Foreign relations of Sweden

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Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy datesTemplate:Sidebar with collapsible lists The foreign policy of Sweden was formerly based on the premise that national security is best served by staying free of alliances in peacetime in order to remain a neutral country in the event of war, with this policy lasting from 1814 in the context of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars until the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine. In 2002, Sweden revised its security doctrine. The security doctrine at that point still stated that "Sweden pursues a policy of non-participation in military alliances," but permitted cooperation in response to threats against peace and security. The government also seeks to maintain Sweden's high standard of living. These two objectives required heavy expenditures for social welfare, defence spending at rates considered low by Western European standards (around 1.2% of GNP prior to 2022),[1] and close attention to foreign trade opportunities and world economic cooperation. In 2024, Sweden formally became part of a military alliance for the first time since the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition by joining NATO.

Foreign policy

The foreign policy of Sweden encompasses a range of themes over the centuries. Some of the main issues include:[2][3][4][5]

  • Sweden has historically pursued a policy of neutrality, aiming to avoid involvement in conflicts between major powers. This neutrality allowed Sweden to navigate the tumultuous European political landscape and maintain its sovereignty. It dropped the neutrality policy in 2022–2024 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and joined NATO on 7 March 2024.
  • Sweden has sought to maintain a balance of power in Northern Europe, acting as a counterweight to dominant regional powers. This approach aimed to prevent any single power from gaining excessive influence and threatening Swedish interests.
  • Sweden's historical dominance in the Baltic Sea region played a crucial role in shaping its diplomatic history. Through territorial expansion, Sweden established control over strategic territories, such as present-day Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and parts of Russia, impacting its relations with neighboring states.
  • During the 17th and 18th centuries, Sweden emerged as a major European power, participating in conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War and the Great Northern War. Its diplomatic efforts were often influenced by power struggles with other European great powers, such as Russia and Poland.
  • Sweden has actively engaged in peace mediation efforts, seeking to resolve conflicts and broker peace agreements. Notable examples include the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, and various mediation efforts during the 20th century.
  • Sweden has a longstanding tradition of promoting international cooperation, human rights, and humanitarian initiatives. It has been involved in the establishment of international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, and has championed causes such as humanitarian aid and disarmament.
  • Sweden has pursued close ties and cooperation with its neighboring Nordic countries, particularly Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway. This commitment to Scandinavian unity has been reflected in diplomatic initiatives, trade agreements, and cultural exchanges.
  • Sweden's relationship with the European Union (EU) has been a significant theme in its recent diplomatic history. While Sweden joined the EU in 1995, it has maintained a somewhat reserved approach, often balancing its national interests with EU membership.
  • Sweden has been an advocate for global development and has provided substantial aid to developing countries. It has sought to address global inequalities and promote sustainable development through its aid programs, often challenging neocolonial practices.
  • In the 21st century, Sweden has gained attention for its feminist foreign policy approach, which aims to integrate gender equality into its diplomatic efforts. Sweden has been a leading advocate for women's rights globally, emphasizing the inclusion and empowerment of women in peacebuilding, conflict resolution, and development processes.

United Nations

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Sweden has been a member of the United Nations since November 19, 1946, and participates actively in the activities of the organization, including as an elected member of the Security Council (1957–1958, 1975–1976, 1997–1998 and 2017–2018), providing Dag Hammarskjöld as the second elected Secretary-General of the UN, etc. The strong interest of the Swedish Government and people in international cooperation and peacemaking has been supplemented in the early 1980s by renewed attention to Nordic and European security questions.

Sweden decided not to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[6]

European Union

File:EU15-1995 European Union map enlargement.svg
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  EU members in 1995
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Sweden, Austria and Finland

After the then Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson had submitted Sweden's application in July 1991 the negotiations began in February 1993. Finally, on January 1, 1995, Sweden became a member of the European Union. While some argued that it went against Sweden's historic policy of neutrality, where Sweden had not joined during the Cold War because it was seen as incompatible with neutrality, others viewed the move as a natural extension of the economic cooperation that had been going on since 1972 with the EU.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Sweden addressed this controversy by reserving the right not to participate in any future EU defence alliance. In membership negotiations in 1993–1994, Sweden also had reserved the right to make the final decision on whether to join the third stage of the EMU "in light of continued developments." In a nationwide referendum in November 1994, 52.3 percent of participants voted in favour of EU membership. Voter turnout was high, 83.3 percent of the eligible voters voted. The main Swedish concerns included winning popular support for EU cooperation, EU enlargement, and strengthening the EU in areas such as economic growth, job promotion, and environmental issues.

