Stanisław Narutowicz

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Wikidata image Stanisław Narutowicz (Template:Langx Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler; 2 September 1862 – 31 December 1932) was a lawyer and politician, one of the 20 signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania. His brother was the first president of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz.

Born into a family of Lithuanian nobility, Narutowicz studied law at Kiev University. As a student he joined socialist groups and organized publication of the Polish-language workers' newspaper Template:Ill, but soon withdrew from more active political work. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he was elected to a zemstvo (an institution of local self-government), participated in the Great Seimas of Vilnius, and was briefly arrested for his involvement in the anti-Tsarist activities in Alsėdžiai. Together with his wife Joanna, Narutowicz established a progymnasium for girls and gymnasium for boys in Telšiai in 1907 and 1909, respectively.

In 1917, he helped organize the Vilnius Conference and was elected to the 20-member Council of Lithuania. He was the only Polish–Lithuanian member of the council. When the council adopted an act declaring independent Lithuania but in "a firm and permanent alliance" with Germany, Narutowicz and three other members of the council resigned in protest. This forced the council to reconsider and unanimously adopt the Act of Independence of Lithuania on 16 February 1918. This final Act of Independence made no political promises to Germany. Narutowicz was also staunchly against constitutional monarchy and resigned from the Council of Lithuania when it selected Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach, as the King of Lithuania in July 1918.

In summer 1919, the Polish Military Organisation organized a coup d'état against he government of Lithuania. Narutowicz was selected to become the Prime Minister of the new pro-Polish government. However, the coup was discovered and Narutowicz retired from public life. He returned to agricultural matters at his Template:Ill. However, he faced financial difficulties, social alienation, and family troubles. He died by suicide on 31 December 1932.

Biography

Early life and education

Narutowicz was born into a family of Lithuanian nobility. Their original Lithuanian surname Narutis was Polonized as Narutowicz.Template:Sfn He was a self-declared Samogitian, Lithuanian and a Pole. He could speak the Samogitian dialect.Template:Sfn His grandmother Anna Kossakowska acquired Template:Ill near Alsėdžiai in 1813 and brought it to the Narutowicz family as her dowry.Template:Sfn His father Jan Narutowicz rented out the manor and moved to Telšiai where he worked as a judge and where Stanisław Narutowicz was born on 2 September [O.S. 21 August] 1862.Template:Sfn He had two older half-siblings and younger brother Gabriel (future President of Poland).Template:Sfn Their father joined the unit of Antanas Mackevičius during the anti-Tsarist January Uprising of 1863 and served a year in prison.Template:Sfn He died in 1866 leaving the family in a difficult financial situation.Template:Sfn

Narutowicz's mother Wiktoria Template:Née Szczepkowska and her two sons were taken in by Anton Rönne, owner of the Renavas Manor.Template:Sfn In summer 1868, Rönne hired Laurynas Ivinskis, an activist of the Lithuanian National Revival, as tutor for the children.Template:Sfn In 1873, Szczepkowska moved to Liepāja (Libau) so that her sons could attend the German Liepāja Gymnasium.Template:Sfn There Narutowicz became interested in liberal and socialist ideas and became good friends with Tadeusz Rechniewski.Template:Sfn One of his teachers was Edmund Veckenstedt who encouraged his students to collect examples of Lithuanian folklore.Template:Sfn

In 1882, Narutowicz graduated from the gymnasium and enrolled at St. Petersburg University to study law.Template:Sfn However, he became involved in the student anti-Tsarist movement and was expelled from the university the same year.Template:Sfn After living for a year in Liepāja under police supervision, Narutowicz decided to continue his law studies at Kiev University.Template:Sfn There he joined a group of revolutionary minded students, known as the Commune of Polish Socialists (), and became one of their leaders.Template:Sfn The group maintained contacts with the Second Proletariat, an underground socialist-revolutionary party and the predecessor of the Polish Socialist Party.Template:Sfn Narutowicz was supposed to help Tadeusz Rechniewski escape imprisonment.Template:Sfn However, around 1886, Narutowicz started questioning socialist ideas and withdrew from political work.Template:Sfn

