TOP500

The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice a year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL benchmarks, a portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for distributed-memory computers.

The most recent edition of TOP500 was published in June 2025 as the 65th edition of TOP500, while the next edition of TOP500 will be published in November 2025 as the 66th edition of TOP500. As of June 2025, the United States' El Capitan is the most powerful supercomputer in the TOP500, reaching 1742 petaFlops (1.742 exaFlops) on the LINPACK benchmarks. As of 2025, the United States has by far the highest share of total computing power on the list (nearly 50%). As of 2025, the United States has the highest number of systems with 174 supercomputers; China is in second place with 46, and Germany is third at 43.

The 59th edition of TOP500, published in June 2022, was the first edition of TOP500 to feature only 64-bit supercomputers; as of June 2022, 32-bit supercomputers are no longer listed. The TOP500 list is compiled by Jack Dongarra of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Erich Strohmaier and Horst Simon of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and, until his death in 2014, Hans Meuer of the University of Mannheim, Germany. The TOP500 project also includes lists such as Green500 (measuring energy efficiency) and HPCG (measuring I/O bandwidth).

History

File:Supercomputers-history.svg

Rapid growth of supercomputer performance, based on data from the top500.org website. The loga­rithmic y-axis shows performance in GFLOPS.

  Combined performance of 500 largest supercomputers

  Fastest supercomputer

  Supercomputer in 500th place

In the early 1990s, a new definition of supercomputer was needed to produce meaningful statistics. After experimenting with metrics based on processor count in 1992, the idea arose at the University of Mannheim to use a detailed listing of installed systems as the basis. In early 1993, Jack Dongarra was persuaded to join the project with his LINPACK benchmarks. A first test version was produced in May 1993, partly based on data available on the Internet, including the following sources:

• "List of the World's Most Powerful Computing Sites" maintained by Gunter Ahrendt
• David Kahaner, the director of the Asian Technology Information Program (ATIP); published a report in 1992, titled "Kahaner Report on Supercomputer in Japan" which had an immense amount of data.

The information from those sources was used for the first two lists. Since June 1993, the TOP500 is produced bi-annually based on site and vendor submissions only. Since 1993, performance of the Template:Numero ranked position has grown steadily in accordance with Moore's law, doubling roughly every 14 months. In June 2018, Summit was fastest with an Rpeak of 187.6593 PFLOPS. For comparison, this is over 1,432,513 times faster than the Connection Machine CM-5/1024 (1,024 cores), which was the fastest system in November 1993 (twenty-five years prior) with an Rpeak of 131.0 GFLOPS.

Architecture and operating systems

File:Processor families in TOP500 supercomputers.svg

Share of processor families in TOP500 supercomputers by yearTemplate:Update inline

since June 2022Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), all supercomputers on TOP500 are 64-bit supercomputers, mostly based on CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set architecture, 384 of which are Intel EMT64-based and 101 of which are AMD AMD64-based, with the latter including the top eight supercomputers. 15 other supercomputers are all based on RISC architectures, including six based on ARM64 and seven based on the Power ISA used by IBM Power microprocessors.

In recent years, heterogeneous computing has dominated the TOP500, mostly using Nvidia's graphics processing units (GPUs) or Intel's x86-based Xeon Phi as coprocessors. This is because of better performance per watt ratios and higher absolute performance. AMD GPUs have taken the top 1 and displaced Nvidia in top 10 part of the list. The recent exceptions include the aforementioned Fugaku, Sunway TaihuLight, and K computer. Tianhe-2A is also an interesting exception, as US sanctions prevented use of Xeon Phi; instead, it was upgraded to use the Chinese-designed Matrix-2000 accelerators.

Two computers which first appeared on the list in 2018 were based on architectures new to the TOP500. One was a new x86-64 microarchitecture from Chinese manufacturer Sugon, using Hygon Dhyana CPUs (these resulted from a collaboration with AMD, and are a minor variant of Zen-based AMD EPYC) and was ranked 38th, now 117th, and the other was the first ARM-based computer on the listTemplate:Snd using Cavium ThunderX2 CPUs. Before the ascendancy of 32-bit x86 and later 64-bit x86-64 in the early 2000s, a variety of RISC processor families made up most TOP500 supercomputers, including SPARC, MIPS, PA-RISC, and Alpha.

