Order of the Star of Romania

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The Order of the Star of Romania (Romanian: Ordinul Steaua României) is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the Order of Michael the Brave. It is the oldest Order of Romania. It is awarded by the President of Romania, and has six grades, from lowest to the highest: Knight, Officer, Commander, Grand Officer, Grand Cross, and Grand Cross with Collar.

History

In 1863, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the Domnitor of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, asked the Romanian representative to Paris to contact the then well-known jewellery house Krétly, to manufacture a state decoration. Krétly presented a model, which was immediately accepted by the domnitor, and based on his agreement, 1,000 pieces of the order were made. It was decided that the order would have five ranks: Knight (Cavaler), Officer (Ofițer), Commander (Comandor), Grand Officer (Mare Ofițer), and Grand Cross (Mare Cruce).[1]

Unlike all other decorations in that time that were mostly inspired on the French Légion d'honneur, or which had their insignia like a Maltese cross, the model proposed by Krétly for this order was a blue cross crosslet (cruce repetată), a design that was then unique in decorational design.[1]

The domnitor decided that the name of the honour would be "The Order of the Union" ("Ordinul Unirii"). It was planned to institute the order on 24 January 1864, the date when the 5th anniversary of his election would be celebrated and a moment that marked the unification of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Because of this, the motto of the new order would fit the event: "GENERE ET CORDES FRATRES" ("BROTHERS THROUGH ORIGINS AND FEELINGS"). The obverse of the insignia would bear the numbers "5" and "24", the days of January when he was elected in both Moldova and Wallachia.[1]

However, due to the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza by a palace coup, he was unable to actually institute the order, and he awarded the insignia therefore only as a personal present, not as a state decoration. Most of the insignia produced for him remained stored in the Royal Palace's cellars.[1]

File:Steaua Romaniei Com civ md 1877 av.jpg
The original 1877 model - Commander rank (obverse).

In April 1877, when Romania gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, the debate regarding the institution of Romanian decorations was revived. Mihail Kogălniceanu, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Ion Brătianu cabinet, took part in the debates in the Assembly of Deputies regarding the institution of a state decoration. Because of the already earlier supplied "Order of The Union", it was decided that the shape of the decoration would be the same, modifying only the domnitor's seal. The motto was also changed, because the old one was not appropriate to the moment, to "IN FIDE SALUS" ("IN FAITH IS THE SALVATION"). Regarding the name, Kogălniceanu insisted on "Steaua Dunării" ("The Star of The Danube").[1]

The name "Steaua României" ("The Star of Romania") appeared on 10 May 1877, when the law was voted in the Parliament, as the first law of the Sovereign Romania.[1]

By Royal Decree (no. 1545/1932), King Carol II changed the order of precedence in the Romanian honours system. As a result, in 1932, The Star of Romania dropped in precedence from second place (where it had been since 1906) to fourth place (after the Order of Carol I and the Template:Ill). In 1937, it dropped to seventh place. The main shape of the order, the blue repeated cross (called also "Romanian cross") was kept, but the rays between the cross' arms were replaced by four heraldic eagles with wings spread, the insignia of King Carol I was placed on the obverse, and the reverse bore the year of its establishment, "1877". Also the number of persons that could be awarded The Star of Romania was increased:[1]

  • Knight (Cavaler): 1,000 civilians and 350 military;
  • Officer (Ofițer): 500 civilians and 150 military;
  • Commander (Comandor): 200 civilians and 75 military;
  • Grand Officer (Mare Ofițer): 75 civilians and 25 military;
  • Grand Cross (Mare Cruce): 35 civilians and 10 military.

In 1938, the order was given a superior rank, called "Clasa I" (First Class in English), between the Grand Officer rank and the Grand Cross rank, with a maximum of 50 civilians and 15 military personnel.[1]

The statutes established by King Carol II were changed by General Ion Antonescu (who became Conducător on 4 September 1940). Generally, the rules were the ones used during World War I. The order "The Star of Romania" became the second in the national hierarchy, after that of the Order of Michael the Brave.[1]

Inspired by the German Iron Cross, Ion Antonescu decided that the first three grades of the orders the Star of Romania and the Crown of Romania, with spades (swords), and the ribbon of The Medal "The Military Virtue" would be awarded for exceptionally brave acts with an oak leaf, attached to the ribbon.[1]

After 1948, all the existing decorations were outlawed, and their wearing was forbidden. Just by keeping the insignia, one was considered a delinquent in the first years of communism.[1]

In 1993, the idea of reinstating the oldest Order was proposed within the Special Commission of the Chamber of Deputies. After several attempts, in 1998/1999 the National Order "The Star of Romania" was reinstituted, with a design similar to the one used in 1932, but without the insignia of King Carol I, and with the republican insignia.[1]

Grades

As per Law 29/2000, regarding Romania's national system of decorations, there are currently six grades:[2]

  • 1st Class: Collar (Colan);
  • 2nd Class: Grand Cross (Mare Cruce);
  • 3rd Class: Grand Officer (Mare Ofițer);
  • 4th Class: Commander (Comandor);
  • 5th Class: Officer (Ofițer);
  • 6th Class: Knight (Cavaler).

