Sweden–United States relations
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The relations between Sweden and the United States reach back to the days of the American Revolutionary War. The Kingdom of Sweden was the first country not formally engaged in the conflict (although around a hundred Swedish volunteers partook on the side of the Patriots[1]) to recognize the United States before the Treaty of Paris. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed subsequently in 1783 between Benjamin Franklin and Swedish representative Gustaf Philip Creutz.
In the 19th century, relations were largely cordial. Masses of Swedes emigrated to the United States from the 1840s–1920s, estimated at around a quarter of the Swedish population. The immigrants were eager for the promise of opportunity and land; many settled in the American Midwest. The result was a substantial Swedish American population. In the 20th century, the countries were fellow democracies (with the end of the Swedish monarchy's power after World War I) and maintained cordial if distant relations. Sweden maintained official neutrality but supplied nearby Nazi Germany during World War II, causing some tension with the Allies.
During the Cold War, Sweden did not join NATO and maintained a neutral status between the Western and Eastern Bloc, although its democratic and mixed capitalist approach was generally more in tune with the West and the United States. After the end of the Vietnam War, which was deeply unpopular in Sweden, relations between the two countries improved. The two countries have been largely friendly, and the United States supported Sweden's NATO membership. Under a comprehensive mandate, Sweden's nonalignment policy has led it to serve as the protecting power for the United States and to represent Washington in North Korea on consular matters.[2] On 3 August 2022, the U.S. Senate unanimously approved Finland and Sweden's accession bids to join NATO.[3] U.S. President Joe Biden approved the NATO membership of Finland and Sweden in August 2022.[4]
Sweden's accession into NATO was finalized on 7 March 2024.[5] The United States has observer status with the regional BEAC and CBSS.
History
Colonies and early United States
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Like many European powers, Sweden participated in the colonization of North America that started in the 17th century. The first Swedish colony along the banks of the Delaware River was established in 1638 (see New Sweden).
Sweden under king Gustavus III was the first country not engaged in the American Revolutionary War to recognize the young American republic. The Swedish Count Axel von Fersen was a distinguished soldier during the war, serving as an interpreter between General Rochambeau and General Washington. Also the Swedish count Curt von Stedingk, led the second assault during the Siege of Savannah in 1779. Both were made members of the Society of the Cincinnati.
In 1783 the United States' Ambassador to Paris, Benjamin Franklin, and the Swedish Ambassador, Count Gustaf Philip Creutz, signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce.[6]
From 1801-02, Sweden was allied with the United States during the First Barbary War, fought against the Barbary corsairs to prevent further disruption of trade in the Mediterranean Sea.[7]
Emigration
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". During the period between 1820–1930 approximately 1.3 million Swedes, a third of the country's population, emigrated to North America and most of them to the United States. Like the Irish diaspora it was sparked by poverty in Sweden, which was exacerbated during bad years. Only Britain (especially Ireland) and Norway had a higher emigration rate. Most of the Swedish emigrants settled in the central and Western United States. By 1910, Chicago had a greater population of Swedes than Gothenburg. Minnesota was also a place where many Swedish emigrants settled. The majority of Swedish-Americans fought in the American Civil War on the Union side.[8] (See also John Ericsson USS Monitor)
In 1938, on the tercentenary of New Sweden, the Delaware monument was inaugurated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prince Bertil of Sweden. Roosevelt said in his speech:[9]
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Nor have we as Americans forgotten that after the War of the Revolution, Sweden was the first neutral European power to negotiate a treaty of amity and trade with our young and struggling nation. All these things we Americans recall today with grateful hearts.
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Worsening relations
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The first Swedish head of government who met with a US President was Prime Minister Tage Erlander, who visited Harry S. Truman at the White House in 1952.
The period between 1960 and 1968 also marked a cold period in the political relations between Sweden and the U.S., mainly due to the Swedish government's vocal opposition to the Vietnam War. In February 1968, the US recalled its Ambassador from Sweden after the Swedish Minister of Education and future prime minister Olof Palme, a Social Democrat, had participated in a protest in Stockholm against the war together with the North Vietnamese Ambassador to the Soviet Union Nguyen Tho Chan.[10] The post of US Ambassador to Sweden remained vacant until February 1970. In December 1972, Olof Palme (then Prime Minister) made a speech on Swedish national radio where he compared the ongoing US bombings of Hanoi to some of the worst atrocities committed by the Nazis. The US government called the comparison a "gross insult" and once again decided to freeze its diplomatic relations with Sweden (this time the freeze lasted for over a year).[10]
Warmer period
Relations improved when Thorbjörn Fälldin became Swedish prime minister in 1976, and following the assassination of Olof Palme in 1986 and the succession of Ingvar Carlsson as new Prime Minister, Swedish-American relations improved. Ingvar Carlsson met with President Ronald Reagan in 1987, the first time that a Swedish Prime Minister was invited to the White House since 1961, when Erlander paid a visit to Kennedy.