File:Operating systems used on top 500 supercomputers.svg

Share of operating systems families in TOP500 supercomputers by time trend

All the fastest supercomputers since the Earth Simulator supercomputer have used operating systems based on Linux. since November 2017Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), all the listed supercomputers use an operating system based on the Linux kernel.Template:Cbignore

Since November 2015, no computer on the list runs Windows (while Microsoft reappeared on the list in 2021 with Ubuntu based on Linux). In November 2014, Windows Azure cloud computer was no longer on the list of fastest supercomputers (its best rank was 165th in 2012), leaving the Shanghai Supercomputer Center's Magic Cube as the only Windows-based supercomputer on the list, until it also dropped off the list. It was ranked 436th in its last appearance on the list released in June 2015, while its best rank was 11th in 2008. There are no longer any Mac OS computers on the list. It had at most five such systems at a time, one more than the Windows systems that came later, while the total performance share for Windows was higher. Their relative performance share of the whole list was however similar, and never high for either. In 2004, the System X supercomputer based on Mac OS X (Xserve, with 2,200 PowerPC 970 processors) once ranked 7th place.

It has been well over a decade since MIPS systems dropped entirely off the list though the Gyoukou supercomputer that jumped to 4th place in November 2017 had a MIPS-based design as a small part of the coprocessors. Use of 2,048-core coprocessors (plus 8× 6-core MIPS, for each, that "no longer require to rely on an external Intel Xeon E5 host processor") made the supercomputer much more energy efficient than the other top 10 (i.e. it was 5th on Green500 and other such ZettaScaler-2.2-based systems take first three spots). At 19.86 million cores, it was by far the largest system by core-count, with almost double that of the then-best manycore system, the Chinese Sunway TaihuLight.

TOP500

since June 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), the number one supercomputer is El Capitan, the leader on Green500 is JEDI, a Bull Sequana XH3000 system using the Nvidia Grace Hopper GH200 Superchip. In June 2022, the top 4 systems of Graph500 used both AMD CPUs and AMD accelerators. After an upgrade, for the 56th TOP500 in November 2020,

Fugaku grew its HPL performance to 442 petaflops, a modest increase from the 416 petaflops the system achieved when it debuted in June 2020. More significantly, the ARMv8.2 based Fugaku increased its performance on the new mixed precision HPC-AI benchmark to 2.0 exaflops, besting its 1.4 exaflops mark recorded six months ago. These represent the first benchmark measurements above one exaflop for any precision on any type of hardware.

Summit, a previously fastest supercomputer, is currently highest-ranked IBM-made supercomputer; with IBM POWER9 CPUs. Sequoia became the last IBM Blue Gene/Q model to drop completely off the list; it had been ranked 10th on the 52nd list (and 1st on the June 2012, 41st list, after an upgrade).

For the first time, all 500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops." However, for a different benchmark "Summit and Sierra remain the only two systems to exceed a petaflop on the HPCG benchmark, delivering 2.9 petaflops and 1.8 petaflops, respectively. The average HPCG result on the current list is 213.3 teraflops, a marginal increase from 211.2 six months ago.

Microsoft is back on the TOP500 list with six Microsoft Azure instances (that use/are benchmarked with Ubuntu, so all the supercomputers are still Linux-based), with CPUs and GPUs from same vendors, the fastest one currently 11th, and another older/slower previously made 10th. And Amazon with one AWS instance currently ranked 64th (it was previously ranked 40th). The number of Arm-based supercomputers is 6; currently all Arm-based supercomputers use the same Fujitsu CPU as in the number 2 system, with the next one previously ranked 13th, now 25th.