In polls taken a few years after the referendum, many Swedes indicated that they were unhappy with Sweden's membership in the EU. However, after Sweden successfully hosted its first presidency of the EU in the first half of 2001, most Swedes today have a more positive attitude towards the EU. The government, with the support of the Center Party, decided in spring 1997 to remain outside of the EMU, at least until 2002. A referendum was held on September 14, 2003. The results were 55.9% for no, 42.0% yes and 2.1% giving no answer ("blank vote").

Nordic Council

Swedish foreign policy has been the result of a wide consensus. Sweden cooperates closely with its Nordic neighbors, formally in economic and social matters through the Nordic Council of Ministers and informally in political matters through direct consultation.

Nonalignment

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File:Swedish PM Stefan Löfven meeting Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei 01.jpg
Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven with Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, February 11, 2017

Swedish neutrality and nonalignment policy in peacetime may partly explain how the country could stay out of wars since 1814. Swedish governments have not defined nonalignment as precluding outspoken positions in international affairs. Government leaders have favored national liberation movements that enjoy broad support among developing world countries, with notable attention to Africa. During the Cold War, Sweden was suspicious of the superpowers, which it saw as making decisions affecting small countries without always consulting those countries. With the end of the Cold War, that suspicion has lessened somewhat, although Sweden still chooses to remain nonaligned. Sweden has devoted particular attention to issues of disarmament, arms control, and nuclear nonproliferation and has contributed importantly to UN and other international peacekeeping efforts, including the NATO-led peacekeeping forces in the Balkans. It sat as an observer in the Western European Union from 1995 to 2011, but it is not an active member of NATO's Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Sweden's engagement with NATO was especially strengthened during the term of Anders Fogh Rasmussen.[7]

Sweden's nonalignment policy has led it to serve as the protecting power for a number of nations who don't have formal diplomatic relations with each other for various reasons. It currently represents the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations in North Korea for consular matters. On several occasions when the United Kingdom broke off relations with Iran (including the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the Salman Rushdie affair, and the 2011 storming of the British embassy in Tehran), Sweden served as the protecting power for the UK.

In May 2022, Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance. The public opinion in the Nordic region had changed in favour of joining NATO since Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24 of the same year.[8]

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in March 2022 that her government would have to respond if Sweden became a NATO member.[9] However, in June 2022 President Vladimir Putin contradicted the statement, claiming that Sweden and Finland can "join whatever they want" on the condition that there will be no NATO military deployment in either country.[10]

In March 2024, Sweden officially ended this period of nonalignment when it joined NATO.[11]

Military

Sweden has employed its military on numerous occasions since the end of the Cold War, from Bosnia and Congo to Afghanistan and Libya. According to one study, "this military activism is driven both by the Swedish internationalist tradition of "doing good" in the world, but also for instrumental purposes. These include a desire for political influence in international institutions, an interest in collective milieu shaping, and a concern to improve the interoperability and effectiveness of the Swedish military."[12]

Participation in international organizations

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Multilateral

Organization Formal relations began Notes
File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union See 1995 enlargement of the European Union

Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995.

