List of opera genres

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Multiple image". This is a glossary list of opera genres, giving alternative names.

"Opera" is an Italian word (short for "opera in musica"); it was not at first commonly used in Italy (or in other countries) to refer to the genre of particular works. Most composers used more precise designations to present their work to the public. Often specific genres of opera were commissioned by theatres or patrons (in which case the form of the work might deviate more or less from the genre norm, depending on the inclination of the composer). Opera genres are not exclusive. Some operas are regarded as belonging to several.[1]

Definitions

Opera genres have been defined in different ways, not always in terms of stylistic rules. Some, like opera seria, refer to traditions identified by later historians,[2] and others, like Zeitoper, have been defined by their own inventors. Other forms have been associated with a particular theatre, for example opéra comique at the theatre of the same name, or opéra bouffe at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens.

This list does not include terms that are vague and merely descriptive, such as "comic opera",[3] "sacred opera", "tragic opera" or "one-act opera" etc. Original language terms are given to avoid the ambiguities that would be caused by English translations.

List

Genre Language Description First known example Major works Last known example Notable composers Refs.
Script error: No such module "anchor".Acte de ballet French An opéra ballet consisting of a single entrée. 18th century. Les fêtes de Ramire (1745), Anacréon (1754), Rameau [4]
Afterpiece English 18th/19th century short opera or pantomime performed after a full-length play. The Padlock (1768) Dibdin [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Azione sacra Italian Literally, "sacred action". 17th and early 18th century opera with religious subject. Performed at Vienna court. L'humanità redenta (Draghi, 1669) Draghi, Bertali, Pietro Andrea Ziani, Giovanni Battista Pederzuoli, Cesti [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Azione sepolcrale Italian alternative name for azione sacra [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Azione scenica Italian alternative name for azione teatrale Template:HsAl gran sole carico d'amore (1975) [4]
Azione teatrale (plural azioni teatrali) Italian Small-scale one-act opera, or musical play. Early form of chamber opera. Popular in late 17th and 18th centuries. (See also festa teatrale, a similar genre but on a larger scale.) Le cinesi (1754), Il sogno di Scipione (1772), L'isola disabitata (1779) Bonno, Gluck, Mozart, Haydn [4]
Ballad opera English Entertainment originating in 18th-century London as a reaction against Italian opera. Early examples used existing popular ballad tunes set to satirical texts. Also popular in Dublin and America, Influenced the German Singspiel, and subsequently 20th-century opera. Template:HsThe Beggar's Opera (1728) Love in a Village (1762), Hugh the Drover (1924), The Threepenny Opera (1928) Pepusch, Coffey, Arne, Weill [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Ballet héroïque French Literally 'heroic ballet'. A type of opéra ballet featuring the heroic and exotic, of the early/mid 18th century. Template:HsLes festes grecques et romaines (Colin de Blamont, 1723) Zaïde, reine de Grenade (1739), Les fêtes de Paphos (1758) Royer, Mondonville, Mion [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Bühnenfestspiel German Literally, "stage festival play". Wagner's description of the four operas of Der Ring des Nibelungen Wagner [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Bühnenweihfestspiel German Literally, "stage consecration festival play". Wagner's description for Parsifal Wagner [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Burla Italian alternative name for burletta [4]
Burletta Italian Literally, "little joke". Informal term for comic pieces in the 18th century. Used in England for intermezzos and light, satirical works. The Recruiting Serjeant (1770) Dibdin [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Burletta per musica Italian alternative name for burletta Il vero originale (Mayr 1808)
Script error: No such module "anchor".Burlettina Italian alternative name for burletta [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Characterposse German Specialized form of Posse mit Gesang concentrating on personalities. [4]
Comédie en vaudeville French Entertainment in Paris fair theatres at the end of the 17th century, mixing popular vaudeville songs with comedy. In the 18th century, developed into the opéra comique, while influencing directly the English ballad opera and indirectly the German Singspiel.