Manor owner

Narutowicz graduated with a law degree in 1887 and moved to Warsaw where for about a year he worked as a court clerk.Template:Sfn Together with Ludwik Krzywicki, he decided to establish Polish-language workers' newspaper Template:Ill edited by Wiktor Gomulicki. Narutowicz wrote very little for the newspaper, but organized its publishing matters, including obtaining financial support from graf Vladimir Zubov and brother of Template:Ill.Template:Sfn However, he quickly became disillusioned with the newspaper – encounters with Russian censors, financial difficulties and personal debts, attacks by political opponents, etc.Template:Sfn

In 1889, Narutowicz married Joanna née Billewicz in a civil ceremony in Zürich where Joanna studied philosophy.Template:Sfn She was from an old family of Samogitian nobles and a cousin of Józef Piłsudski. In May 1900, they married again in a religious ceremony in Vilnius.Template:Sfn Narutowicz's disappointment with Warsaw activists and Joanna's inability to find employment led the couple to return to Narutowicz's native Template:Ill.Template:Sfn The manor had about of land, but renters left it in a deplorable state. Narutowicz became preoccupied with agricultural matters.Template:Sfn The family continued to support the Lithuanian National Revival by supporting Lithuanian book smugglers and by secretly educating peasant children.Template:Sfn

Narutowicz continued to struggle financially.Template:Sfn To earn some money for children's education, Narutowicz moved to Kalisz where he was director of Vereinigte Gaswerke (United Gasworks) in 1899–1904.Template:Sfn He then returned to Lithuania where he worked as an attorney in Telšiai in 1904–1908.Template:Sfn

Russian Revolution of 1905

During the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Vilna Governorate-General was allowed to organize a zemstvo (an institution of local self-government) and each uezd elected one representative. Narutowicz was elected as a representative of the Telšiai Uezd.Template:Sfn In August 1905, during the first meeting with Governor General Template:Ill, Narutowicz objected to the inclusion of Tsarist officials in the commission and left the meeting in protest.Template:Sfn

In preparation for the Great Seimas of Vilnius in December 1905, Narutowicz agitated residents of Alsėdžiai Volost to send representatives to the congress.Template:Sfn He spoke at the Seimas in support of total nationalization of land, which was a radical position for a landowner.Template:Sfn Inspired by the Seimas, residents of Alsėdžiai decided to establish their own "republic" (oust Tsarist officials, stop paying taxes, organize their own police and court, introduce Lithuanian language at the local school, etc.).Template:Sfn For his involvement with this "republic", Narutowicz was arrested by the Tsarist police.Template:Sfn He was released shortly and as an attorney he defended many others arrested for their anti-Tsarist actions during the revolution.Template:Sfn

Schools in Telšiai

File:Stanisław and Joanna Narutowicz.tif

Stanisław and Joanna Narutowicz in their manor in Brėvikiai in 1912–1913

In August 1907, Narutowicz's wife Joanna received a permit to establish a private progymnasium for girls in Telšiai.Template:Sfn It was the first girls' school in Lithuania to teach Polish and Lithuanian.Template:Sfn In spring 1913, the school had a total of 114 students (32 Lithuanians, 42 Jews, 32 Poles, and 8 Russians).Template:Sfn In 1909, Narutowicz became the first chairman of a society that worked to establish a private boys' gymnasium in Telšiai (he was soon replaced by graf Template:Ill, but remained society's vice-chairman).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The school opened in October 1909.Template:Sfn The number of students grew from 50 in 1909 to 103 in the 1912/1913 school year.Template:Sfn One of gymnasium students, the future writer Butkų Juzė, became severely ill with typhoid fever and pneumonia which left him paralyzed and unable to speak. Narutowicz took in Butkų Juzė and nursed him back to health.Template:Sfn

Narutowicz joined the Lithuanian Scientific Society when it was first organized in August 1907.Template:Sfn He was also a member of the Lithuanian Art Society.Template:Sfn In 1912, Narutowicz was a candidate in the Russian election to the State Duma. However, priests did not want to vote for a socialist and Narutowicz lost to Antanas Juozapavičius, pastor in Varniai, who in turn lost to a candidate put forth by the nobility.Template:Sfn

World War I

At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Narutowicz continued to work at his manor and care for the gymnasiums in Telšiai.Template:Sfn In spring 1915, just as the German Imperial Army pushed towards Telšiai, his wife and children hastily evacuated to Russia while he remained in Brėvikiai to look after the manor.Template:Sfn During the German occupation, as an attorney, Narutowicz often defended local residents against the German Ober Ost officials. He even wrote a memorandum protesting oppressive and exploitative German policies.Template:Sfn However, he also assisted German authorities. For example, he acted as a secretary and interpreter during legal proceedings and assisted with the census count of Telšiai residents in January 1916.Template:Sfn