Top 10 positions of the 65th TOP500 in June 2025

Rank (previous)	Rmax Rpeak (PetaFLOPS)	Name	Model	CPU cores	Accelerator (e.g. GPU) cores	Total Cores (CPUs + Accelerators)	Interconnect	Manufacturer	Site country	Year	Operating system
1	1,742.00 2,746.38	El Capitan	HPE Cray EX255a	1,051,392 (43,808 × 24-core Optimized 4th Generation EPYC 24C @1.8 GHz)	9,988,224 (43,808 × 228 AMD Instinct MI300A)	11,039,616	Slingshot-11	HPE	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	2024	Linux (TOSS)
2	1,353.00 2,055.72	Frontier	HPE Cray EX235a	614,656 (9,604 × 64-core Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C @2.0 GHz)	8,451,520 (38,416 × 220 AMD Instinct MI250X)	9,066,176	Slingshot-11	HPE	Oak Ridge National Laboratory	2022	Linux (HPE Cray OS)
3	1,012.00 1,980.01	Aurora	HPE Cray EX	1,104,896 (21,248 × 52-core Intel Xeon Max 9470 @2.4 GHz)	8,159,232 (63,744 × 128 Intel Max 1550)	9,264,128	Slingshot-11	HPE	Argonne National Laboratory	2023	Linux (SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP4)
4 Template:New	793.40 930.00	JUPITER	BullSequana XH3000	1,694,592 (23,536 × 72-Arm Neoverse V2 cores Nvidia Grace @3 GHz)	3,106,752 (23,536 × 132 Nvidia Hopper H100)	4,801,344	Quad-rail NVIDIA NDR200 Infiniband	Atos	EuroHPC JU , Jülich,	2025	Linux (RHEL)
5 Decrease	561.20 846.84	Eagle	Microsoft NDv5	172,800 (3,600 × 48-core Intel Xeon Platinum 8480C @2.0 GHz)	1,900,800 (14,400 × 132 Nvidia Hopper H100)	2,073,600	NVIDIA Infiniband NDR	Microsoft	Microsoft	2023	Linux (Ubuntu 22.04 LTS)
6 Decrease	477.90 606.97	HPC6	HPE Cray EX235a	213,120 (3,330 × 64-core Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C @2.0 GHz)	2,930,400 (13,320 × 220 AMD Instinct MI250X)	3,143,520	Slingshot-11	HPE	Eni S.p.A , Ferrera Erbognone,	2024	Linux (RHEL 8.9)
7 Decrease	442.01 537.21	Fugaku	Supercomputer Fugaku	7,630,848 (158,976 × 48-core Fujitsu A64FX @2.2 GHz)	-	7,630,848	Tofu interconnect D	Fujitsu	Riken Center for Computational Science	2020	Linux (RHEL)
8 Decrease	434.90 574.84	Alps	HPE Cray EX254n	748,800 (10,400 × 72-Arm Neoverse V2 cores Nvidia Grace @3.1 GHz)	1,372,800 (10,400 × 132 Nvidia Hopper H100)	2,121,600	Slingshot-11	HPE	CSCS Swiss National Supercomputing Centre Switzerland	2024	Linux (HPE Cray OS)
9 Decrease	379.70 531.51	LUMI	HPE Cray EX235a	186,624 (2,916 × 64-core Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C @2.0 GHz)	2,566,080 (11,664 × 220 AMD Instinct MI250X)	2,752,704	Slingshot-11	HPE	EuroHPC JU , Kajaani,	2022	Linux (HPE Cray OS)
10 Decrease	241.20 306.31	Leonardo	BullSequana XH2000	110,592 (3,456 × 32-core Xeon Platinum 8358 @2.6 GHz)	1,714,176 (15,872 × 108 Nvidia Ampere A100)	1,824,768	Quad-rail NVIDIA HDR100 Infiniband	Atos	EuroHPC JU , Bologna,	2023	Linux (RHEL 8)

Legend:

• RankTemplate:SndPosition within the TOP500 ranking. In the TOP500 list table, the computers are ordered first by their Rmax value. In the case of equal performances (Rmax value) for different computers, the order is by Rpeak. For sites that have the same computer, the order is by memory size and then alphabetically.
• RmaxTemplate:SndThe highest score measured using the LINPACK benchmarks suite. This is the number that is used to rank the computers. Measured in quadrillions of 64-bit floating point operations per second, i.e., petaFLOPS.
• RpeakTemplate:SndThis is the theoretical peak performance of the system. Computed in petaFLOPS.
• NameTemplate:SndSome supercomputers are unique, at least on its location, and are thus named by their owner.
• ModelTemplate:SndThe computing platform as it is marketed.
• ProcessorTemplate:SndThe instruction set architecture or processor microarchitecture, alongside GPU and accelerators when available.
• InterconnectTemplate:SndThe interconnect between computing nodes. InfiniBand is most used (38%) by performance share, while Gigabit Ethernet is most used (54%) by number of computers.
• ManufacturerTemplate:SndThe manufacturer of the platform and hardware.
• SiteTemplate:SndThe name of the facility operating the supercomputer.
• CountryTemplate:SndThe country in which the computer is located.
• YearTemplate:SndThe year of installation or last major update.
• Operating systemTemplate:SndThe operating system that the computer uses.

Top countries

Numbers below represent the number of computers in the TOP500 that are in each of the listed countries or territories. As of 2025, United States has the most supercomputers on the list, with 174 machines. The United States has the highest aggregate computational power at 6,696 Petaflops Rmax with Japan second (1,229 Pflop/s) and Germany third (1,201 Pflop/s).

Distribution of supercomputers in the TOP500 list by country (as of June 2025)

Country or territory	Number of systems
United States	174
China	46
Germany	43
Japan	39
France	25
Italy	17
South Korea	15
Canada	13
United Kingdom	13
Brazil	9
Norway	9
Sweden	9
Taiwan	8
Poland	7
Netherlands	7
Russia	6
Saudi Arabia	6
India	6
Singapore	5
Australia	4
United Arab Emirates	4
Switzerland	4
Czechia	3
Spain	3
Finland	3
Thailand	2
Ireland	2
Slovenia	2
Turkey	2
Bulgaria	2
Austria	2
Israel	1
Denmark	1
Iceland	1
Morocco	1
Luxembourg	1
Belgium	1
Portugal	1
Argentina	1
Hungary	1
Vietnam	1