Script error: No such module "anchor".Comédie lyrique French Literally, "lyric comedy". 18th century: description used by Rameau. 19th century: alternative name for opéra lyrique. Platée (1745), Les Paladins (1760) Rameau [5]
Comédie mêlée d'ariettes French Literally, "comedy mixed with brief arias". An early form of French opéra comique dating to the mid 18th century. La rencontre imprévue (1764), Tom Jones (1765), Le déserteur (1769), Zémire et Azor (1771), Le congrès des rois (Cherubini et al., 1794) Gluck, Grétry
Script error: No such module "anchor".Commedia Italian abbreviation of commedia in musica Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816)
Script error: No such module "anchor".Commedia in musica Italian alternative name for opera buffa [6]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Commedia per musica Italian alternative name for opera buffa La pastorella nobile (1788) [6]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Componimento da camera Italian alternative name for azione teatrale [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Componimento drammatico Italian alternative name for azione teatrale [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Componimento pastorale Italian alternative name for azione teatrale La danza (Gluck, 1755) Gluck [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Conte lyrique French alternative name for opéra lyrique Grisélidis (Massenet, 1901) [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Divertimento giocoso Italian alternative name for opera buffa [6]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramatic (or dramatick) opera English alternative name for semi-opera
Script error: No such module "anchor".Drame forain French alternative name for Comédie en vaudeville [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Drame lyrique French Literally, "lyric drama". (1) Term used in the 18th century. (2) Reinvented in the late 19th/early 20th century to describe opera that developed out of opéra comique, influenced by Massenet. Echo et Narcisse (1779), La marquise de Brinvilliers (1831), Werther (1892), Briséïs (1897), Messidor (1897) Gluck, Chabrier, Bruneau, Erlanger [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma bernesco Italian alternative name for opera buffa [6]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma comico Italian alternative name for opera buffa, 18th/early 19th century. Also used for the genre that replaced it from mid 19th century, with the elimination of recitatives. [6]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma comico per musica Italian alternative name for dramma comico
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma di sentimento Italian alternative name for opera semiseria [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma eroicomico Italian Literally "heroic-comic drama". A late 18th century opera buffa with some heroic content. Orlando paladino (1782), Palmira, regina di Persia (1795) Haydn, Salieri [4]
Dramma giocoso (plural drammi giocosi) Italian Literally, "jocular drama". Mid 18th century form that developed out of the opera buffa, marked by the addition of serious, even tragic roles and situations to the comic ones. (Effectively a subgenre of opera buffa in the 18th century.)[7] La scuola de' gelosi (1778), La vera costanza (1779), Il viaggio a Reims (1825), Haydn, Mozart, Salieri, Sarti, Rossini, Donizetti [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma giocoso per musica Italian full term for dramma giocoso
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma pastorale Italian Literally, "pastoral drama". Used for some of the earliest operas down to the 18th century. Eumelio (Agazzari, 1606), La fede riconosciuta (A Scarlatti, 1710) A Scarlatti, Sarti [4]
Dramma per musica (plural drammi per musica) Italian Literally, "drama for music", or "a play intended to be set to music" (i.e. a libretto). Later, synonymous with opera seria and dramma serio per musica;[8] in the 19th century, sometimes used for serious opera. Erismena (1656), Tito Manlio (1719), Paride ed Elena (1770), Idomeneo (1781), Rossini's Otello (1816) A Scarlatti, Cavalli, Vivaldi, Sarti, Gluck, Mozart [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma semiserio Italian alternative name for opera semiseria Torvaldo e Dorliska (1815)
Script error: No such module "anchor".Dramma tragicomico Italian alternative name for opera semiseria. Axur, re d'Ormus (1787) [4]
Entr'acte French French name for intermezzo [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Episode lyrique French alternative name for opéra lyrique [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Fait historique French Late 18th/19th century. Opéra or opéra comique based on French history, especially popular during the French Revolution. L'incendie du Havre (1786) Joseph Barra (Grétry 1794), Le pont de Lody (Méhul 1797), Milton (1804) Grétry, Méhul, Spontini [4][9]
