
0.0022 		4.01 ± 0.04Template:E
0.0007[40] 		≈ 3.1Template:E
0.0005 		1.65Template:E
0.0028
Gravitational parameter m3/s2 6.263 × 1010 8.710 × 1011 2.674 × 1011 2.069 × 1011 1.108 × 1012
Density g/cm3 2.16 1.87 2.02[36] 2.03 2.43
Equatorial gravity m/s2
g 		0.27<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[d]
0.028 		0.62
0.063 		0.63<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[d]
0.064 		0.40
0.041 		0.82<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[d]
0.084
Escape velocity km/s<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[e] 0.51 1.21 0.91 0.54 1.37
Rotation period<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] days 0.3781 6.3872 0.1631 0.9511 15.7859
Orbital period<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] years 4.599 247.9 283.8 306.2 559
Mean orbital speed km/s 17.882 4.75 4.48<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[o] 4.40<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[o] 3.44<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[n]
Eccentricity 0.080 0.249 0.195 0.161 0.436
Inclination<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] deg. 10.59 17.14 28.21 28.98 44.04
Axial tilt<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[i] deg. 4 119.6<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[h] ≈ 126<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[h] ? ≈ 78
Mean surface temperature<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[w] K 167[41] 40[42] <50[43] 30 30
Atmospheric composition H2O N2, CH4, CO ? N2, CH4[44] N2, CH4[45]
Number of known moons<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[v] 0 5 2[46] 1[47] 1[48]
Rings? No No Yes ? ?
Planetary discriminant<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[l]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[o] 0.33 0.077 0.023 0.02 0.10

Astronomers usually refer to solid bodies such as Ceres as dwarf planets, even if they are not strictly in hydrostatic equilibrium. They generally agree that several other trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) may be large enough to be dwarf planets, given current uncertainties. However, there has been disagreement on the required size. Early speculations were based on the small moons of the giant planets, which attain roundness around a threshold of 200 km radius.[49] However, these moons are at higher temperatures than TNOs and are icier than TNOs are likely to be. Estimates from an IAU question-and-answer press release from 2006, giving 800 km radius and Template:Val mass as cut-offs that normally would be enough for hydrostatic equilibrium, while stating that observation would be needed to determine the status of borderline cases.[50] Many TNOs in the 200–500 km radius range are dark and low-density bodies, which suggests that they retain internal porosity from their formation, and hence are not planetary bodies (as planetary bodies have sufficient gravitation to collapse out such porosity).[51]

In 2023, Emery et al. wrote that near-infrared spectroscopy by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in 2022 suggests that Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar underwent internal melting, differentiation, and chemical evolution, like the larger dwarf planets Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, but unlike "all smaller KBOs". This is because light hydrocarbons are present on their surfaces (e.g. ethane, acetylene, and ethylene), which implies that methane is continuously being resupplied, and that methane would likely come from internal geochemistry. On the other hand, the surfaces of Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar have low abundances of CO and CO2, similar to Pluto, Eris, and Makemake, but in contrast to smaller bodies. This suggests that the threshold for dwarf planethood in the trans-Neptunian region is around 500 km radius.[52]

In 2024, Kiss et al. found that Quaoar has an ellipsoidal shape incompatible with hydrostatic equilibrium for its current spin. They hypothesised that Quaoar originally had a rapid rotation and was in hydrostatic equilibrium, but that its shape became "frozen in" and did not change as it spun down due to tidal forces from its moon Weywot.[53] If so, this would resemble the situation of Saturn's moon Iapetus, which is too oblate for its current spin.[54][55] Iapetus is generally still considered a planetary-mass moon nonetheless,[56] though not always.[57]

The table below gives Orcus, Quaoar, Gonggong, and Sedna as additional consensus dwarf planets; slightly smaller Salacia, which is larger than 400 km radius, has been included as a borderline case for comparison, (and is therefore italicized).