Vilnius Conference

File:Signatarai.Signatories of Lithuania.jpg

20 members of the Council of Lithuania (Narutowicz sits fourth from the left)

As German military advances stalled, German leadership rethought their strategy for occupied Lithuania. The policy of open annexation was replaced by a more subtle strategy of creating a network of formally independent states under German influence (the so-called Mitteleuropa).Template:Sfn To that end, Germans asked Lithuanians to establish an advisory council (Vertrauensrat).Template:Sfn Narutowicz became a member of the 21-member organizing committee which organized the Vilnius Conference which in turn elected the Council of Lithuania. The organizing committee met in Vilnius on 1–4 August 1917.Template:Sfn Already at this meeting, Narutowicz proposed a resolution that the ultimate goal is an independent Lithuania in its ethnographic border.Template:Sfn After these meetings, Narutowicz traveled across Samogitia agitating and selecting delegates to the Vilnius Conference which was held on 18–22 September 1917.Template:Sfn At the opening of the conference, Narutowicz was a member of four-person commission to register and check eligibility of the delegates.Template:Sfn

The Vilnius Conference voted to elect the 20-member Council of Lithuania. Narutowicz was not initially elected (he received 94 votes for, and 108 votes against).Template:Sfn However, the social democrats were dissatisfied with the composition of this council since it included six Roman Catholic priests and only two social democrats (Steponas Kairys and Mykolas Biržiška). When the two social democrats threatened to resign from the council, two priests (Template:Ill and Template:Ill) agreed to resign in favor of Narutowicz and Jonas Vileišis (even thought Narutowicz did not belong to any political party).Template:Sfn At the age of 56, Narutowicz was the second-eldest (after Jonas Basanavičius) member of the council.Template:Sfn

Act of Independence of Lithuania

File:Nepriklausomybes aktas.gif

Act of Independence of Lithuania: Narutowicz's signature visible in the right column, third from the bottom

Starting with the meetings of the organizing committee, Narutowicz often disagreed with Antanas Smetona, the chairman of the council and the future President of Lithuania.Template:Sfn Disagreements with Smetona persisted and had a lasting impact on Narutowicz's political career.Template:Sfn More fundamental disagreements were regarding Lithuania's relationship with Germany and form of government. Narutowicz spoke against making any promises to Germany, while Smetona saw no option but to agree to the German demands and agree to the future special (albeit undefined) ties to Germany.Template:Sfn

Narutowicz was one of the three votes against the Act of 11 December 1917 which called for "a firm and permanent alliance" with Germany.Template:Sfn The council was dissatisfied with such concessions and drafted a new act on 8 January 1918 which in its essence was the same as the ultimate Act of Independence of Lithuania.Template:Sfn When the Germans rejected these changes and the council attempted to revert to the Act of 11 December, the four leftist members – Narutowicz, Mykolas Biržiška, Steponas Kairys, and Jonas Vileišis – resigned from the council in protest.Template:Sfn After heated debates, the four members agreed to return to the council which adopted the Act of Independence on 16 February 1918. The final act dropped any concessions to Germany and returned to the democratic principles as decided at the Vilnius Conference.Template:Sfn

Constitutional monarchy

After the Act of Independence, the issue of the relationship between Lithuanian and Germany remained open. In an attempt to gain recognition of independent Lithuania from Germany, five members of the council (including Narutowicz) traveled to Berlin in March 1918.Template:Sfn On 23 March 1918, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, recognized independent Lithuania but only on the basis of the Act of 11 December.Template:Sfn Despite the recognition, the council could not organize the government or other state institutions due to the continued military occupation by the German troops. Even council members had to obtain German permits to travel between cities in Lithuania.Template:Sfn

German press continued to promote the idea of a personal union between Lithuania and the Kingdom of Prussia or the Kingdom of Saxony.Template:Sfn In attempt to block such a union, the presidium of the council decided to establish a constitutional monarchy and select Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach as the King of Lithuania. From the early discussions in December 1917, Narutowicz opposed monarchy and advocated for a democratic republic.Template:Sfn On 11 July 1918, the council officially voted for the monarchy (13 for, 5 against, and 2 abstentions).Template:Sfn The four leftist council members – Narutowicz, Biržiška, Kairys, and Vileišis – sent a protest letter to the council which the council interpreted as their resignation.Template:Sfn In October 1918, changing political situation forced the Council of Lithuania to rescind its plans for the monarchy and the four leftist members were invited to rejoin the council, but only Vileišis agreed.Template:Sfn