Carlsson's successor as Prime Minister, Carl Bildt, visited both President George H. W. Bush in 1992 and President Bill Clinton in 1994.
Immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Swedish government expressed its sympathies with the U.S. and supported the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan.[11][12] However, like many other European governments, Sweden opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, reasoning that the invasion was a breach of international law.[13] However, Prime Minister Göran Persson was relatively mild in his criticism of the U.S. compared to Olof Palme's strong criticism during the Vietnam War.
In the Statement of Government Policy presented to the Riksdag on October 6, 2006, the new centre-right Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt declared that the new government will work for a "strengthening of the transatlantic link". Reinfeldt's party, the Moderate Party, is more pro-American than the social democrats and supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq and Swedish membership of NATO. Reinfeldt visited President Bush at the White House on May 15, 2007.
According to a 2012 Gallup poll, 36% of Swedes approve of U.S. leadership, with 30% disapproving and 34% uncertain.[14]
Following President Donald Trump's first 2020 presidential campaign rally at which he referred to "what's happening last night in Sweden" the Swedish government requested clarification from the U.S. State Department in regards to Trump's understanding of what was going on in Sweden.[15][16] On February 19, the Cabinet of Sweden requested an explanation from the White House and the Swedish Embassy in the United States offered to inform the US administration in the future about Swedish immigration and integration policies.[17] On February 23, the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs referred to discussions about Sweden's refugee policies as "simplistic and occasionally completely inaccurate."[18] On March 6, 2018 Prime Minister Stefan Löfven visited the United States and met with President Donald Trump.
In June 2019, American rapper ASAP Rocky, real name Rakim Mayers, was arrested and held on remand in Sweden over a physical altercation in Stockholm. President Donald Trump made several tweets where he demanded that the Swedish government release Mayers. A spokesperson for prime minister Löfven released a statement in response to Trump's request which stated that the government was not allowed to influence legal proceedings in Sweden and that "everyone is equal before the law".[19]
Economic relations
The United States and Sweden have strong economic relations. The United States is, as of 2022, the third-largest Swedish export trade partner,[20] and U.S. companies are the most represented foreign companies in Sweden.
Military relations
Although Sweden has a longstanding policy of political neutrality in international affairs, Sweden decided to apply for full membership of NATO in May 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[21] Sweden is a participant in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. Sweden currently participates with around 500 troops in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), under the command of NATO, in Afghanistan. Four parties represented in the Parliament, the centre-right Alliance, support NATO membership. During the Libyan Civil War of 2011, the Swedish Air Force worked closely with NATO and the USA.
During the Cold War, the Swedish government secretly made preparations to receive military aid from the United States in case of Soviet aggression.[22]
Sweden also aided the US in secrecy, possibly most famously when four Swedish pilots were awarded US Air Medals for saving the highly classified Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird spy plane from Soviet hands. The US pilots of the SR-71 stated that had Sweden not intervened and escorted the plane to safety on 29 June 1987, a dramatic escalation to the Cold War could have occurred through an international crisis.[23] The event was classified for over 30 years, and when the report was unsealed, data from the NSA showed that several MiG-25s had been dispatched with the order to shoot down the SR-71 or force it to land after it had gotten an engine failure. A MiG-25 had locked a missile on the damaged SR-71, but as the aircraft was under escort by the Swedish Saab 37 Viggen pilots no missiles were fired. On 29 November 2018, the four Swedish pilots involved were awarded medals from the US Air Force.[24]
Cultural links
Reflecting the fact that Sweden has a higher proportion of English speakers than most other countries which were never part of the British Empire, Swedish producers and songwriters have played a significant role in the sound of American pop music since the 1990s. One in particular, Max Martin, has written and produced more Billboard Hot 100 number one hits than any American songwriter or producer.[25]
List of visits
| Guest | Host | Place of visit | Date of visit |
|---|---|---|---|
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf - Later King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden. | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Calvin Coolidge | John Ericsson National Memorial & The White House, Washington, D.C. |
May 29, 1926 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Crown Princess Louise |
United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Franklin D. Roosevelt | Wilmington, Delaware Springwood, Hyde Park, New York |
June 27, 1938 July 1, 1938 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Tage Erlander | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Harry S. Truman | White House, Washington, D.C. | April 14, 1952 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Tage Erlander | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Dwight D. Eisenhower | White House, Washington, D.C. | November 24, 1954 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Tage Erlander | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President John F. Kennedy | White House, Washington, D.C. | March 29, 1961 |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson | SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Gustaf VI Adolf | Uppsala Cathedral & Uppsala Castle, Uppsala, Sweden | September 29, 1961 |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson | SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Gustaf VI Adolf SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Tage Erlander |
Sofiero Palace, Helsingborg, Sweden Kanslihuset, Stockholm, Sweden |
September 4, 1963 September 5, 1963 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Tage Erlander SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland |
United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Lyndon B. Johnson United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Mrs. John F. Kennedy |
