Saxicola

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File:Pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata bicolor) female.jpg
Female pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata bicolor), India

Saxicola (Latin: saxum, rock + incola, dwelling in[1]), the stonechats or chats, is a genus of 15 species of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. They are insectivores occurring in open scrubland and grassland with scattered small shrubs.

Taxonomy

The genus was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802.[2] The type species was subsequently designated as the European stonechat.[3] The name Saxicola is from Latin saxum, saxi "stone" and -cola "dweller".[4]

The genus was formerly included in the thrush family Turdidae, but as with several other related genera, has now been shown to be correctly classified in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, in which it is most closely related to the genera Oenanthe (wheatears) and Campicoloides.[5][6]

Genetic and behavioural evidence has also resulted in several new species being accepted in the genus in recent years, most notably the splitting of the former broad "species" common stonechat Saxicola torquatus into five species, a change now widely though not yet universally accepted. With addition of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence and nDNA fingerprinting data, it was confirmed that not only the Fuerteventura and Réunion stonechats are distinct species, but that in addition, the African, Madagascar, European, Siberian and Amur stonechats are also all separate species.[7][8][9][10] Due to confusion of subspecies allocation, the name S. torquatus was briefly used for the European species, with the African stonechat being incorrectly listed as S. axillaris.[8]

Owing to misunderstandings of Latin syntax, several species have in the past been widely but incorrectly cited with feminine name endings ("S. torquata, S. maura, S. leucura, S. ferrea", etc.).[11]

Species

The following 14 species are currently accepted in Saxicola:[12]

Image Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
File:Jerdon's Bush Chat, Inle Lake, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (33940816073).jpg Jerdon's bush chat Saxicola jerdoni Eastern Himalaya and Myanmar
File:Grey-Bushchat.jpg Grey bush chat Saxicola ferreus Himalayas, southern China and Indochina
File:Saxicola rubetra am.jpg Whinchat Saxicola rubetra western Palearctic ; winters to sub-Saharan Africa
File:Stolickza's Bushchat at Kutch Photo Dhaval Vargiya (2).jpg White-browed bush chat Saxicola macrorhynchus northwestern India
File:White-bellied Bush Chat (Saxicola gutturalis) (8074117562).jpg White-bellied bush chat Saxicola gutturalis Timor
File:Pied bush chat (Saxicola caprata)male from nilgiris DSC 1123.jpg Pied bush chat Saxicola caprata south-central Asia and Indomalaya
File:Adult at Jim Corbett National Park, India.jpg White-throated bush chat Saxicola insignis mountains of western Mongolia ;
winters in the Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands
File:White-tailed Stonechat (Saxicola leucurus) (32895496601).jpg White-tailed stonechat Saxicola leucurus Indus valley, Himalayan foothills, northeast South Asia and Myanmar
File:Stejneger's Stonechat.jpg Amur stonechat Saxicola stejnegeri Manchuria, Korea and Japan ; winters to southern China and Indochina
File:Saxicola torquatus, male, Johannesburg 3.jpg African stonechat Saxicola torquatus Afrotropics
File:Saxicola tectes mâle, RVB, 2.jpg Réunion stonechat Saxicola tectes Réunion
File:Siberian stonechat (Saxicola maurus) male non-breeding.jpg Siberian stonechat Saxicola maurus Siberia and eastern Alpide belt ; winters to southern Asia
File:Malestonechatseaham.JPG European stonechat Saxicola rubicola Europe and North Africa ; winters to Middle East
File:Saxicola dacotiae 183123563.jpg Canary Islands stonechat Saxicola dacotiae Fuerteventura

Formerly included in the genus Saxicola, but now treated in a separate genus:

Fossil record

  • Saxicola lambrechti (Late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary) [14]
  • Saxicola baranensis (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary)[14]
  • Saxicola parva (Pliocene of Csarnota, Hungary)[14]
  • Saxicola magna (Pliocene of Beremend, Hungary)[14]

References

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External links

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  7. ↑ Urquhart, E., & Bowley, A. (2002). Stonechats. A Guide to the Genus Saxicola. Christopher Helm, London. Template:ISBN.
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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