  ‡Orcus[58] ‡Salacia[59] ‡Quaoar[60] §Gonggong[61] ×Sedna[62]
File:Orcus-vanth hst2.jpg File:Salacia Hubble.png File:Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg File:2007 OR10 and its moon.png File:Sedna PRC2004-14d.jpg
Symbol<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] File:Orcus symbol (fixed width).svg File:Quaoar symbol (fixed width).svg File:Gonggong symbol (fixed width).svg File:Sedna symbol (fixed width).svg
Symbol (Unicode)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] 🝿 🝾 🝽 ⯲
Minor-planet number 90482 120347 50000 225088 90377
Discovery year 2004 2004 2002 2007 2003
Semi-major axis km
AU 		5,896,946,000
39.419 		6,310,600,000
42.18 		6,535,930,000
43.69 		10,072,433,340
67.33 		78,668,000,000
525.86
Mean radius<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[s] km
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		458.5[63]
0.0720 		423[64]
0.0664 		555[65]
0.0871 		615[66]
0.0982 		497.5[67]
0.0780
Surface area<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] km2
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		2,641,700
0.005179 		2,248,500
0.004408 		3,870,800
0.007589 		4,932,300
0.009671 		3,110,200
0.006098
Volume<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] km3
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		403,744,500
0.000373 		317,036,800
0.000396 		716,089,900
0.000661 		1,030,034,600
0.000951 		515,784,000
0.000476
Mass<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[t] kg
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		5.48Template:E[68]
0.0001 		4.9Template:E[64]
0.0001 		1.20Template:E[69]
0.0002 		1.75Template:E[66]
0.0003 		?
Density<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[t] g/cm3 Template:Val[68] Template:Val[64] ≈ Template:Val Template:Val ?
Equatorial gravity<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[d] m/s2
g 		Template:Gr
0.017 		Template:Gr
0.018 		Template:Gr
0.025 		Template:Gr
0.029 		?
Escape velocity<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[e] km/s Template:V2 Template:V2 Template:V2 Template:V2 ?
Rotation period<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] days 9.54?[68] ? 0.7367[69] 0.9333 0.4280[70]
Orbital period<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] years 247.49 273.98 287.97 552.52 12,059
Mean orbital speed km/s 4.68 4.57 4.52 3.63 1.04
Eccentricity 0.226 0.106 0.038 0.506 0.855
Inclination<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] deg. 20.59 23.92 7.99 30.74 11.93
Axial tilt<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[i] deg. ? ? 13.6[69] or 14.0[71] ? ?
Mean surface temperature<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[w] K ≈ 42 ≈ 43 ≈ 41 ≈ 30 ≈ 12
Number of known moons 1[72] 1 1[73] 1 0
Rings? ? ? Yes[69] ? ?
Planetary discriminant<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[l]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[o] 0.003 <0.1 0.0015 <0.1 ?<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[x]
Absolute magnitude (H) 2.3 4.1 2.71 1.8 1.5

As for objects in the asteroid belt, none are generally agreed as dwarf planets today among astronomers other than Ceres. The second- through fifth-largest asteroids have been discussed as candidates. Vesta (radius Template:Val), the second-largest asteroid, appears to have a differentiated interior and therefore likely was once a dwarf planet, but it is no longer very round today.[74] Pallas (radius Template:Val), the third-largest asteroid, appears never to have completed differentiation and likewise has an irregular shape. Vesta and Pallas are nonetheless sometimes considered small terrestrial planets anyway by sources preferring a geophysical definition, because they do share similarities to the rocky planets of the inner solar system.[56] The fourth-largest asteroid, Hygiea (radius Template:Val), is icy. The question remains open if it is currently in hydrostatic equilibrium: while Hygiea is round today, it was probably previously catastrophically disrupted and today might be just a gravitational aggregate of the pieces.[75] The fifth-largest asteroid, Interamnia (radius Template:Val), is icy and has a shape consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium for a slightly shorter rotation period than it now has.[76]

Satellites

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There are at least 19 natural satellites in the Solar System that are known to be massive enough to be close to hydrostatic equilibrium: seven of Saturn, five of Uranus, four of Jupiter, and one each of Earth, Neptune, and Pluto. Alan Stern calls these satellite planets, although the term major moon is more common. The smallest natural satellite that is gravitationally rounded is Saturn I Mimas (radius Template:Val). This is smaller than the largest natural satellite that is known not to be gravitationally rounded, Neptune VIII Proteus (radius Template:Val).

Several of these were once in equilibrium but are no longer: these include Earth's moon[77] and all of the moons listed for Saturn apart from Titan and Rhea.[55] The status of Callisto, Titan, and Rhea is uncertain, as is that of the moons of Uranus, Pluto[25] and Eris.[51] The other large moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Triton) are generally believed to still be in equilibrium today. Other moons that were once in equilibrium but are no longer very round, such as Saturn IX Phoebe (radius Template:Val), are not included. In addition to not being in equilibrium, Mimas and Tethys have very low densities and it has been suggested that they may have non-negligible internal porosity,[78][79] in which case they would not be satellite planets.