Farsa (plural farse) Italian Literally, "farce". A form of one-act opera, sometimes with dancing, associated with Venice, especially the Teatro San Moisè, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. La cambiale di matrimonio (1810), L'inganno felice (1812), La scala di seta (1812), Il signor Bruschino (1813), Adina (1818) Rossini [10]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Farsetta Italian alternative name for farsa [10]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Feenmärchen German alternative name for Märchenoper [11]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Favola in musica Italian Earliest form of opera Dafne (1598) L'Orfeo (1607) Monteverdi
Festa teatrale Italian A grander version of the azione teatrale. An opera given as part of a court celebration (of a marriage etc.) Typically associated with Vienna. Template:HsIl pomo d'oro (Cesti, 1668) Draghi, Fux, Caldara [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Geistliche Oper German Literally, "sacred opera". Genre invented by the Russian composer Anton Rubinstein for his German-language, staged opera-oratorios. Das verlorene Paradies (Rubinstein, 1856) Der Thurm zu Babel (1870), Sulamith (1883), Moses (1894) Christus (Rubinstein, 1895) Rubinstein [12]
Género chico Spanish Literally, "little genre". A type of zarzuela, differing from zarzuela grande by its brevity and popular appeal. Ruperto Chapí
Script error: No such module "anchor".Género grande Spanish alternative name for zarzuela grande
Grand opéra French 19th-century genre, usually with 4 or 5 acts, large-scale casts and orchestras, and spectacular staging, often based on historical themes. Particularly associated with the Paris Opéra (1820s to c. 1850), but similar works were created in other countries. Template:HsLa muette de Portici (1828) Robert le diable (1831), La Juive (1835), Les Huguenots (1836) Template:HsPatrie! (Paladilhe, 1886) Meyerbeer, Halévy, Verdi
Script error: No such module "anchor".Handlung German Literally "action" or "drama". Wagner's description for Tristan und Isolde. Wagner
Intermezzo Italian Comic relief inserted between acts of opere serie in the early 18th century, typically involving slapstick, disguises etc. Spread throughout Europe In the 1730s. Predated Opera buffa. Template:HsFrappolone e Florinetta (Gasparini?, 1706) La serva padrona (1733) Pergolesi, Hasse [13]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Liederspiel German Literally "song-play". Early 19th century genre in which existing lyrics, often well-known, were set to new music and inserted into a spoken play. Lieb' und Treue (Reichardt, 1800) Kunst und Liebe (Reichardt, 1807) Reichardt Lindpaintner [14]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Lokalposse German Specialized form of Posse mit Gesang concentrating on daily life themes, associated with the playwright Karl von Marinelli. [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Märchenoper German "Fairy-tale opera", a genre of 19th century opera usually with a supernatural theme. Similar to Zauberoper. Hänsel und Gretel (1893) Humperdinck, Siegfried Wagner [11]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Märchenspiel German alternative name for Märchenoper [11]
Melodramma Italian 19th century. General term for opera sometimes used instead of more specific genres. [15]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Melodramma serio Italian alternative name for opera seria
Script error: No such module "anchor".Musikdrama German Term associated with the later operas of Wagner but repudiated by him.[16] Nevertheless, widely used by post-Wagnerian composers. Tiefland (1903), Salome (1905), Der Golem (d'Albert 1926) d'Albert, Richard Strauss [4][16]
Opéra French Script error: No such module "anchor".Referring to individual works: 1. 18th century. Occasionally used for operas outside specific, standard genres. 2. 19th/20th century: an opéra is a "French lyric stage work sung throughout"[17] in contrast to an opéra comique that mixed singing with spoken dialogue. Opéra (which included grand opéra), was associated with the Paris Opéra (the Opéra). Also used for some works with a serious tone at the Opéra-Comique. Naïs (1749), Fernand Cortez (1809), Moïse et Pharaon (1827), Les vêpres siciliennes (1855), Roméo et Juliette (1867) Grétry, Spontini, Rossini, Verdi, Gounod [17]
Opéra-ballet French Genre with more dancing than tragédie en musique. Usually with a prologue and a number of self-contained acts (called entrées), following a theme. Template:HsL'Europe galante (1697) Les élémens (1721), Les Indes galantes (1735), Les fêtes d'Hébé (1739) Destouches, Rameau [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Opera ballo Italian 19th-century Italian grand opéra. Il Guarany (1870), Aida (1871), La Gioconda (opera) (1876) Gomes, Verdi, Ponchielli [18]
