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...spheric TRANsmission) is a computer program designed to model [[atmosphere|atmospheric]] propagation of [[electromagnetic radiation]] for the 100-50,000&nbsp;cm<s ...ent responsibility for the code and related [[Radiative transfer|radiation transfer]] science collaboratively since 1987. The acronym MODTRAN was registered a ...

{{Short description|Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation}} ...heric science, and [[remote sensing]]. Analytic solutions to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) exist for simple cases but for more realistic media, with co ...

...can then be used again in [[Atmospheric radiative transfer codes|radiative transfer models]] to model light paths.<ref name="Frieß"> ...5|title=MAX-DOAS O4 measurements: A new technique to derive information on atmospheric aerosols - Retrieval of aerosol properties|journal=Journal of Geophysical R ...

...al Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) [[Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research]] (OAR). The current director is [[Venkatachalam Ramaswamy]]. It i ...091-6765|jstor= 41352962 }}</ref> the first comprehensive ocean prediction codes, and the first dynamical models with significant skill in hurricane track a ...

{{short description|Energy transfer mechanism which enables planetary cooling}} ...sp;μm.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Petty|first1=Grant W.|title=A first course in atmospheric radiation|date=2006|publisher=Sundog Publ.|location=Madison, Wisc.|isbn=978 ...

.... AVHRR instruments are or have been carried by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) family of polar orbiting platforms ([[Polar Operati ...>[[RTTOV (radiative transfer code)|RTTOV]]</ref><ref>[[Community radiative transfer model]]</ref> ...

...etrizations are important to both atmospheric and oceanic modeling alike. Atmospheric emissions from different sources within individual grid boxes also need to {{See also|Atmospheric dispersion modeling}} ...

...| bibcode=2019Corro.146..233S| s2cid=118927116}}</ref> This facilitates [[radiative cooling]] and protection of the underlying structure and is an alternative ...|volume=4 |doi=10.1002/eom2.12153 |s2cid=240331557 |quote=Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer spac ...

...hey reflect incoming [[solar radiation]], resulting in a net increase in [[radiative forcing]]. In 1992, this warming effect was estimated between 3.5&nbsp;mW/m ...te model]]s, and [[Atmospheric radiative transfer codes|radiative transfer codes]]; with an uncertainty range of 5 to 26&nbsp;mW/m², and with a l ...

...nce the direction and magnitude of [[Earth's energy imbalance|imbalance]]. Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the [[tropopause]] and at the ...ith its parent star and the rest of space can be characterized by net zero radiative forcing and by a [[planetary equilibrium temperature]].<ref>{{Cite book|tit ...

...d nearest the sun, blue furthest away) is caused by Rayleigh scattering by atmospheric gas particles, which are much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light ...rough the atmosphere, its blue component is Rayleigh scattered strongly by atmospheric gases but the longer wavelength (e.g. red/yellow) components are not. The s ...

...''free–bound''' radiation refers to the [[radiative recombination (plasma)|radiative combination]] process, in which a free electron [[plasma recombination|reco ...rzas |first1=W. J. |last2=Latter |first2=R. |date=May 1961 |title=Electron Radiative Transitions in a Coulomb Field. |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/ ...

...[infrared]], and [[ultraviolet]] wavelengths of the [[Sun]], reducing heat transfer to the surface). The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] des ...first7=Afif Izwan Abd |title=Effect of Roof Tile Colour on Heat Conduction Transfer, Roof-Top Surface Temperature and Cooling Load in Modern Residential Buildi ...

Refrigerants are used in a direct expansion (DX) circulating system to transfer energy from one environment to another, typically from inside a building to [[Image: HCFC and HFC atmospheric trends.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|The observed stabilization of HCFC conce ...

| fields = [[Atmospheric physics]] ...Radiative transfer]]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1029/96JD03436| title = Radiative forcing and climate response| journal = Journal of Geophysical Research| vo ...

...can be navigated or follow a predetermined course. Methods for controlled atmospheric ''entry, descent, and landing'' of spacecraft are collectively termed as '' ...temis I.webm|thumb|Video of [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]]'s [[Non-ballistic atmospheric entry|skip reentry]] on [[Artemis 1]], showing the entire reentry process u ...

...= |first= |title=NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species |url=https://gml.noaa.gov/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.html |acc ....noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |website=NOAA.gov |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202410051956 ...

{{About|night sky luminance from artificial light|the natural atmospheric phenomenon|airglow|the interplanetary phenomenon|zodiacal light|the wider e ...taffdarkskies.org/dark-sky-solutions/dark-sky-solutions-2/outdoor-lighting-codes/|website=Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition|accessdate=17 April 2016}}</ref> In ...

...Particulate Filter with Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust Gases", ''Numerical Heat Transfer'' Part A Vol.58 No.9 pp.725–739, [[Chonbuk National University]], Korea {{d ...1941/http://aerosols.ucsd.edu/papers/Bahadur2011.pdf |date=2014-09-06 }} ''Atmospheric Environment'' Vol. 45 pp. 1162–1167, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U ...

...amage or adversely affect operation of equipment downstream of the custody transfer point. ...may be anywhere from {{convert|1|to|120|psi|kPa|order=flip|sigfig=1}} over atmospheric pressure. Systems using EP have a [[pressure regulator|regulator]] at the s ...