The moons of the trans-Neptunian objects (other than Charon) have not been included, because they appear to follow the normal situation for TNOs rather than the moons of Saturn and Uranus, and become solid at a larger size (900–1000 km diameter, rather than 400 km as for the moons of Saturn and Uranus). Eris I Dysnomia and Orcus I Vanth, though larger than Mimas, are dark bodies in the size range that should allow for internal porosity, and in the case of Dysnomia a low density is known.[51]

Satellites are listed first in order from the Sun, and second in order from their parent body. For the round moons, this mostly matches the Roman numeral designations, with the exceptions of Iapetus and the Uranian system. This is because the Roman numeral designations originally reflected distance from the parent planet and were updated for each new discovery until 1851, but by 1892, the numbering system for the then-known satellites had become "frozen" and from then on followed order of discovery. Thus Miranda (discovered 1948) is Uranus V despite being the innermost of Uranus' five round satellites. The missing Saturn VII is Hyperion, which is not large enough to be round (mean radius Template:Val).

Key
🜨 Satellite of Earth
♃ Satellite of Jupiter
♄ Satellite of Saturn
⛢ Satellite of Uranus
♆ Satellite of Neptune
♇ Satellite of Pluto
  🜨Moon[80] ♃Io[81] ♃Europa[82] ♃Ganymede[83] ♃Callisto[84] ♄Mimas<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[p] ♄Enceladus<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[p] ♄Tethys<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[p] ♄Dione<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[p] ♄Rhea<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[p]
File:FullMoon2010.jpg File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg File:Europa in natural color.png File:Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite.png File:Callisto - July 8 1979 (38926064465).jpg File:Mimas Cassini.jpg File:PIA17202 - Approaching Enceladus.jpg File:PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg File:Dione in natural light (cropped).jpg File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg
Roman numeral designation Earth I Jupiter I Jupiter II Jupiter III Jupiter IV Saturn I Saturn II Saturn III Saturn IV Saturn V
Symbol<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] ☾ JI JII JIII JIV SI SII SIII SIV SV
Symbol (Unicode)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[q] ☾
Discovery year Prehistoric 1610 1610 1610 1610 1789 1789 1684 1684 1672
Mean distance
from primary 		km 384,399 421,600 670,900 1,070,400 1,882,700 185,520 237,948 294,619 377,396 527,108
Mean radius km
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		1,737.1
0.272 		1,815
0.285 		1,569
0.246 		2,634.1
0.413 		2,410.3
0.378 		198.30
0.031 		252.1
0.04 		533
0.084 		561.7
0.088 		764.3
0.12
Surface area<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] 1Template:E km2 37.93 41.910 30.9 87.0 73 0.49 0.799 3.57 3.965 7.337
Volume<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] 1Template:E km3 22 25.3 15.9 76 59 0.033 0.067 0.63 0.8 1.9
Mass 1Template:E kg 7.3477 8.94 4.80 14.819 10.758 0.00375 0.0108 0.06174 0.1095 0.2306
Density<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[c] g/cm3 3.3464 3.528 3.01 1.936 1.83 1.15 1.61 0.98 1.48 1.23
Equatorial gravity<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[d] m/s2
g 		1.622
0.1654 		1.796
0.1831 		1.314
0.1340 		1.428
0.1456 		1.235
0.1259 		0.0636
0.00649 		0.111
0.0113 		0.145
0.0148 		0.231
0.0236 		0.264
0.0269
Escape velocity<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[e] km/s 2.38 2.56 2.025 2.741 2.440 0.159 0.239 0.393 0.510 0.635
Rotation period days<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] 27.321582
(sync)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[m] 		1.7691378
(sync) 		3.551181
(sync) 		7.154553
(sync) 		16.68902
(sync) 		0.942422
(sync) 		1.370218
(sync) 		1.887802
(sync) 		2.736915
(sync) 		4.518212
(sync)
Orbital period about primary days<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] 27.32158 1.769138 3.551181 7.154553 16.68902 0.942422 1.370218 1.887802 2.736915 4.518212
Mean orbital speed<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[o] km/s 1.022 17.34 13.740 10.880 8.204 14.32 12.63 11.35 10.03 8.48
Eccentricity 0.0549 0.0041 0.009 0.0013 0.0074 0.0202 0.0047 0.02 0.002 0.001
Inclination to primary's equator deg. 18.29–28.58 0.04 0.47 1.85 0.2 1.51 0.02 1.51 0.019 0.345
