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...8054238/http://an.rsl.wustl.edu/mer/help/Content/About%20the%20mission/MSL/Instruments/MSL%20Hazcam.htm |date=2018-08-08 }} PDS Geosciences Node. Retrieved Septem *[[List of NASA cameras on spacecraft]] ...

{{Short description|First multi crew and EVA-capable spacecraft}} {{Infobox spacecraft class ...

...rated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia. [[Kosmos 1]], the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on 16 March 1962. ...ian military satellites, as well as a number of scientific satellites, and spacecraft which failed during or immediately after launch, but still reached orbit.<r ...

...ntrols (components of the control), however with the advent of [[satellite navigation]] systems, [[GPS]] in particular, this division is becoming obsolete. ...ntrol points are normally used for [[engineering]], [[construction]] and [[navigation]]. The scientific discipline that deals with the establishing of coordinate ...

| spacecraft = Mariner-H ...prevented Mariner 8 from achieving [[low Earth orbit|Earth orbit]] and the spacecraft reentered into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after launch.<ref name=Pyle2012/> ...

| image_alt = The ''CONTOUR'' spacecraft approaches the coma of a comet, while another comet is visible in the backg | instruments_list = <!-- start collapsible list of instruments --> ...

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission--> | distance_travelled = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)--> ...

...f the stars, measure their apparent position in the reference frame of the spacecraft, and identify the stars so their position can be compared with their known ...[[ballistic missile]]s and [[cruise missile]]s, in the era when [[inertial navigation system]]s (INS) were not sufficiently accurate for intercontinental ranges. ...

==Navigation instruments== *[[Inertial navigation system]] ...

...d was equipped with the Delta Navigation System which was a new autonomous navigation system that calculates orbital elements without assistance from ground.<ref ...ources camera, cosmic ray detector, embryological studies, new engineering instruments tested for orientation of station by celestial objects and in darkness and ...

...ustrian, that of [[engineer]] [[Franz Viehböck]] with a [[Soviet]] [[Soyuz spacecraft]], during 1990. ...e infrastructure]] and scientific experiment development, along with space navigation and telecommunications projects.<ref name = "aus space"/> ...

{{Short description|Lunar lander spacecraft}} | mission_type = Lunar [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] ...

| image_caption = Soyuz-T spacecraft | spacecraft = Soyuz 7K-ST No. 21L ...

* April 30, 2005: the ''MRO'' spacecraft was delivered to the launch site. * September 29, 2006: All instruments were tested from the science orbit. ...

{{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments ...ef name="nssdc instruments">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayExperiment.action?spacecraftId=1962-012A |title=Experiments on Range ...

===Instruments=== * [[Magellan (spacecraft)]], a probe launched by NASA in 1989 to map the surface of [[Venus]] ...

...ulsion]] to slow down. A more extreme maneuver is [[aerocapture]], where a spacecraft uses an atmosphere to perform [[orbit insertion]], decelerating from a [[Fl ...to reduce fuel requirements. The use of a relatively small burn allows the spacecraft to enter an elongated [[elliptic orbit]]. Aerobraking then shortens the orb ...

...ops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on [[uncrewed spacecraft]]. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO [[Michael C. Malin]]. ...], [[2001 Mars Odyssey]], [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] and ''[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix lander]]''. ...

...enberger's Machine to Integrated Navigation Systems. 200 Years of Inertial Navigation.'' Photogrammetric Week 05. {{Cite web |url=http://www.ifp.uni-stuttgart.de ...5-12-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Apollo Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) Hardware Overview |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nas ...

| image_caption = Artist's conception of the ''JIMO'' spacecraft exploring Jupiter and its moons | dry_mass = Spacecraft module:<br />{{cvt|16193|kg|lb}}<br />Reactor module:<br />{{cvt|6182|kg|lb ...