Template:Country data NATO See Sweden–NATO relations

Sweden joined NATO as a full member on 7 March 2024.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Sweden maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Sweden.svg
# Country Date
1 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Template:Dts[13]
2 File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Dts[14]
3 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:Dts[15]
4 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Template:Dts[16][17]
5 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Template:Dts[18]
6 File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Dts[19]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
7 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts[20]
8 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Dts[21]
9 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Template:Dts[22]
10 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Template:Dts[23]
11 File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Template:Dts[24]
12 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:Dts[25]
13 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Template:DTS[26]
14 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:Dts[27]
15 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Template:Dts[28]
16 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Template:Dts[29]
17 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Template:Dts[30]
18 File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Template:Dts[31]
19 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Template:Dts[32]
20 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Template:Dts[33]
21 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Template:Dts[34]
22 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:Dts[35]
23 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Template:Dts[36]
24 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Template:Dts[37]
25 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Template:Dts[38]
26 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Template:Dts[39]
27 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Template:Dts[40]
28 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Template:Dts[41]
29 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Template:Dts[42]
30 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Template:Dts[43]
31 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Template:Dts[44]
32 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Template:Dts[45]
33 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts[46]
34 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Template:Dts[47]
35 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Template:Dts[48]
36 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Template:Dts[49]
37 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Template:Dts[50]
38 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Template:Dts[51]
39 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Template:Dts[52]
40 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:Dts[53]
41 File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Template:Dts[54][55]
42 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Template:Dts[56]
43 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Template:Dts[57][58]
44 File:Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Template:Dts[59]
45 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:Dts[59]
46 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Template:Dts[60]
47 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Template:Dts[61]
48 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Template:Dts[62]
49 File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Template:Dts[63]
50 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Template:Dts[64]
51 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Template:Dts[65]
52 File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Template:Dts[66]
53 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Template:Dts[67]
54 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Template:Dts[68]
55 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Template:Dts[69]
56 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Template:Dts[70]
57 File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Template:Dts[71]
58 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Template:Dts[72]
59 File:Flag of India.svg India Template:Dts[73]
60 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Template:Dts[74]
61 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Template:Dts[75]
62 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Template:Dts[76]
63 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Template:Dts[77][78]
64 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Template:Dts[79]
65 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Template:Dts[80]
66 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Template:Dts[81]
67 File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[82]
68 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[83]
69 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Template:Dts[84]
70 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Template:Dts[85]
71 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Template:Dts[86]
72 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Template:Dts[87]
73 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:Dts[88]
74 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Template:Dts[89]
75 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Template:Dts[90]
76 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Template:Dts[91]
77 File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Template:Dts[92]
78 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Template:Dts[93]
79 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Template:Dts[94]
80 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[95]
81 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Template:Dts[96]
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83 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Template:Dts[98]
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86 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Template:Dts[101]
87 File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[102]
88 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[103]
89 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:Dts[96]
90 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Template:Dts[104]
91 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Template:Dts[105]
92 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Template:Dts[106]
93 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Template:Dts[107]
94 File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Template:Dts[108]
95 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Template:Dts[109]
96 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Template:Dts[110]
97 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Template:Dts[111]
98 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Template:Dts[112]
99 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Template:Dts[113]
100 File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Template:Dts[114]
101 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Template:Dts[115]
102 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Template:Dts[116]
103 File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Template:Dts[117]
104 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Template:Dts[118][119]
105 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts[120]
106 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Template:Dts[121]
107 File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Template:Dts[122]
108 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts[123]
109 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Template:Dts[124]
110 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Template:Dts[125]
111 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Template:Dts[126][127]
112 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Template:Dts[128]
113 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Template:Dts[129]
114 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Template:Dts[130]
115 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[131]
116 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Template:Dts[132][133]
117 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Template:Dts[134]
118 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Template:Dts[135]
119 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[136]
120 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Template:Dts[137]
121 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Template:Dts[138]
122 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Template:Dts[139]
123 File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini Template:Dts[140]
124 File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga Template:Dts[141]
125 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Template:Dts[142]
126 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Template:Dts[143]
127 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Template:Dts[144]
128 File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Template:Dts[145]
129 File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau Template:Dts[146]
130 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Template:Dts[147]
131 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Template:Dts[148]
132 File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Template:Dts[149]
133 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Template:Dts[150]
134 File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea Template:Dts[151]
135 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Template:Dts[152]
136 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Template:Dts[153]
137 File:Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa Template:Dts[154]
138 File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Template:Dts[155]
139 File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Template:Dts[156]
140 File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Template:Dts[157]
141 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Template:Dts[158]
142 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Template:Dts[159]
143 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Template:Dts[160]
144 File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Template:Dts[161]
145 File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Template:Dts[162]
146 File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Template:Dts[163]
147 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Template:Dts[164]
148 File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu Template:Dts[165]
149 File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Template:Dts[166]
150 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[167]
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Template:Dts[168]
151 File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Template:Dts[169]
152 File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Template:Dts[170]
153 File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Template:Dts[171]
154 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Template:Dts[172]
155 File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Template:Dts[173]
156 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Template:Dts[174]
157 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Template:Dts[175]
158 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts[176]
159 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Template:Dts[177]
160 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Template:Dts[178]
161 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Template:Dts[179]
162 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Template:Dts[180]
163 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Template:Dts[181]
164 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Template:Dts[182]
165 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Template:Dts[183]
166 File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Template:Dts[184]
167 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Template:Dts[185]
168 File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Dts[186]
169 File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Dts[187]
170 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Template:Dts[188]
171 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Template:Dts[189]
172 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Template:Dts[190]
173 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Template:Dts[191]
174 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Template:Dts[192]
175 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:Dts[193]
176 File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Federated States of Micronesia Template:Dts[194]
177 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[195]
178 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Template:Dts[196]
179 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts[197]
180 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Template:Dts[198]
181 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Template:Dts[199]
182 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[200]
183 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Template:Dts[201]
184 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Template:Dts[202]
185 File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau Template:Dts[203]
186 File:Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste Template:Dts[204]
187 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Template:Dts[205]
— File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo Template:Dts[206]
188 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Template:Dts[207]
189 File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan Template:Dts[208]
190 File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Template:Dts[209]
191 File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati Template:Dts[210]
192 File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru Template:Dts[211]
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[212]