Other rankings

Distribution of supercomputers in the TOP500 list by country and by year

Country / Region	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth
United States	174	173	171	161	150	127	128	149	122	113	114	117	116	109	124	143	168	171	165	199	233	231	232	264	252	251	252	263	255	274	282	277	291	290	257	283	281	309
EU	130	129	123	112	103	101	92	83	93	79	79	87	92	91	93	86	99	95	93	94	122	110	103	89	97	89	96	95	109	108	126	137	134	140	169	133	115	82
China	46	63	80	104	134	162	173	173	188	214	226	228	220	227	206	202	160	171	168	109	37	61	76	63	66	72	68	74	61	41	24	21	21	15	12	10	13	18
Germany	43	40	40	36	36	34	31	26	23	17	16	16	13	17	21	21	28	31	26	33	37	26	22	20	19	19	20	20	30	26	24	27	29	25	46	31	24	18
Japan	39	34	29	32	33	31	33	32	34	34	29	29	28	31	36	35	33	27	29	37	40	32	30	28	30	32	35	30	26	26	18	16	15	17	22	20	23	30
France	25	24	24	23	24	24	22	19	16	18	19	18	20	18	18	18	18	20	18	18	27	30	27	22	23	21	22	23	25	26	27	26	23	26	34	17	13	12
Italy	17	14	11	12	7	7	6	6	6	6	7	5	5	6	5	6	8	6	5	4	4	3	5	5	6	7	8	4	5	6	7	6	6	11	6	6	5	8
South Korea	15	13	13	12	8	8	6	7	5	3	3	3	5	6	7	5	8	4	7	10	9	9	8	5	4	4	3	3	4	3	1	2	0	1	1	1	5	6
United Kingdom	13	14	16	15	14	15	12	11	11	12	10	11	18	20	22	15	17	13	11	18	29	30	30	23	29	24	25	27	27	25	38	45	44	46	53	48	42	30
Canada	13	9	10	10	10	10	14	11	11	12	12	9	8	9	6	5	6	1	1	6	6	6	9	10	9	11	10	9	8	6	7	9	8	2	2	5	10	8
Brazil	9	9	8	9	9	8	6	5	6	4	4	3	3	1	1	0	2	3	4	6	6	4	4	3	3	2	3	2	2	2	1	1	0	2	1	1	2	4
Sweden	9	8	7	6	6	6	5	4	3	2	2	2	2	4	3	5	5	4	5	3	5	5	3	5	7	6	4	3	5	6	8	7	10	8	9	7	10	1
Norway	9	6	5	5	4	3	2	1	3	3	3	2	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	0	1	3	2	2	2	2	2	3	2	3
Taiwan	8	7	6	5	2	2	2	2	2	3	2	2	2	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	3	3	2	2	0	0	0	1	2	3	11	10	2
Netherlands	7	10	9	10	8	8	6	11	16	15	15	15	13	6	9	6	4	3	3	2	3	5	5	3	2	0	0	0	1	2	4	3	3	3	5	6	8	2
Poland	7	8	8	4	3	3	5	4	4	2	1	1	1	4	4	5	6	7	6	6	7	2	2	2	3	4	5	6	5	6	5	3	4	6	3	1	0	0
Saudi Arabia	6	7	8	7	6	6	6	6	6	5	3	3	3	3	4	4	6	5	5	6	7	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	4	6	4	4	2	0	0	0	2	4
India	6	6	4	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	3	4	5	4	4	5	9	11	11	9	9	12	11	8	5	2	2	4	5	3	6	8	6	9	8	10
Russia	6	6	7	7	7	7	7	7	3	2	2	3	2	3	4	3	3	5	7	7	8	9	5	5	8	8	5	5	12	11	11	8	5	8	9	7	5	2
Singapore	5	4	3	3	3	3	3	1	4	4	4	4	5	3	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	0	0	1	2	2
Switzerland	4	5	5	3	4	4	4	3	3	3	2	2	4	2	3	3	3	4	3	6	6	7	6	5	4	4	1	3	4	4	5	5	4	4	6	7	5	5
United Arab Emirates	4	3	2	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
Australia	4	4	5	6	5	5	5	3	2	2	2	3	5	5	5	4	4	3	5	4	6	9	6	5	5	7	6	4	6	4	1	1	1	1	1	1	4	4
Finland	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	3	2	2	2	1	2	1	1	2	3	2	5	2	2	3	2	2	2	3	1	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	1	5	3	1
Spain	3	3	3	3	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	3	2	4	3	2	3	3	6	5	6	7	9	6	7
Czechia	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Austria	2	3	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	2	3	3	5	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	2	8	5	0	0	0	0	0
Thailand	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bulgaria	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0
Turkey	2	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	1	1
Slovenia	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0
Ireland	2	4	4	4	5	5	3	1	14	14	14	14	13	12	7	4	2	1	3	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	3	3	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1
Denmark	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	3	0	0	3	0	1	0	1
Vietnam	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Israel	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	2	2	2	1	3	3	2	0	2	2	1	1	0	0	0	2
Iceland	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Luxembourg	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Argentina	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Portugal	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Morocco	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hungary	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Belgium	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	0	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	2	2	0	1	1	2	2	1	4	1
Hong Kong	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	2	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
South Africa	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	2
New Zealand	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	7	8	5	4	6	1	1	1
Mexico	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	2	1
Croatia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Greece	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Malaysia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	2	3	4	3
Template:Country data Slovak Republic	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cyprus	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
Indonesia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0
Philippines	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0

Fastest supercomputer in TOP500 by country

(As of November 2023)