Opera buffa (plural, opere buffe) Italian Major genre of comic opera in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Originating in Naples (especially the Teatro dei Fiorentini), its popularity spread during the 1730s, notably to Venice where development was influenced by the playwright/librettist Goldoni. Typically in three acts, unlike the intermezzo. Contrasting in style, subject matter, and the use of dialect with the formal, aristocratic opera seria. Template:HsLa Cilla (Michelangelo Faggioli, 1706) Li zite 'ngalera (1722), Il filosofo di campagna (Galuppi, 1754), La buona figliuola (1760), Le nozze di Figaro (1786), Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816), Don Pasquale (1843), Crispino e la comare (1850) Template:HsDon Procopio (1859) Vinci, Pergolesi, Galuppi, Duni, Piccinni, Sacchini, Salieri, Mozart, Rossini [6]
Opéra bouffe (plural, opéras bouffes) French Comic genre of opérette including satire, parody and farce. Closely connected with Offenbach and the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens where most of them were produced. Template:HsOrphée aux enfers (1858) La belle Hélène (1864), La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein (1867), La Périchole (1868) Template:HsLes mamelles de Tirésias (1947) Offenbach, Hervé, Lecocq [19]
Opéra bouffon French Opera buffa as performed in 18th-century France, either in the original language or in translation. (Sometimes confused with opéra comique.) Le roi Théodore à Venise (Paisiello, 1786) [20]
Opéra comique (plural, opéras comiques) French Literally, 'comic opera'. Genre including arias, a certain amount of spoken dialogue (and sometimes recitatives). Closely associated with works written for the Paris Opéra-Comique. Themes included were serious and tragic, as well as light. Tradition developed from popular early 18th century comédies en vaudevilles and lasted into 20th century with many changes in style. Template:HsTélémaque (Jean-Claude Gillier, 1715) Les troqueurs (1753), La dame blanche (1825), Carmen (1875), Lakmé (1883) Philidor, Monsigny, Grétry, Boieldieu, Auber, [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Opéra comique en vaudeville French alternative name for comédie en vaudeville
Opera eroica Italian 17th/18th/19th century genre which translates as "heroic opera". It mixed serious and romantic drama with improvised comedy.[21] Enrico di Borgogna (1818)[22]
Opéra féerie (plural, opéras féeries) French 18th/19th century genre of works based on fairy tales, often involving magic. Zémire et Azor (1771), Cendrillon (1810), La belle au bois dormant (1825) Carafa, Isouard [23]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Opéra lyrique French Literally, "lyric opera". Late 18th/19th century, less grandiose than grand opéra, but without the spoken dialogue of opéra comique. (Term applied more to the genre as a whole than individual operas.) Gounod, Ambroise Thomas, Massenet [4]
Opera-oratorio Oedipe roi (1927), Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher (1938) Milhaud, Honegger, Stravinsky
Opera semiseria Italian Literally, "semi-serious opera". Early/mid 19th century genre employing comedy but also, unlike opera buffa, pathos, often with a pastoral setting. Typically included a basso buffo role. Template:HsCamilla (Paer, 1799) La gazza ladra (1817), Linda di Chamounix (1842) Template:HsVioletta (Mercadante, 1853) Paer, Rossini, Donizetti [24]
Opera seria (plural, opere serie) Italian Literally, "serious opera". Dominant style of opera in the 18th century, not only in Italy but throughout Europe (except France). Rigorously formal works using texts, mainly based on ancient history, by poet-librettists led by Metastasio. Patronized by the court and the nobility. Star singers were often castrati. Griselda (1721), Cleofide (Hasse, 1731), Ariodante (1735), Alceste (1767), La clemenza di Tito (1791) Alessandro Scarlatti, Vivaldi, Hasse, Handel, Gluck, Mozart [4][2]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Opéra-tragédie French alternative name for tragédie en musique [25]
Operetta English (from Italian) Literally, "little opera". Derived from English versions of Offenbach's opéras bouffes performed in London in the 1860s. Some of the earliest native operettas in English were written by Frederic Clay and Sullivan. (W. S. Gilbert and Sullivan wished to distinguish their joint works from continental operetta and later called them "comic operas" or Savoy operas). Template:HsCox and Box (1866) Princess Toto (1876), Rip Van Winkle (1882), Naughty Marietta (1910), Monsieur Beaucaire (1919), The Student Prince (1924), The Vagabond King (1925) Candide (1956) Sullivan, Herbert, Romberg, Friml, Leonard Bernstein [26]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Opérette (plural, opérettes) French French operetta. Original genre of light (both of music and subject matter) opera that grew out of the French opéra comique in the mid 19th century. Associated with the style of the Second Empire by the works of Offenbach, though his best-known examples are designated subgenerically as opéras bouffes. Template:HsL'ours et le pacha (Hervé, 1842) Madame Papillon (Offenbach, 1855), Les mousquetaires au couvent (1880), Les p'tites Michu (1897), Ciboulette (1923) Hervé, Offenbach, Varney, Messager, Hahn [26]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Opérette