Africa

Region Formal relations began Notes
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 25 November 1922 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1922 when Harald Bildt took up the post of first Swedish Minister to Egypt.[47]
  • Egypt has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Cairo.
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975.[148]
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Maputo.
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 3 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1961.[98]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Abuja.
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa See South Africa-Sweden relations
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 27 October 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1957 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Sudan (Resident in Addis Ababa) Dr. Bjorn Axel Eyvind Bratt.[84]
  • Sudan has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Khartoum.
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 29 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1964 when Otto Gustaf Rathsman presented his credentials as Sweden's Ambassador to the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar to President Nyerere.[108]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Stockholm.
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia See Sweden–Tunisia relations
  • Sweden has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Stockholm.
File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 30 April 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980 when first Ambassador of Mozambique to Zimbabwe presented his credentials.[213]

Americas

Region Formal relations began Notes
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina See Argentina–Sweden relations
File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize 17 November 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1982.[214]
  • Belize has an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala City and maintains an honorary consulate in Belmopan.
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia 2 February 1932 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1932.[54][55]
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil See Brazil–Sweden relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Brasília.
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada See Canada–Sweden relations

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Relations with Canada are close, positive and constructive. Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.[215] In addition, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.[216]

File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 1827 See Chile–Sweden relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Stockholm and a consulate in Gothenburg.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Santiago.
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 11 December 1874 See Colombia–Sweden relations
  • Colombia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Sweden is the 6th largest trade partner of Colombia in the European Union.
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 16 June 1975

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1975.[217]

  • Guyana has an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an ambassador accredited to Guyana based in Stockholm.
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 1850[218] See Mexico–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 11 February 1938 See Peru–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[219]

  • Peru has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[220]
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 29 April 1818 See Sweden–United States relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1818.[221] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Sweden and the United States have had strong ties since the 18th century.

Asia

Country Formal relations began Notes
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 10 July 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1992.[222]
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 8 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1992.[225]
  • The embassy of Sweden in Baku opened in 2014.
  • Azerbaijani opened an embassy in Stockholm.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • Currently, approximately 10 thousand Azerbaijanis live in Sweden, and in addition about 30 thousand Azerbaijanis from Iran.[226]
  • In 2006, a diaspora organization called «Odlar yurdu» was established in Sweden.[226]
  • In 2010, the Congress of Swedish Azerbaijanis was established.[227]
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China See China–Sweden relations.
  • China has an embassy in Stockholm and a consulate-general in Gothenburg.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Sweden, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.[228][229]

Template:Country data Georgia 19 September 1992 See Georgia–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1992.[230]

File:Flag of India.svg India See India–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia See Indonesia–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 5 September 1897 See Iran–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1897 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Persia to Sweden with residence in St. Peterbourg Mirza Reza Khan Ar Faed-Doouleh.[34]

File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq See Iraq–Sweden relations.