Country/Territory	Fastest supercomputer of country/territory (name)	Rank in TOP500	Rmax Rpeak (TFlop/s)	Site
United States	El Capitan	1	1,742,000.0 2,746,380.0	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Japan	Fugaku	4	442,010.0 537,210.0	RIKEN
Finland	LUMI	5	379,700.0 531,510.0	Center for Scientific Computing
Italy	Leonardo	6	238,700.0 304,470.0	CINECA
Spain	MareNostrum	8	138,200.0 265,570.0	Barcelona Supercomputing Center
China	Sunway TaihuLight	11	93,010.0 125,440.0	National Supercomputing Center, Wuxi
Netherlands	ISEG	16	46,540.0 86,790.0	Nebius
France	Adastra	17	46,100.0 61,610.0	GENCI-CINES
Germany	JUWELS (booster module)	18	44,120.0 70,980.0	Forschungszentrum Jülich
Saudi Arabia	Shaheen III	20	35,660.0 39,610.0	King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
South Korea	Sejong	22	32,970.0 40,770.0	Naver Corporation
Australia	Setonix	25	27,160.0 35,000.0	Pawsey Supercomputing Centre
Sweden	DeepL Mercury	34	21,850.0 33,850.0	DeepL SE
Russia	Chervonenkis	36	21,530.0 29,420.0	Yandex
Switzerland	Piz Daint	37	21,230.0 27,150.0	Swiss National Supercomputing Centre
United Kingdom	ARCHER2	39	19,540.0 25,800.0	EPSRC/University of Edinburgh
Brazil	Pégaso	45	19,070.0 42,000.0	Petróleo Brasileiro S.A
Taiwan	PRIMEHPC FX1000	69	11,160.0 12,980.0	Central Weather Administration
Luxembourg	MeluXina - Accelerator Module	71	10,520.0 15,290.0	LuxProvide
India	Airawat	90	8,500.0 13,170.0	Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
Thailand	Lanta	94	8,150.0 13,770.0	NECTEC
Canada	Underhill	102	7,760.0 10,920.0	Shared Services Canada
UAE	Artemis	107	7,260.0 9,490.0	Group 42
Czechia	Karolina, GPU partition	113	6,750.0 9,080.0	IT4Innovations National Supercomputing Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava
Poland	Athena	155	5,050.0 7,710.0	AGH University of Science and Technology
Norway	Betzy	161	4,720.0 6,190.0	UNINETT Sigma2 AS
Bulgaria	Discoverer	166	4,520.0 5,940.0	Consortium Petascale Supercomputer Bulgaria
Argentina	Clementina XXI	196	3,880.0 5,990.0	Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
Slovenia	VEGA HPC CPU	198	3,820.0 5,370.0	IZUM
Ireland	AIC1	218	3,550.0 6,970.0	Software Company MIR
Singapore	Aspire 2A	233	3,330.0 6,480.0	National Supercomputing Centre Singapore
Morocco	Toubkal	246	3,160.0 5,010.0	Mohammed VI Polytechnic University - African Supercomputing Centre
Hungary	Komondor	266	3,100.0 4,510.0	Governmental Information Technology Development Agency (KIFÜ)
Austria	VSC-4	319	2,730.0 3,760.0	Vienna Scientific Cluster
Belgium	Lucia	322	2,720.0 5,310.0	Cenaero

Systems ranked Template:Numero

• HPE Cray El Capitan (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , November 2024Template:SndPresent)
• HPE Cray Frontier (Oak Ridge National Laboratory , June 2022Template:SndNovember 2024)
• Supercomputer Fugaku (Riken Center for Computational Science , June 2020Template:SndJune 2022)
• IBM Summit (Oak Ridge National Laboratory , June 2018Template:SndJune 2020)
• NRCPC Sunway TaihuLight (National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi , June 2016Template:SndNovember 2017)
• NUDT Tianhe-2A (National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou , June 2013Template:SndJune 2016)
• Cray Titan (Oak Ridge National Laboratory , November 2012Template:SndJune 2013)
• IBM Sequoia Blue Gene/Q (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , June 2012Template:SndNovember 2012)
• Fujitsu K computer (Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science , June 2011Template:SndJune 2012)
• NUDT Tianhe-1A (National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin , November 2010Template:SndJune 2011)
• Cray Jaguar (Oak Ridge National Laboratory , November 2009Template:SndNovember 2010)
• IBM Roadrunner (Los Alamos National Laboratory , June 2008Template:SndNovember 2009)
• IBM Blue Gene/L (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , November 2004Template:SndJune 2008)
• NEC Earth Simulator (Earth Simulator Center , June 2002Template:SndNovember 2004)
• IBM ASCI White (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , November 2000Template:SndJune 2002)
• Intel ASCI Red (Sandia National Laboratories , June 1997Template:SndNovember 2000)
• Hitachi CP-PACS (University of Tsukuba , November 1996Template:SndJune 1997)
• Hitachi SR2201 (University of Tokyo , June 1996Template:SndNovember 1996)
• Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel (National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan , November 1994Template:SndJune 1996)
• Intel Paragon XP/S140 (Sandia National Laboratories , June 1994Template:SndNovember 1994)
• Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel (National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan , November 1993Template:SndJune 1994)
• TMC CM-5 (Los Alamos National Laboratory , June 1993Template:SndNovember 1993)