bouffe French Subgenre of French opérette. La bonne d'enfant (1856), M. Choufleuri restera chez lui le . . . (1861) Offenbach [26]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "anchor".Opérette vaudeville (or vaudeville opérette) French Subgenre of French opérette. Template:HsL'ours et le pacha (Hervé, 1842) Mam'zelle Nitouche (1883) Hervé, Victor Roger [26]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Operette (plural, operetten) German German operetta. Popular Viennese genre during the 19th and 20th centuries, created under the influence of Offenbach and spread to Berlin, Budapest, and other German and east European cities. Template:HsDas Pensionat (Suppé, 1860) Die Fledermaus (1874), The Merry Widow (1905), Das Land des Lächelns (1929) Frühjahrsparade (Robert Stolz, 1964) Johann Strauss II, Lehár, Oscar Straus [26]
Pasticcio Italian Literally "a pie" or a hotchpotch. An adaptation or localization of an existing work that is loose, unauthorized, or inauthentic. Also used for a single work by a number of different composers, particularly in early 18th-century London. Thomyris (Pepusch, Bononcini, Scarlatti, Gasparini, Albinoni, 1707) Muzio Scevola (1721), Ivanhoé (1826) Handel, Vivaldi [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Pièce lyrique French alternative name for opéra lyrique [4]
Pastorale héroïque French Type of ballet héroïque (opéra-ballet). Usually in three acts with an allegorical prologue, that typically drew on classical themes associated with pastoral poetry. Template:HsAcis et Galatée (1686) Issé (1697), Zaïs (1748), Naïs (1749) Lully, Rameau [27]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Posse German alternative name for Posse mit Gesang [4]
Posse mit Gesang (plural Possen mit Gesang) German Literally, "farce with singing". Popular entertainment of late 18th/early 19th centuries, associated with Vienna, Berlin and Hamburg. Similar to the Singspiel, but with more action and less music. Re-invented in the early 20th century by Walter Kollo and others. Der Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind (Raimund, 1828), Filmzauber (1912) Kreutzer, Müller, Schubert, Walter Kollo [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Possenspiel German early name for Posse mit Gesang [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Possenspil German early name for Posse mit Gesang [4]
Radio opera English Works written specifically for the medium of radio. The Red Pen (1925) The Willow Tree (Cadman, 1932), Die schwarze Spinne (Sutermeister, 1936), Comedy on the Bridge (1937), The Old Maid and the Thief (1939), Il prigioniero (1949), I due timidi (1950) Martinů, Sutermeister, Menotti, Dallapiccola, Rota [28]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Rappresentazione sacra Italian alternative name for azione sacra [29]
Rescue opera French Early nineteenth century transitional genre between opéra comique, Romantic opera, and grand opera, featuring the rescue of a main character; called opéra à sauvetage in French, and Rettunsoper or Befreiungsoper in German (also Schrekensoper) Les rigueurs du cloître (Henri Montan Berton, 1790) or Lodoïska (1791); some antecedents whose inclusion in the genre is debated Fidelio, Lodoïska, Les deux journées Dalibor (1868) Cherubini, Dalayrac, Le Sueur [4]
Romantische Oper German Early 19th-century German genre derived from earlier French opéras comiques, dealing with "German" themes of nature, the supernatural, folklore etc. Spoken dialogue, originally included with musical numbers, was eventually eliminated in works by Richard Wagner. Template:Hs Silvana (1810) Der Freischütz (1821), Hans Heiling (1833), Undine (1845), Tannhäuser (1845) Template:HsLohengrin (1850) Weber, Marschner, Lortzing, Wagner [4]
Sainete Spanish Literally, "farce" or "titbit". 17th/18th century genre of comic opera similar to the Italian intermezzo, performed together with larger works. Popular in Madrid in the latter 18th century. During the 19th century, the Sainete was synonymous with género chico. Template:HsIl mago (1632) Pablo Esteve, Soler, Antonio Rosales [4][30]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Sainetillo Spanish Diminutive of sainete [30]
Savoy opera English 19th-century form of operetta[31] (sometimes referred to as a form of "comic opera" to distance the English genre from the continental) comprising the works of Gilbert and Sullivan and other works from 1877 to 1903 that played at the Opera Comique and then the Savoy Theatre in London. These influenced the rise of musical theatre. Template:HsTrial by Jury (1875) H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), The Pirates of Penzance (1880), The Mikado (1885), The Gondoliers (1889), Merrie England (1902) Template:HsA Princess of Kensington (1903) Sullivan, Solomon, German [31]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Saynète French French for sainete. Description used for a particular style of opérette in the 19th century. La caravane de l'amour (Hervé, 1854), Le rêve d'une nuit d'été (Offenbach, 1855), Le valet de coeur (Planquette, 1875) Hervé, Offenbach, Planquette [30]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Schauspiel mit Gesang German Literally, "play with singing". Term used by Goethe for his early libretti, though he called them Singspiele when revising them. Template:HsErwin und Elmire (Goethe 1775) Liebe nur beglückt (Reichardt, 1781), Die Teufels Mühle am Wienerberg (Müller 1799) [32]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Schuloper German Literally, "school opera". Early 20th century, opera created for performance by school children. Der Jasager (1930), Wir bauen eine Stadt (Hindemith, 1930) Weill, Hindemith [33]