Coup d'état attempt

In May 1918, Narutowicz traveled to Roslavl to bring back his family to Brėvikiai.Template:Sfn His eldest son Jan volunteered for the Lithuanian Army during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence.Template:Sfn Narutowicz worked on organizing local government council in Alsėdžiai. In 1919, he was elected to the regional council in Telšiai and was selected as its chairman.Template:Sfn In early 1919, he organized local police in Telšiai. He recruited 42 volunteer policemen and organized supplies (clothing, weapons, food).Template:Sfn

In spring and summer 1919, Narutowicz visited Vilnius and Warsaw and met with Leon Wasilewski and Józef Piłsudski (his cousin-in-law) who were organizing a coup d'état against the government of Lithuania to be carried out by the Polish Military Organisation (PMO).Template:Sfn Narutowicz agreed to participate in the coup. On 20–22 August 1919, he planned coup details with Wasilewski, Tadeusz Kasprzycki, Walery Sławek, and Jurgis Aukštuolaitis.Template:Sfn Narutowicz was slated to become the Prime Minister of the new pro-Polish government which would replace the cabinet of Mykolas Sleževičius.Template:Sfn However, the coup was discovered and around 200 Polish activists were arrested. At the time, Narutowicz was in Warsaw and avoided the arrests.Template:Sfn

Later life and death

File:Narutowicz family.tif

Narutowicz (standing in the middle) with his family in 1928

Narutowicz ran as an independent in the 1920 election to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania but received only 473 votes and was not elected.

Narutowicz returned to his manor where he established a dairy; some of its cheese and butter was exported via Liepāja.Template:Sfn He also imported new breeds of cows, sheep, pigs from England and Holland.Template:Sfn In 1922, he established and led a milk cooperative in Alsėdžiai.Template:Sfn For about ten months in 1920–1921, he worked organizing a district court in Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania.Template:Sfn He also worked as an attorney in Telšiai.Template:Sfn

However, Narutowicz continued to face financial difficulties. His manor was mortgaged to a bank.Template:Sfn In 1929, in accordance with the Land Reform of 1922, Narutowicz's land was nationalized leaving him just – 80 ha for him and 80 ha for his son.Template:Sfn After a complaint to President Antanas Smetona, Narutowicz was left an additional 70 ha. At the same time, he received permission to mortgage his land for the second time.Template:Sfn On 15 August 1932, fire destroyed a barn with 200 carriages of wheat in Brėvikiai. The losses were valued at 20,000 litas while the insured value was just 3,000 litas.Template:Sfn

Narutowicz also experienced some personal tragedies. His son Jan contracted tuberculosis in 1920 and required expensive treatments in Switzerland.Template:Sfn Jan died on 15 June 1930.Template:Sfn Narutowicz's daughter Helena experienced persecutory delusions. After various treatments failed, she was placed in a psychiatric hospital in Kalvarija.Template:Sfn

Narutowicz shot himself on 31 December 1932 in Kaunas. His son Kazimierz Narutowicz quoted the suicide note in his memoirs published in 1990. The note mentioned financial hardships as well as the hostile Lithuania–Poland relations.Template:Sfn Contemporary commentators and later historians variously attribute his suicide to alienation and exclusion from public life on both sides of the Lithuania–Poland border,Template:Sfn family issues, and economic hardship.Template:Sfn He was buried on 3 January 1933 in a family grave in Alsėdžiai.Template:Sfn

Political views

As a politician, Narutowicz was a mild socialist or a social-democrat. He was a supporter of independence of Lithuania rather than of restoring the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, mostly from fear that the far more populous Poland would gain the upper hand in such a union. On the other hand, he supported a loose union between the states, which made him one of the leaders of the krajowcy movement, a group of Polish Lithuanians loyal to the legacy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and supporting reconciliation of divided loyalties of local Poles between Poland and Lithuania. In his vision, the Polish minority in Lithuania would gain a status similar to the Walloons in Belgium: with separate culture and language, but united with Lithuanians by what he called "state patriotism".