Notable recipients

First issue (1877–1948)

Second issue (since 1998)

Foreign citizens

No. Name Known for Year
Appointed
1 FranceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Jacques Chirac President of France 1998
2 PeruScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Alberto Fujimori President of Peru
3 FinlandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Martti Ahtisaari President of Finland
4 BulgariaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Petar Stoyanov President of Bulgaria
5 PolandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Aleksander Kwaśniewski President of Poland 1999
6 AustriaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Thomas Klestil President of Austria
7 GreeceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Konstantinos Stephanopoulos President of Greece
8 TurkeyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Süleyman Demirel President of Turkey
9 NorwayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Harald V King of Norway
10 QatarScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani Emir of Qatar
11 KuwaitScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Emir of Kuwait
12 KazakhstanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Nursultan Nazarbayev President of Kazakhstan
13 AlbaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Rexhep Meidani President of Albania
14 IsraelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ezer Weizman President of Israel
15 MoldovaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Petru Lucinschi President of Moldova 2000
16 United KingdomScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom
17 PortugalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Jorge Sampaio President of Portugal
18 HungaryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Árpád Göncz President of Hungary
19 DenmarkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Margrethe II Queen of Denmark
20 SlovakiaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Rudolf Schuster President of Slovakia
21 CroatiaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Stjepan Mesić President of Croatia
22 MexicoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ernesto Zedillo President of Mexico
23 BrazilScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Fernando Henrique Cardoso President of Brazil
24 ThailandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Bhumibol Adulyadej King of Thailand
25 UkraineScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Leonid Kuchma President of Ukraine
26 LebanonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Émile Lahoud President of Lebanon 2001
27 GhanaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Kofi Annan Secretary-General of the United Nations
28 NetherlandsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Beatrix Queen of the Netherlands
29 LithuaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Valdas Adamkus President of Lithuania
30 LatviaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga President of Latvia
31 Sovereign Military Order of MaltaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Andrew Bertie Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta 2002
32 United Arab EmiratesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan President of United Arab Emirates
33 PhilippinesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Gloria Macapagal Arroyo President of Philippines
34 SloveniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Milan Kučan President of Slovenia
35 HungaryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ferenc Mádl President of Hungary
36 United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". George W. Bush President of the United States
37 San MarinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Mauro Chiaruzzi Captains Regent of San Marino
38 San MarinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Giuseppe Maria Morganti Captains Regent of San Marino
39 TunisiaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Zine El Abidine Ben Ali President of Tunisia 2003
40 SwedenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Carl XVI Gustaf King of Sweden
41 SpainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Juan Carlos I King of Spain
42 ItalyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Carlo Azeglio Ciampi President of Italy
43 EstoniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Arnold Rüütel President of Estonia
44 United StatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Condoleezza Rice United States Secretary of State
45 LuxembourgScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Henri I Grand Duke of Luxembourg 2004
46 Vatican CityScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Angelo Sodano Cardinal Secretary of State
47 MaltaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Eddie Fenech Adami President of Malta
48 San MarinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Giuseppe Arzilli Captains Regent of San Marino
49 San MarinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Roberto Raschi Captains Regent of San Marino
50 ChileScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ricardo Lagos President of Chile
51 AzerbaijanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Ilham Aliyev President of Azerbaijan
52 JordanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Abdullah II King of Jordan 2005
53 FinlandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Tarja Halonen President of Finland 2006
54 RomaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". George Emil Palade Professor, Biologist 2007
55 Vatican CityScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Tarcisio Bertone Cardinal Secretary of State 2008
56 Sovereign Military Order of MaltaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Matthew Festing Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta
57 PolandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Lech Kaczyński President of Poland 2009
58 LebanonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Michel Suleiman President of Lebanon
59 MonacoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Albert II Prince of Monaco
60 BelgiumScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Albert II King of the Belgians
61 MoldovaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Mihai Ghimpu President of Moldova 2010
62 MaltaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". George Abela President of Malta
63 LatviaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Valdis Zatlers President of Latvia 2011
65 EstoniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Toomas Hendrik Ilves President of Estonia
66 ItalyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Giorgio Napolitano President of Italy
67 Vatican CityScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Pietro Parolin Cardinal Secretary of State 2015
68 PortugalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Aníbal Cavaco Silva President of Portugal
69 United KingdomScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Dennis Deletant Professor
70 LithuaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Dalia Grybauskaitė President of Lithuania
71 ItalyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Sergio Mattarella President of Italy 2016
72 BulgariaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Rosen Plevneliev President of Bulgaria
73 GermanyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Joachim Gauck[5] President of Germany
74 PolandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Andrzej Duda President of Poland
75 FranceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". François Hollande President of France
76 SlovakiaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Andrej Kiska President of Slovakia
77 MoldovaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Nicolae Timofti President of Moldova 2017
78 CroatiaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović President of Croatia
79 United KingdomScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Charles III King of the United Kingdom
80 FranceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Dominique Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel Grand Hospitaler of Order of Malta (SMOM)
81 FranceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Frédéric Jenny Professor
82 EstoniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Kersti Kaljulaid President of Estonia 2021
81 LithuaniaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Gitanas Nausėda President of Lithuania 2022

By class

List of recipients by class

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1st Class
Collars
2nd Class
Grand Crosses
3rd Class
Grand Officers
4th Class
Commanders
5th Class
Officers
6th Class
Knights
Unknown Class

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ www.presidency.ro, Decret de decorare semnat de Președintele României, domnul Klaus Iohannis, 29 March 2017.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Sources

Template:Romanian National Decorations System

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