TI-83 series

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The TI-83 series is a line of graphing calculators produced by Texas Instruments.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Released in 1996, the series remained popular and widely used in schools until the introduction of the TI-84 Plus in 2004.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In addition to the functions present on normal scientific calculators,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". the TI-83 includes many features, including function graphing, polar/parametric/sequence graphing modes, statistics, trigonometric, and algebraic functions, along with many useful applications.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Although it does not include as many calculus functions, applications and programs can be written on the calculator or loaded from external sources.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The TI-83 was redesigned twice, first in 1999 and again in 2001.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". TI replaced the TI-83 with the TI-83 Plus in 1999.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The 2001 redesign introduced a design very similar to the TI-73 and TI-83 Plus, eliminating the sloped screen that had been common on TI graphing calculators since the TI-81. Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Beginning with the 1999 release of the TI-83 Plus, it has included Flash memory, enabling the device's operating system to be updated if needed, or for large new Flash Applications to be stored, accessible through a new Apps key. Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Flash memory can also be used to store user programs and data.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In 2001, the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition was released, which featured approximately nine times the available flash memory, and over twice the processing speed (15 MHz) of a standard TI-83 Plus, all in a translucent grey case inlaid with small "sparkles".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The 2001 redesign (nicknamed the TI-83 "Parcus"[1]) introduced a slightly different shape to the calculator itself, eliminated the glossy grey screen border, and reduced cost by streamlining the printed circuit board to four units.

Editions

TI-83

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The original TI-83 calculator was released in 1996, succeeding the TI-82.[2]

TI-83 Plus

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The TI-83 Plus was designed in 1999 as an upgrade to the TI-83.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The TI-83 Plus is one of TI's most popular calculators.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". It uses a Zilog Z80 microprocessor[3] running at 6 MHz, a 96×64 monochrome LCD screen, and 4 AAA batteries, as well as a backup CR1616 or CR1620 battery. A link port is also built into the calculator in the form of a 2.5 mm jack.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The main improvement over the TI-83, however, is the addition of 512 KB of Flash ROM, which allows for operating system upgrades and applications to be installed.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Most of the Flash memory is used by the operating system, with 160 KB available for user files and applications.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Another development is the ability to install Flash Applications, which allows the user to add functionality to the calculator.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Such applications have been made for math and science, text editing (both uppercase and lowercase letters), organizers and day planners, editing spreadsheets, games, and many other uses.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Designed for use by high school and college students,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". though now used by middle school students in some public school systems,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". it contains all the features of a scientific calculator as well as function, parametric, polar, and sequential graphing capabilities; an environment for financial calculations;Script error: No such module "Unsubst". matrix operations; on-calculator programming; and more.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Symbolic manipulation (differentiation, algebra) is not built into the TI-83 Plus.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". It can be programmed using a language called TI-BASIC, which is similar to the BASIC computer language.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Programming may also be done in TI Assembly, made up of Z80 assembly and a collection of TI-provided system calls.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Assembly programs run much faster, but are more difficult to write.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Thus, the writing of Assembly programs is often done on a computer.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

TI-83 Plus Silver Edition

File:Ti83-plus-silver.jpg
TI-83 Plus Silver Edition

The TI-83 Plus Silver Edition was released in 2001. Its enhancements are 1.5 MB of flash memory, a dual-speed 6/15 MHz processor, 96 KB of additional RAM (which can't be utilized,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". as the OS was never updated to recognize the extra space), an improved link transfer hardware, a translucent silver case, and more applications preinstalled.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". This substantial Flash memory increase is significant.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Whereas the TI-83+ can only hold a maximum of 10 apps (or more often fewer, dependent on size), the Silver Edition can hold up to 94 apps.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". It also includes a USB link cable in the box. It is almost completely compatible with the TI-83 Plus;Script error: No such module "Unsubst". the only problems that may arise are with programs (e.g., games) that may run too quickly on the Silver Edition or with some programs that have problems with the link hardwareScript error: No such module "Unsubst".. The key layout is the same.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

A second version of the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition exists, the ViewScreen (VSC) version.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". It is virtually identical, but has an additional port at the screen end of the rear of the unit, enabling displays on overhead projectors via a cable and panel.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". It looks similar to the standard TI-83 Plus, but has a silver-colored frame, identical to the standard Silver Edition, around the screen.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The TI-83 Plus Silver Edition is listed on the Texas Instruments website as "discontinued." Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In April 2004, the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition was replaced by the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". They feature the same processor and the same amount of Flash memory, but the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition features a built-in USB port, clock, and changeable faceplates.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Technical specifications