Semi-opera English Early form of opera with singing, speaking and dancing roles. Popular between 1673 and 1710. Template:HsThe Tempest (Betterton, 1674) Psyche (1675), King Arthur (1691), The Fairy-Queen (1692) Purcell [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Sepolcro Italian Azione sacra on the subject of the passion and crucifixion of Christ. Draghi [29]
Serenata Italian Literally, "evening song". Short opera performed at court for celebrations, similar to the azione teatrale. (Also used to refer to serenades.) Acis and Galatea (1720), Il Parnaso confuso (Gluck 1765) Handel, Gluck [4]
Singspiel (plural Singspiele) German Literally, "sing play". Popular genre of the 18th/19th centuries, (though the term is also found as early as the 16th century). Derived originally from translations of English ballad operas, but also influenced by French opéra comique. Spoken dialogue, combined with ensembles, folk-coloured ballads and arias. Originally performed by traveling troupes. Plots generally comic or romantic, often including magic. Developed into German "rescue opera" and romantische Oper. Template:HsDer Teufel ist los (Johann Georg Standfuss, 1752) Die verwandelten Weiber (1766), Die Jagd (1770), Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782), Abu Hassan (1811) Hiller, Mozart, Weber [4][32]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Situationsposse German Specialized form of Posse mit Gesang concentrating on social situations. [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Songspiel German Literally, "song play" ("Song" being the English word as used in German, e.g. by Brecht, etc.) Term invented by Kurt Weill to update the concept of Singspiel Mahagonny-Songspiel (1927) Kurt Weill [4]
Spieloper German Literally, "opera play". 19th-century light opera genre, derived from Singspiel and to a lesser extent opéra comique, containing spoken dialogue. Spieltenor and Spielbass are specialized voice types connected with the genre. Zar und Zimmermann (1837), The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) Lortzing, Nicolai [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Syngespil Danish Local form of Singspiel. Late 18th/19th century. Soliman den Anden (Sarti, 1770), Holger Danske (1787), Høstgildet (Schulz, 1790) Sarti, Schulz, Kunzen [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Television opera English Works written specifically for the medium of television. Amahl and the Night Visitors (1951) The Marriage (1953), Owen Wingrave (1971), Man on the Moon (2006) Menotti, Martinů, Sutermeister, Britten [34]
Tonadilla Spanish Literally, "little tune". 18th century miniature satirical genre, for one or more singer, that developed out of the sainete. Performed in between longer works. La mesonera y el arriero (Luis Misón, 1757) Antonio Guerrero, Misón, José Palomino [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Tragédie French alternative name for tragédie en musique [25]
Tragédie en musique French 17th/18th century lyric genre with themes from Classical mythology and the Italian epics of Tasso and Ariosto, not necessarily with tragic outcomes. Usually 5 acts, sometimes with a prologue. Short arias (petits airs) contrast with dialogue in recitative, with choral sections and dancing. Template:HsCadmus et Hermione (1673) Médée (1693), Scylla et Glaucus (1746) Lully, Marais, Montéclair, Campra, Rameau [4][25]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Tragédie lyrique French alternative name for tragédie en musique [25]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Tragédie mise en musique French alternative name for tragédie en musique [25]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Tragédie-opéra French alternative name for tragédie en musique [25]
Verismo Italian Late 19th/early 20th century opera movement inspired by literary naturalism and realism, and associated with Italian post-romanticism. Template:HsCavalleria rusticana (1890) Pagliacci (1892), Tosca (1900) Mascagni, Leoncavallo, Puccini, Giordano [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Volksmärchen German alternative name for Märchenoper. Das Donauweibchen (Kauer 1798) [11]