Axial tilt<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[i]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[u] deg. 6.68 0.000405
± 0.00076[85] 		0.0965
± 0.0069[85] 		0.155
± 0.065[85] 		≈ 0–2[85]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[aa] ≈ 0 ≈ 0 ≈ 0 ≈ 0 ≈ 0
Mean surface temperature<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[w] K 220 130 102 110[86] 134 64 75 64 87 76
Atmospheric composition Ar, He
Na, K, H 		SO2[87] O2[88] O2[89] O2, CO2[90] H2O, N2
CO2, CH4[91]
  ♄Titan<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[p] ♄Iapetus<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[p] ⛢Miranda<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[r] ⛢Ariel<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[r] ⛢Umbriel<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[r] ⛢Titania<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[r] ⛢Oberon<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[r] ♆Triton[92] ♇Charon[28]
File:Titan in true color.jpg File:Iapetus true.jpg File:Miranda mosaic in color - Voyager 2.png File:Ariel in monochrome.jpg File:PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg File:Oberon in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg File:Neptune’s Moon Triton Fosters Rare Icy Union (gemini1903a) (square crop).jpg File:Charon in True Color - High-Res.jpg
Roman numeral designation Saturn VI Saturn VIII Uranus V Uranus I Uranus II Uranus III Uranus IV Neptune I Pluto I
Symbol SVI SVIII UV UI UII UIII UIV NI PI
Discovery year 1655 1671 1948 1851 1851 1787 1787 1846 1978
Mean distance
from primary 		km 1,221,870 3,560,820 129,390 190,900 266,000 436,300 583,519 354,759 17,536
Mean radius km
:E<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[f] 		2,576
0.404 		735.60
0.115 		235.8
0.037 		578.9
0.091 		584.7
0.092 		788.9
0.124 		761.4
0.119 		1,353.4
0.212 		603.5
0.095
Surface area<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[a] 1Template:E km2 83.0 6.7 0.70 4.211 4.296 7.82 7.285 23.018 4.580
Volume<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[b] 1Template:E km3 71.6 1.67 0.055 0.81 0.84 2.06 1.85 10 0.92
Mass 1Template:E kg 13.452 0.18053 0.00659 0.135 0.12 0.35 0.3014 2.14 0.152
Density<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[c] g/cm3 1.88 1.08 1.20 1.67 1.40 1.72 1.63 2.061 1.65
Equatorial gravity<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[d] m/s2
g 		1.35
0.138 		0.22
0.022 		0.08
0.008 		0.27
0.028 		0.23
0.023 		0.39
0.040 		0.35
0.036 		0.78
0.080 		0.28
0.029
Escape velocity<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[e] km/s 2.64 0.57 0.19 0.56 0.52 0.77 0.73 1.46 0.58
Rotation period days<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[g] 15.945
(sync)<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[m] 		79.322
(sync) 		1.414
(sync) 		2.52
(sync) 		4.144
(sync) 		8.706
(sync) 		13.46
(sync) 		5.877
(sync) 		6.387
(sync)
Orbital period about primary days 15.945 79.322 1.4135 2.520 4.144 8.706 13.46 5.877 6.387
Mean orbital speed<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[o] km/s 5.57 3.265 6.657 5.50898 4.66797 3.644 3.152 4.39 0.2
Eccentricity 0.0288 0.0286 0.0013 0.0012 0.005 0.0011 0.0014 0.00002 0.0022
Inclination to primary's equator deg. 0.33 14.72 4.22 0.31 0.36 0.14 0.10 157<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[h] 0.001
Axial tilt<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[i]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[u] deg. ≈ 0.3[93] ≈ 0 ≈ 0 ≈ 0 ≈ 0 ≈ 0 ≈ 0 ≈ 0.7[94] ≈ 0
Mean surface temperature<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[w] K 93.7[95] 130 59 58 61 60 61 38[96] 53
Atmospheric composition N2, CH4[97] N2, CH4[98]

See also

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Notes

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Unless otherwise cited<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[z]

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Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited)

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Individual calculations

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Other notes

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References

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  2. ↑ NASA Solar System exploration Sun factsheet Template:Webarchive and NASA Sun factsheet Template:Webarchive NASA Retrieved 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)
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  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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