  • CPU: Zilog Z80 CPU, 6 MHz (TI-83, 83+), or 15 MHz (Silver Edition), or Inventec 6SI837 (TI-83+ revision A)[4]Template:Better source needed
  • ROM
    • 24 kB ROM (TI-83)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
    • Flash ROM: 512 KB with 163 KB available for user data and programs (83+) or 2 MB (Silver Edition)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • RAM: 32 KB RAM with 24 KB available for user data and programs Script error: No such module "Unsubst".(128 KB on Silver Edition, however, the extra 96 KB is not user accessible by default,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". this extra memory is used in some Applications such as Omnicalc for a RAM recovery feature and a virtual calc)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • Display
    • Text: 16×8 characters (normal font)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
    • Graphics: 96×64 pixels, monochrome 3" LCDScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • I/O
    • Link port, 9.6 kbit/sScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
    • 50-button built-in keypadScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • Power: 4 AAA batteries plus 1 CR1616 or CR1620 for backupScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • Integrated programming languages: TI-BASIC,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Assembly language,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". and machine codeScript error: No such module "Unsubst".. C requires a computer with a Z80 cross-compilerScript error: No such module "Unsubst". or an on-calc assembler.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Programming

The TI-83 Plus series is very similar in the languages natively supported by the calculator.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". These include "TI-BASIC",Script error: No such module "Unsubst". an interpreted language used by all of TI's calculators, and "TI-ASM", an unofficial name for the native Z80 assembly language on which the calculator is based.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

TI-BASIC

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TI-BASIC is the built-in language for TI-83 series calculators, as well as many other TI graphing calculators. Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Due to its simplicity and the ubiquity of TI calculators in school curricula, for many students, it is their first experience with programmingScript error: No such module "Unsubst".. Below is an example of a "Hello, World!" program equivalent to the assembly language example.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 

:ClrHome
:Disp "Hello World!"

Assembly language

The TI-83 was the first calculator in the TI series to have built-in assembly language support.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The TI-92, TI-85, and TI-82 were capable of running assembly language programs, but only after sending a specially constructed (hacked) memory backup.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The support on the TI-83 could be accessed through a hidden feature of the calculator. Users would write their assembly (ASM) program on their computer, assemble it, and send it to their calculator as a program.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The user would then execute the command "Send (9prgm" (then the name/number of the program),Script error: No such module "Unsubst". and it would execute the program. Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Successors of the TI-83 replaced the Send() backdoor with a less-hidden Asm() command.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Z80 assembly language gives a programmer much more power over the calculator than the built-in language, TI-BASIC.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". On the downside, Z80 assembly is more difficult to learn than TI-BASIC. Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Z80 assembly language can be programmed on the computer and sent to the calculator via USB port, written by hand directly into the program editor (using the hexadecimal equivalents to the opcodes), or compiled using third-party compiler programsScript error: No such module "Unsubst".. Programs written in assembly are much faster and more efficientScript error: No such module "Unsubst". than those using TI-BASIC, as it is the processor's native languageScript error: No such module "Unsubst". and does not have to be interpreted.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Firmware replacement

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TI continued to rely on 512-bit RSA cryptographic signing keys for many years after it was knownScript error: No such module "Unsubst". that longer keys were necessary for security.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 512-bit keys had been publicly cracked in 1999 as part of the RSA Factoring Challenge.[5]

In 2009, a group of hobbyists brute-forced and subsequently distributed methods to find all of the cryptographic signing keys for the TI calculator firmware, allowing users to directly flash their own operating systems to the devices.[6] The key for the TI-83 Plus calculator was first published by a member of the unitedti.org forum; it took several months to crack. The other keys were found after a few weeks by the unitedti.org community through a distributed computing project.[7] Texas Instruments then began sending out DMCA takedown requests to a variety of different websites mirroring the keys, including unitedTI and reddit.com.[8] They then became subject to the Streisand effect and were mirrored on a number of different sites.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Successor

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The TI-84 Plus series was introduced in April 2004 as a further update to the TI-83 Plus line.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The main improvements of the TI-84 Plus and TI-84 Plus Silver Edition are a modernized case design, changeable faceplates (Silver Edition only), a few new functions, more speed and memory, a clock, and USB port connectivity.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The TI-84 Plus also has a brighter screen with a clearer contrast, though this caused a bug with the LCD driver in some calculators sold.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The TI-84 Plus has 3 times the memory of the TI-83 Plus, and the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition has 9 times the memory of the TI-83 Plus.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". They both have 2.5 times the speed of the TI-83 Plus.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The operating system and math functionality remain essentially the same,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". as does the standard link port for connecting with the rest of the TI calculator series.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

While mobile devices and the internet have superseded any calculator's capabilities, standardized testing precludes the use of those devices.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Furthermore, textbooks have been tailored for the TI-83, effectively giving the calculator a "monopoly in the field of high school mathematics."[9]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Herman te Riele (1999-08-26), New factorization record Template:Webarchive (announcement of factorization of RSA-155). Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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