Cathedral of St. Matthews & The White House, Washington, D.C. |
November 25, 1963 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Carl XVI Gustaf | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Gerald Ford | White House, Washington, D.C. | April 5, 1976[26] |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Ola Ullsten | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Jimmy Carter United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Vice President Walter Mondale |
White House, Washington, D.C. | January 18, 1979 |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Vice President Walter Mondale | SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Ola Ullsten | Kanslihuset, Stockholm, Sweden | May 1979 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Carl XVI Gustaf | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Ronald Reagan | White House, Washington, D.C. | November 22, 1981 |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Vice President George H. W. Bush | SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Olof Palme | Rosenbad, Stockholm, Sweden | June 27, 1983 |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". First Lady Nancy Reagan | SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Carl XVI Gustaf | Stockholm, Sweden | June 1987 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Ronald Reagan | White House, Washington, D.C. | September 9, 1987 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Carl XVI Gustaf | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Ronald Reagan | White House, Washington, D.C. | April 11, 1988 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Carl Bildt | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President George H. W. Bush | White House, Washington, D.C. | February 20, 1992 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Carl Bildt | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Bill Clinton | White House, Washington, D.C. | December 1, 1993 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Göran Persson | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Bill Clinton | White House, Washington, D.C. | August 6, 1996 |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President George W. Bush | SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Carl XVI Gustaf SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Göran Persson |
Gunnebo Slott, Residenset & Svenska Mässan, Gothenburg, Sweden |
June 14, 2001 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Göran Persson | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President George W. Bush | White House, Washington, D.C. | December 3, 2001 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Göran Persson | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President George W. Bush | White House, Washington, D.C. | April 28, 2004 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Carl XVI Gustaf | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President George W. Bush | White House, Washington, D.C. | October 23, 2006 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President George W. Bush | White House, Washington, D.C. | May 15, 2007 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Barack Obama | White House, Washington, D.C. | November 2, 2009 |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Barack Obama | SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". King Carl XVI Gustaf SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt |
Rosenbad, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Synagogue & the Royal Palace, Stockholm, Sweden |
September 4–5, 2013 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Stefan Löfven | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Barack Obama | White House & Arlington National Cemetery, Washington, D.C. | May 13, 2016[27][28] |
| United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Vice President Joe Biden | SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Stefan Löfven | Kanslihuset, Stockholm, Sweden | August 25, 2016 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Stefan Löfven | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Donald Trump | White House, Washington, D.C. | March 6, 2018 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Joe Biden | White House, Washington, D.C. | March 16, 2022 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Joe Biden | White House, Washington, D.C. | July 5, 2023 |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Joe Biden | White House & Congress, Washington, D.C. | March 7, 2024[29][30] |
| SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson | United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". President Joe Biden | Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington, D.C. | July 9–11, 2024 |
See also
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- Foreign relations of Sweden
- Foreign relations of the United States
- United States-EU relations
- NATO-EU relations
- Embassy of Sweden, Washington, D.C.
- Ambassadors of Sweden to the United States
- Ambassadors of the United States to Sweden
- Swedish response to Hurricane Katrina
References
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- ↑ SOU 1994:11 Om kriget kommit... Förberedelser för mottagande av militärt bistånd 1949–1969
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- ↑ Memorandum of Conversation Gerald R. Ford Library, Accessed on May 17, 2010
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Further reading
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- Adamson, R. "Swedish iron exports to the United States, 1783–1860" Scandinavian Economic History Review, (1969) 17(1), 58–114.
- Biltekin, Nevra. "Migrating women and transnational relations: Swedish-American connections since the 1920s." Scandinavian Journal of History (2021): 1-19. online
- Blanck, Dag, and Adam Hjorthén, eds. Swedish-American Borderlands: New Histories of Transatlantic Relations (U of Minnesota Press, 2021).
- Blanck, Dag. "'Very Welcome Home Mr. Swanson': Swedish Americans Encounter Homeland Swedes." American Studies in Scandinavia 48.2 (2016): 107-121. online On the 250,000 who went to USA but returned to Sweden.
- Kastrup, Allan. "Swedish heritage in America" (1975) online
- Kronvall, Olof. "US–Scandinavian Relations Since 1940." in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. (Oxford University Press, 2020)
- Mays, Christin. "Have Money, Will Travel. Scholarships and Academic Exchange between Sweden and the United States, 1912-1980 (Uppsala: Uppsala University Press, 2022).
- Müller, Leos. "Swedish-American Trade and the Swedish Consular Service, 1780-1840," International Journal of Maritime History 14#1 (2002) 173–188.
- O'Dell, Tom. Culture Unbound: Americanization and Everyday Life in Sweden (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 1997).
External links
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