Solar eclipse of December 22, 1889

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Solar eclipse". A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Sunday, December 22, 1889, with a magnitude of 1.0449. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 12.5 hours before perigee (on December 23, 1889, at 1:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[1]

The path of totality was visible from parts of modern-day Trinidad and Tobago, northern French Guiana, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Kenya, and Somalia. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for parts of the eastern Caribbean, northern and central South America, and Africa.

The eclipse was the focus of a 242-day United States scientific expedition, roughly 70 miles south of Luanda.

Observations

The eclipse was the focus of a scientific expedition from the United States, led by David P. Todd of Amherst College and including a team of at least six. Among the members was E. J. Loomis from the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac office. It set sail October 16 on the USS Pensacola and set up the eclipse base camp in December, roughly 70 miles south of Luanda in Cape Ledo. Totality was completely obscured by cloud cover. The ship returned to New York after 242 days, with the expedition performing a variety of other scientific studies along the way.[2][3]

File:Solar eclipse 1889Dec22-Perry.png
The 1889 solar eclipse was the last to be photographed by Stephen Joseph Perry.

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[4]

December 22, 1889 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 1889 December 22 at 10:16:37.8 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 1889 December 22 at 11:12:11.2 UTC
First Central Line 1889 December 22 at 11:12:55.8 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 1889 December 22 at 11:13:40.4 UTC
First Penumbral Internal Contact 1889 December 22 at 12:10:55.7 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 1889 December 22 at 12:52:18.2 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 1889 December 22 at 12:52:26.5 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 1889 December 22 at 12:54:14.4 UTC
Greatest Duration 1889 December 22 at 12:56:22.0 UTC
Last Penumbral Internal Contact 1889 December 22 at 13:37:36.0 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 1889 December 22 at 14:34:48.8 UTC
Last Central Line 1889 December 22 at 14:35:34.0 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 1889 December 22 at 14:36:19.3 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 1889 December 22 at 15:31:50.3 UTC
December 22, 1889 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.04489
Eclipse Obscuration 1.09179
Gamma 0.18881
Sun Right Ascension 18h04m04.9s
Sun Declination -23°26'59.9"
Sun Semi-Diameter 16'15.7"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.9"
Moon Right Ascension 18h04m09.5s
Moon Declination -23°15'29.9"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'42.5"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 1°01'19.2"
ΔT -6.2 s

Eclipse season

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of December 1889–January 1890
December 22
Descending node (new moon)
 January 6
Ascending node (full moon)
File:SE1889Dec22T.png
Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 130		 Penumbral lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 142

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 1889

Metonic

Tzolkinex

Half-Saros

Tritos

Solar Saros 130

Inex

Triad

Solar eclipses of 1888–1891

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[5]

The partial solar eclipses on February 11, 1888 and August 7, 1888 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1888 to 1891
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
115 July 9, 1888
File:SE1888Jul09P.gif
Partial 		−1.2797 120 January 1, 1889
File:SE1889Jan01T.png
Total 		0.8603
125 June 28, 1889
File:SE1889Jun28A.png
Annular 		−0.5431 130 December 22, 1889
File:SE1889Dec22T.png
Total 		0.1888
135 June 17, 1890
File:SE1890Jun17A.gif
Annular 		0.2246 140 December 12, 1890
File:SE1894Sep29T.gif
Hybrid 		−0.5016
145 June 6, 1891
File:SE1891Jun06A.gif
Annular 		0.9754 150 December 1, 1891
File:SE1891Dec01P.gif
Partial 		−1.2515

Saros 130

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 130, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 73 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on August 20, 1096. It contains total eclipses from April 5, 1475 through July 18, 2232. There are no annular or hybrid eclipses in this set. The series ends at member 73 as a partial eclipse on October 25, 2394. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of totality was produced by member 30 at 6 minutes, 41 seconds on July 11, 1619. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit.[6]

Series members 41–62 occur between 1801 and 2200:
41 42 43
File:SE1817Nov09T.gif
November 9, 1817 		File:SE1835Nov20T.gif
November 20, 1835 		File:SE1853Nov30T.gif
November 30, 1853
44 45 46
File:SE1871Dec12T.gif
December 12, 1871 		File:SE1889Dec22T.png
December 22, 1889 		File:SE1908Jan03T.png
January 3, 1908
47 48 49
File:SE1926Jan14T.png
January 14, 1926 		File:SE1944Jan25T.png
January 25, 1944 		File:SE1962Feb05T.png
February 5, 1962
50 51 52
File:SE1980Feb16T.png
February 16, 1980 		File:SE1998Feb26T.png
February 26, 1998 		File:SE2016Mar09T.png
March 9, 2016
53 54 55
File:SE2034Mar20T.png
March 20, 2034 		File:SE2052Mar30T.png
March 30, 2052 		File:SE2070Apr11T.png
April 11, 2070
56 57 58
File:SE2088Apr21T.png
April 21, 2088 		File:SE2106May03T.png
May 3, 2106 		File:SE2124May14T.png
May 14, 2124
59 60 61
File:SE2142May25T.png
May 25, 2142 		File:SE2160Jun04T.png
June 4, 2160 		File:SE2178Jun16T.png
June 16, 2178
62
File:SE2196Jun26T.png
June 26, 2196

Metonic series

Template:Solar Metonic series 1848–1935

Tritos series

Template:Solar Tritos series 2010 January 15

Inex series

Template:Solar Inex series 2005 October 3

References

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