Additional statistics

By number of systems since June 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles):

Note: All operating systems of the TOP500 systems are Linux-family based, but Linux above is generic Linux.

Sunway TaihuLight is the system with the most CPU cores (10,649,600). Tianhe-2 has the most GPU/accelerator cores (4,554,752). Aurora is the system with the greatest power consumption with 38,698 kilowatts.

New developments in supercomputing

In November 2014, it was announced that the United States was developing two new supercomputers to exceed China's Tianhe-2 in its place as world's fastest supercomputer. The two computers, Sierra and Summit, will each exceed Tianhe-2's 55 peak petaflops. Summit, the more powerful of the two, will deliver 150–300 peak petaflops. On 10 April 2015, US government agencies banned selling chips, from Nvidia to supercomputing centers in China as "acting contrary to the national security ... interests of the United States"; and Intel Corporation from providing Xeon chips to China due to their use, according to the US, in researching nuclear weaponsTemplate:Sndresearch to which US export control law bans US companies from contributingTemplate:Snd"The Department of Commerce refused, saying it was concerned about nuclear research being done with the machine."

On 29 July 2015, President Obama signed an executive order creating a National Strategic Computing Initiative calling for the accelerated development of an exascale (1000 petaflop) system and funding research into post-semiconductor computing.

In June 2016, Japanese firm Fujitsu announced at the International Supercomputing Conference that its future exascale supercomputer will feature processors of its own design that implement the ARMv8 architecture. The Flagship2020 program, by Fujitsu for RIKEN plans to break the exaflops barrier by 2020 through the Fugaku supercomputer, (and "it looks like China and France have a chance to do so and that the United States is contentTemplate:Sndfor the moment at leastTemplate:Sndto wait until 2023 to break through the exaflops barrier.") These processors will also implement extensions to the ARMv8 architecture equivalent to HPC-ACE2 that Fujitsu is developing with Arm.

In June 2016, Sunway TaihuLight became the No. 1 system with 93 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s) on the Linpack benchmark.

In November 2016, Piz Daint was upgraded, moving it from 8th to 3rd, leaving the US with no systems under the TOP3 for the 2nd time.

Inspur, based out of Jinan, China, is one of the largest HPC system manufacturers. since May 2017Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), Inspur has become the third manufacturer to have manufactured a 64-way systemTemplate:Snda record that has previously been held by IBM and HP. The company has registered over $10B in revenue and has provided a number of systems to countries such as Sudan, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Inspur was also a major technology partner behind both the Tianhe-2 and Taihu supercomputers, occupying the top 2 positions of the TOP500 list up until November 2017. Inspur and Supermicro released a few platforms aimed at HPC using GPU such as SR-AI and AGX-2 in May 2017.

In June 2018, Summit, an IBM-built system at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, US, took the No. 1 spot with a performance of 122.3 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s), and Sierra, a very similar system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, US took #3. These systems also took the first two spots on the HPCG benchmark. Due to Summit and Sierra, the US took back the lead as consumer of HPC performance with 38.2% of the overall installed performance while China was second with 29.1% of the overall installed performance. For the first time ever, the leading HPC manufacturer was not a US company. Lenovo took the lead with 23.8% of systems installed. It is followed by HPE with 15.8%, Inspur with 13.6%, Cray with 11.2%, and Sugon with 11%.

