Euphorbia helioscopia
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Euphorbia helioscopia, the sun spurge or madwoman's milk,[1] is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae. It is a herbaceous annual plant, native to most of Europe, northern Africa, and eastward through most of Asia.[2][3][4]
Additional folk names include wart spurge, summer spurge, umbrella milkweed, and wolf's-milk. [5][6]
Description
Euphorbia helioscopia is an annual plant growing in arable land and disturbed ground. It grows to 10–50 cm tall, with a single, erect, hairless stem, branching toward the top. The leaves are oval, broadest near the tip, 1.5–3 cm long, with a finely toothed margin. The flowers are small, yellow-green, with two to five basal bracts similar to the leaves but yellower. Flowering lasts from mid-spring to late summer.[4][5]
Similar species include Euphorbia rhabdotosperma, having the appearance of E. helioscopia with smaller parts and differing seed surface [7] (Iran, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan).
Uses
Active ingredients extracted from Euphorbia helioscopia are used in pharmaceutical industry.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The plant is used in Chinese traditional medicine.[8]
Its extract has been found to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo in mice.[9]
Chemistry
Euphorbia helioscopia contains toxic diterpenes[10] and diterpenoids[11] and phorbol esters. These substances are the major skin irritants found in the plant.[12] The plant is considered poisonous when eaten raw. Nausea, allergic reactions, skin irritation, vomiting may occur after eating. [13]
A number of tannins can be found in E. helioscopia.[14] Helioscopinin-A shows anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic activities in guinea pigs. It is suggested that this compound exerts its activities through antagonism on leukotriene D4-induced responses.[15]
References
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- ↑ Template:GRIN
- ↑ Flora Europaea: Euphorbia helioscopia
- ↑ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Template:ISBN
- ↑ a b Malta Wild Plants Euphorbia helioscopia Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Template:GBIF
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