Zarzuela Spanish Dating back to the 17th century and forward to the present day, this form includes both singing and spoken dialogue, also dance. Local traditions are also found in Cuba and the Philippines. Template:HsEl Laurel de Apolo (Juan Hidalgo de Polanco, 1657) Doña Francisquita (1923), La dolorosa (1930), Luisa Fernanda (1932) Hidalgo, Barbieri [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Zauberoper German Literally, "magic opera". Late 18th and early 19th centuries, particularly associated with Vienna. Heavier, more formal work than Zauberposse, but also with spoken dialogue. Template:HsOberon, König der Elfen (Wranitzky, 1789) Die Zauberflöte (1791), Das Donauweibchen, (Kauer, 1798) Kauer, Müller, Schubert [4]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Zauberposse German Specialized form of Posse mit Gesang concentrating on magic. Der Barometermacher auf der Zauberinsel (Müller 1823) Müller [4]
Zeitoper (plural Zeitopern) German Literally, "opera of the times". 1920s, early 1930s genre, using contemporary settings and characters, including references to modern technology and popular music. Jonny spielt auf (1927), Neues vom Tage (1929) Krenek, Weill, Hindemith [35]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Zwischenspiel German German name for intermezzo Pimpinone (1725) [4]

See also

The following cover other forms of entertainment that existed around the time of the appearance of the first operas in Italy at the end of the 16th century, which were influential in the development of the art form:

References

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  1. ↑ For example, Don Giovanni is regularly referred to as both a dramma giocoso and an opera buffa; Mozart himself called the work an opera buffa.
  2. ↑ a b McClymonds, Marita P and Heartz, Daniel: "Opera seria" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  3. ↑ "A general name for an operatic work in which the prevailing mood is one of comedy." Warrack John; Ewan West, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, (1992), Template:ISBN
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 pages, Template:ISBN
  5. ↑ Sadler, Graham: Rameau, Jean-Philippe in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Weiss, Piero and Budden, Julian (1992): "Opera buffa" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  7. ↑ Mozart's Don Giovanni, a typical dramma giocoso, was called an opera buffa.
  8. ↑ Dent, Edward J. "The Nomenclature of Opera-I", Music & Letters, Vol. 25, No. 3 (July 1944), pp. 132–140 Template:Link note
  9. ↑ Bartlet, M Elizabeth C: Fait historique in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  10. ↑ a b Bryant, David (1992): Farsa in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  11. ↑ a b c d Millington, Barry: Märchenoper in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  12. ↑ Taruskin, Richard: Sacred opera in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  13. ↑ Troy, Charles E and Weiss, Piero (1992), "Intermezzo" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  14. ↑ Branscombe, Peter (1992), "Liederspiel" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  15. ↑ Budden, Julian: "Melodramma" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  16. ↑ a b Millington, Barry: Music drama in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  17. ↑ a b Bartlet, M Elizabeth C: Opéra in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  18. ↑ Sadie, Stanley (ed) (1992), 'Opera ballo' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  19. ↑ Bartlet, M Elizabeth C: Opéra bouffe in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  20. ↑ Bartlet, M Elizabeth C: Opéra bouffon in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Osborne, Charles, (1994), The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. Template:ISBN
  23. ↑ Bartlet, M Elizabeth C: Opéra féerie in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  24. ↑ Budden, Julian: "Opera semiseria" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Template:ISBN
  25. ↑ a b c d e f Sadler, Graham (1992), "Tragédie en musique" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  26. ↑ a b c d e Lamb, Andrew (1992), "Operetta" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  27. ↑ Sadie, Stanley ed. (1992), "Pastorale-héroïque" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Template:ISBN
  28. ↑ Salter, Lionel (1992), "Radio" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  29. ↑ a b Smither, Howard E (1992), "Sepolcro" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  30. ↑ a b c Alier, Roger (1992), "Sainete" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  31. ↑ a b Kennedy, Michael (2006), The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 985 pages, Template:ISBN
  32. ↑ a b Bauman, Thomas (1992), "Singspiel" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  33. ↑ Kemp, Ian (1992), Schuloper" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  34. ↑ Salter, Lionel (1992), "Television" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN
  35. ↑ Sadie, Stanley (ed) (1992), "Zeitoper" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Template:ISBN

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