On 18 March 2019, the United States Department of Energy and Intel announced the first exaFLOP supercomputer would be operational at Argonne National Laboratory by the end of 2021. The computer, named Aurora, was delivered to Argonne by Intel and Cray.

On 7 May 2019, The U.S. Department of Energy announced a contract with Cray to build the "Frontier" supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Frontier is anticipated to be operational in 2021 and, with a performance of greater than 1.5 exaflops, should then be the world's most powerful computer.

Since June 2019, all TOP500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops.

In May 2022, the Frontier supercomputer broke the exascale barrier, completing more than a quintillion 64-bit floating point arithmetic calculations per second. Frontier clocked in at approximately 1.1 exaflops, beating out the previous record-holder, Fugaku.

Large machines not on the list

Some major systems are not on the list. A prominent example is the NCSA's Blue Waters which publicly announced the decision not to participate in the list because they do not feel it accurately indicates the ability of any system to do useful work. Other organizations decide not to list systems for security and/or commercial competitiveness reasons. One such example is the National Supercomputing Center at Qingdao's OceanLight supercomputer, completed in March 2021, which was submitted for, and won, the Gordon Bell Prize. The computer is an exaflop computer, but was not submitted to the TOP500 list; the first exaflop machine submitted to the TOP500 list was Frontier. Analysts suspected that the reason the NSCQ did not submit what would otherwise have been the world's first exascale supercomputer was to avoid inflaming political sentiments and fears within the United States, in the context of the United States – China trade war. Additional purpose-built machines that are not capable or do not run the benchmark were not included, such as RIKEN MDGRAPE-3 and MDGRAPE-4.

A Google Tensor Processing Unit v4 pod is capable of 1.1 exaflops of peak performance, while TPU v5p claims over 4 exaflops in Bfloat16 floating-point format, however these units are highly specialized to run machine learning workloads and the TOP500 measures a specific benchmark algorithm using a specific numeric precision.

Tesla Dojo's primary unnamed cluster using 5,760 Nvidia A100 graphics processing units (GPUs) was touted by Andrej Karpathy in 2021 at the fourth International Joint Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CCVPR 2021) to be "roughly the number five supercomputer in the world" at approximately 81.6 petaflops, based on scaling the performance of the Nvidia Selene supercomputer, which uses similar components.

In March 2024, Meta AI disclosed the operation of two datacenters with 24,576 H100 GPUs, which is almost 2x as on the Microsoft Azure Eagle (#3 as of September 2024), which could have made them occupy 3rd and 4th places in TOP500, but neither have been benchmarked. During company's Q3 2024 earnings call in October, M. Zuckerberg disclosed usage of a cluster with over 100,000 H100s.

xAI Memphis Supercluster (also known as "Colossus") allegedly features 100,000 of the same H100 GPUs, which could have put it in the first place, but it is reportedly not in full operation due to power shortages.

Computers and architectures that have dropped off the list

IBM Roadrunner is no longer on the list (nor is any other using the Cell coprocessor, or PowerXCell).

Although Itanium-based systems reached second rank in 2004, none now remain.

Similarly (non-SIMD-style) vector processors (NEC-based such as the Earth simulator that was fastest in 2002) have also fallen off the list. Also the Sun Starfire computers that occupied many spots in the past now no longer appear.

The last non-Linux computers on the listTemplate:Snd the two AIX onesTemplate:Snd running on POWER7 (in July 2017 ranked 494th and 495th, originally 86th and 85th), dropped off the list in November 2017.

Notes

• The first edition of TOP500 to feature only 64-bit supercomputers was the 59th edition of TOP500, which was published in June 2022.
• As of June 2022, TOP500 features only 64-bit supercomputers.
• The world’s most powerful supercomputers are from the United States and Japan.

See also

• Computer science
• Computing
• Graph500
• Green500
• HPC Challenge Benchmark
• Instructions per second
• LINPACK benchmarks
• List of fastest computers

External links

• LINPACK benchmarks at TOP500