The Swedish Embassy in Iraq is permanently closed after attacks by protesters over Quran Burning on the Swedish Embassy in Baghdad. Iraq severed ties with Sweden since July 2023, after Swedish authorities allowed a man to burn the Iraqi flag and the Quran in front of the Iraqi Embassy, Stockholm.[231][232][233]

File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel See Israel–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949. Israel has an embassy in Stockholm.[234] Sweden has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[235]

File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan 1868 See Japan–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1868 by signing the Swedish-Japanese Treaty in 1868.[236]

File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 7 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1992.[188]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Astana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Stockholm.
File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait 22 December 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1964 when Sweden opened its embassy in Kuwait.[112]
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia See Malaysia–Sweden relations.

Diplomatic relations were established in 1958.[87] Sweden has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Stockholm. As of 2009, 90 Swedish companies are present in Malaysia and about 450 Swedish citizens live in Malaysia.

File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea April 7, 1973[237] See North Korea–Sweden relations.
Template:Country data Palestine October 30, 2014 See Palestine–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia See Saudi Arabia–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1957.[238]

File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 11 March 1959 See South Korea–Sweden relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Sweden began on March 11, 1959.[90]

File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria 24 June 1947 See Sweden–Syria relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Syria with residence in Cairo, Widar Bagge.[71]

File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey See Sweden–Turkey relations.

Europe

Region Formal relations began Notes
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania 20 June 1969 See Albania–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1969.[128]

File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Vienna.
  • There are 7,000 Austrians living in Sweden.
  • There are 2,000 Swedes living in Austria.
  • Both countries became members of the European Union on 1 January 1995.
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 14 January 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 1992.[181]

There are 3,000 Belarusian living in Sweden and above 1,000 Swedes living in Belarus.

File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 23 February 1837 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.[24]

There is an ethnic group of Walloons living in Sweden making up the 8,000 Belgians living in Sweden and 5,000 Swedes living in Belgium.

  • Belgium has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an ambassador accredited to Belgium based in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 December 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1992.[241]
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria July 6, 1914 There are approximately 3,000 Swedes living in Bulgaria and
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 29 January 1992 See Croatia–Sweden relations.
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992.[182]
  • Croatia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Croatia joined on 1 July 2013.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus See Cyprus–Sweden relations.
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Cyprus joined on 1 May 2004.
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 1 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[242]
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark See Denmark–Sweden relations.

Today, both countries are separated by the Øresund, which links the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of the Council of Europe, and of the European Union. There are around 21,000 Swedes living in Denmark and there are around 42,000 Danes living in Sweden.

File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 28 August 1991 See Estonia–Sweden relations.

Estonia was under Swedish rule between 1561 and 1721

Sweden recognized Estonia on 4 February 1921.[243]

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Estonia on 28 August 1991.[176]

File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland See Finland–Sweden relations.

Finnish–Swedish relations have a long history (Sweden and Finland were the same country for several hundred years), due to the close relationship between Finland and Sweden. Particularly in Finland, the issue emerges in frequent exposés of Finnish history, and in motives for governmental proposals and actions as reported in Finnish news broadcasts in English or other foreign languages. In Sweden, this relationship is a recurrent important theme of 20th-century history, although maybe by most Swedes considered to be an issue of purely historical relevance now that both countries have been members of the European Union since 1995.

  • Finland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Helsinki and a consulate-general in Mariehamn.
  • Both countries became members of the European Union on 1 January 1995.
  • Both countries applied for NATO membership on 18 May 2022. Finland became a member on 4 April 2023, while Sweden became a member on 7 March 2024.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of France.svg France See France–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany See Germany–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 24 January 1833 See Greece–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1833 when Carl Peter von Heidenstam (until then Consul General) was appointed as Chargé d'Affaires of the Kingdom of Sweden and Norway in Greece.[23]

File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary See Hungary–Sweden relations.

Diplomacy relations between the two countries started on December 28, 1945.

  • Hungary has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Hungary joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland See Iceland–Sweden relations.
  • Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík.
  • Both countries are members of NATO.
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 18 July 1946 See Ireland–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1946.[244] Ireland has an embassy in Stockholm.

File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy 23 December 1859 See Italy–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1859 when the first interim Chargé d'Affaires, Giov. Antonio Migliorati, was appointed.[27]

File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo See Kosovo–Sweden relations.

