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...Canada. The boundary is defined on the appearance of the complex, vertical trace fossil Treptichnus (formerly Phycodes) pedum.]] ==Fossils== ...

{{Short description|Trace fossil}} '''''Protichnites''''' is an [[ichnogenus]] of [[trace fossil]] consisting of the imprints made by the walking activity of certain ...

'''''Emmonsaspis''''' is a Cambrian [[chordate]], and its fossils were found in the [[Cambrian]]-age [[Parker Slate]] of [[Vermont]] in the l ...]] is present, although roughly 50 [[Myomere|myomeres]] can be seen in the fossils. It had large eyes and a large organ behind its branchial chamber, probably ...

...il can be identified with confidence, phylogenetic classification of trace fossils is an unreasonable proposition. ...chnotaxon]]'' separate from [[Linnaean taxonomy]]. When referring to trace fossils, the terms ''ichnogenus'' and ''ichnospecies'' parallel genus and [[species ...

...ary 2019}}[[File:OilShaleFossilsEstonia.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Bryozoan]] fossils in an [[Ordovician]] [[oil shale]] from [[Estonia]]. [[Field of view]] is 1 ...st]] fossils are then the main focus of [[micropaleontology]], while plant fossils are the chief focus [[paleobotany]]. Together these four represent the tra ...

...shultzlab/vtab/arthropleuridea.htm |title=Arthropleuridea |work=Studies in Arthropod Morphology and Evolution |publisher=University of Maryland |author2=Heather ...= Richard | authorlink = Richard Fortey |author2 = R. H. Thomas | title = Arthropod Relationships | year = 1998| publisher = Springer | isbn = 0-412-75420-7}}< ...

...2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00562.x| title = A new arthropod from the Early Cambrian of North Greenland, with a 'great appendage'-like a Geochemical analysis indicates that the fossils lived close to the boundary of an oxygen minimum zone, possibly being prese ...

}}</ref> More than 50 species of [[trilobite]]s, non-biomineralized [[arthropod]]s (including [[Megacheira|megacheirans]], [[Nektaspida|nektaspids]], and [ ...typically lived within intertidal areas, such as tide pools. Some Emu Bay fossils display extensive mineralization of soft tissues, most often of blocky [[ap ...

...http://www.myriapoda.org/diplopoda/millipede_fossils.html |title=Millipede Fossils |publisher=[[East Carolina University]] |date=March 1, 2005 |author=Rowland [[Trace fossil]]s of [[Myriapoda|myriapods]] are known dating back to the late [[Or ...

...ience.276.5318.1541| title = Preservation of Chitin in 25-Million-Year-Old Fossils| journal = Science| volume = 276| issue = 5318| pages = 1541–1543| year = 1 | title = The early radiation and relationships of the major arthropod groups ...

==Fossils== ...a common occurrence, especially in continental desert deposits, that trace fossils provide the only available paleontologic and palaeobotanic information for ...

...ists such as R. Opitz, F. Broili, R. Judge, and W. M. Lehmann studied many fossils between 1920 and 1959. Lehmann's death in 1959 and the decline of the slate ...ogist at [[Siemens]], developed a new method to examine the Hunsrück slate fossils using medium energy [[X-rays]] of 25-40 [[keV]]. He created high-resolution ...

| upper_boundary_def = Appearance of the [[Trace fossil|Ichnofossil]] ''[[Treptichnus pedum]]'' ...a "[[Snowball Earth]]" lasting about 100&nbsp;million years. The earliest fossils of [[complex life]] are found in the Tonian period in the form of ''[[Otavi ...

...or by [[Mineralization (geology)|mineralization]]. The study of such trace fossils is '''ichnology''' - the work of '''ichnologists'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |la ...[[Ichnite|footprints]], feeding marks, and root cavities may all be trace fossils. ...

{{Short description|Study of organic evolution using fossils}} ...]]. In this [[scientific]] quest, [[macrofossil]]s, [[microfossil]]s and [[trace fossil]]s are typically analyzed. However, the 21st-century [[biochemical]] ...

...nimals include the [[arthropod exoskeleton|cuticle skeleton]]s shared by [[arthropod]]s ([[insect]]s, [[chelicerate]]s, [[myriapod]]s and [[crustacean]]s) and [ ...ulature]].<ref name="Bengtson2004">{{Cite conference |title=Early skeletal fossils | author=S. Bengtson |editor1=J. H. Lipps |editor2=B. M. Waggoner |book-tit ...

...n studied by [[geologist]]s. In [[freshwater]] deposits, generally poor in fossils, the well-preserved clam shrimp shells are found quite often. They help ide ...e1990>{{cite journal | author = K. J. Woolfe | year = 1990 | title = Trace fossils as paleoenvironmental indicators in the Taylor Group (Devonian) of Antarcti ...

...n = Digital reconstruction of ''Arthropleura'' based on Montceau-les-Mines fossils ...of all time. ''Arthropleura'' is known from body fossils as well as trace fossils, particularly giant trackways up to {{convert|50|cm}} wide, and potentially ...

...|name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Variation in wingless insect trace fossils: insights from neoichnology and the Pennsylvanian of Massachusetts |journal ...parts|mouthparts]] are partly retractable, with simple chewing [[mandible (arthropod)|mandibles]] and seven-segmented maxillary [[palp]]s which are commonly lon ...

...|pages=157–179 |doi=10.1144/SP286.12}}</ref> As with many [[Ediacara biota|fossils from this time]], its evolutionary relationships to other organisms are hot ...ssner, M.F. |author2=Wade, M. | year = 1966 | title = The late Precambrian fossils from Ediacara, South Australia | journal = Palaeontology | url = https://ww ...