Sweden recognized Kosovo on March 4, 2008.[245] Liaison Office of Sweden in Pristina, subordinated to the embassy in Skopje, North Macedonia.[246] On March 8, 2008, the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt became the first foreign minister to officially visit Kosovo since it declared its independence.[247] Sweden currently has 243 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO led Kosovo Force.[248]

  • Kosovo has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Pristina.
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 28 August 1991 See Latvia–Sweden relations.

Sweden recognized Latvia on 4 February 1921.[243]

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Latvia on 28 August 1991.[177]

  • Latvia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Riga.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Latvia joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 28 August 1991 See Lithuania–Sweden relations.

Sweden recognized Lithuania on 28 September 1921.[249]

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Lithuania on 28 August 1991.[178]

  • Lithuania has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Vilnius.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Lithuania joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 12 June 1992 See Moldova–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1992.[192]

Sweden is one of Moldova's top donors. From 1996, Sweden provided Moldova with technical assistance worth 30 million dollars, which significantly helped strengthen sectors such as: protection of human rights, democracy, good governance, public health, education, agriculture, energy, infrastructure, transport and the private sector. Much of the aid is delivered through the Swedish International Development Agency.[250][251] In 2007, the Swedish Government established the 2007–2010 strategy of cooperation with Moldova, which sees 11 million euros in financial assistance annually for three important sectors: good governance, strengthening of com petitiveness in the rural area and reduction of vulnerability in the energy sector.[250]

File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg The Netherlands See Netherlands–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway See Norway–Sweden relations.
  • Norway has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Both countries are members of NATO.
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland See Poland–Sweden relations.
  • Poland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Poland joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal See Portugal–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 1 November 1916
  • Romania has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Romania joined on 1 January 2007.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia See Russia–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia See Serbia–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia
  • Slovenia is accredited to Sweden from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Sweden is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain See Spain–Sweden relations.
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are members of the Council of Europe.
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 13 January 1992 See Sweden–Ukraine relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1992.[180]

A Ukrainian information bureau was opened 1916 in Stockholm by Volodymyr Stepankivskyi and M. Zaliznyak. In 1918 an official diplomatic mission from the Ukrainian People's Republic headed by K. Lossky was opened in Stockholm.[252] Diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Sweden were established on January 13, 1992.

File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 23 December 1653 See Sweden–United Kingdom relations.

Sweden established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 23 December 1653.[19]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, the Joint Expeditionary Force, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[255] a Mutual Defence Agreement,[256] and a Strategic Partnership.[257]

Oceania

Country Formal relations began Notes
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia See Australia–Sweden relations.
  • Australia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Canberra and eight honorary consulates: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.
File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 3 April 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1979.[258]
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand See New Zealand–Sweden relations.

See also

References

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  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  215. ↑ Canada-Sweden Relations Template:Webarchive
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  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  239. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  240. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  241. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  242. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  243. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  244. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  245. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  246. ↑ Liaison Office of Sweden in Pristina, Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
  247. ↑ Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt to visit Kosovo and Macedonia, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, March 6, 2008.
  248. ↑ "Kosovo Force (KFOR)" nato.int Link accessed 21-07-09.
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  250. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  252. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  253. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  254. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  257. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

  • Elgström, Ole, and Magnus Jerneck. "Activism and adaptation: Swedish security strategies, 1814–85." Diplomacy and Statecraft 8.3 (1997): 210–236.
  • Grimberg, Carl. A History of Sweden (1935) online free
  • Horn, David Bayne. Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967) covers 1603–1702; pp 236–69.
  • Lindström, Peter, and Svante Norrhem. Flattering Alliances: Scandinavia, Diplomacy and the Austrian-French Balance of Power, 1648–1740 (Nordic Academic Press, 2013).
  • Makko, Aryo. Ambassadors of Realpolitik: Sweden, the CSCE and the Cold War (2016) excerpt
  • Nordstrom, Byron J. The History of Sweden (2002) excerpt and text search; also full text online free to borrow
  • Salmon, Patrick. Scandinavia and the great powers 1890–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
  • Sevin, Efe. Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey (Springer International Publishing, 2017).

External links

Template:Foreign relations of Sweden Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Sweden topics Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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