White mustard

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File:Sinapis seeds.jpg
White mustard seeds (right) compared with rice seeds (left)

White mustard (Sinapis alba), also called yellow mustard, is an annual plant of the cabbage family. It is sometimes also referred to as Brassica alba or B. hirta. It probably originated in the Mediterranean region, but is now widespread worldwide. Grown for its seeds, it is used to make the condiment mustard, as a fodder crop, or as a green manure.

Description

White mustard is an annual, growing to Template:Convert high with stalkless pinnate leaves, similar to Sinapis arvensis.[1] The yellow flowers of S.Template:Nbspalba contain 4 petals per flower and 4 alternating sepals. In addition, their pods are approximately 2.0–4.2 cm long.[2]

Reproduction

Sinapis alba is a long day plant, [3] which means they flower when the amount of light received exceeds their critical photoperiod. Pollen from S. alba is able to be dispersed through wind and insect pollinators, such as wild bees, bumblebees, and flower flies.[4] Additionally, white mustard is an obligate outcrossing species, [5] that is, white mustard is self-incompatible and cannot self-fertilize.[6]

Taxonomy

White mustard is one of the species originally described and named by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 book Species Plantarum using the name Sinapis alba. This name continues to be accepted placing it in genus Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae.[7]

Names

In English Sinapis alba is known by the common name white mustard, but is also called yellow mustard.[8]

Distribution

Most common in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, it can be found worldwide. It has been found as far north as Greenland,[9] and naturalized throughout the British Isles.[10]

Culinary uses

The yellow flowers of the plant produce glabrous or sparsely bristled seed pods. Each fruit (silique) contains roughly a half dozen seeds. The plants are harvested for their seeds just prior to the seed pods becoming ripe and bursting open (dehiscing).

White mustard seeds are hard spheroid seeds, usually around Template:Convert in diameter,[11] with a color ranging from beige or yellow to light brown. They can be used whole for pickling or toasted for use in dishes. When ground and mixed with other ingredients, a paste or more standard condiment can be produced. Sinapis alba is used to make the commonplace yellow table mustard, with additional yellow coloring provided by turmeric in some formulations.

The seeds contain sinalbin, which is a thioglycoside responsible for their pungent taste. In S. alba, the glucosinolate sinalbin is broken down by enzymes like myrosinase, resulting in the formation of 'white principles'. These white principles consist of p-hydroxy benzyl isothiocyanate and p-hydroxy benzylamine.[12] White mustard has fewer volatile oils than black mustard seeds, and the flavor is considered to be milder.[13][14]

In Greece, the plant's leaves are eaten during the winter, before it blooms. Greeks call it Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".). The blooming season of this plant (February–March) is celebrated with the Mustard Festival, a series of festivities in the wine country of California (Napa and Sonoma Counties).[15]

Other uses

White mustard is commonly used as a cover and green manure crop in Europe (between the UK and Ukraine).

A large number of varieties exist,[16][17] mainly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Farmers generally prefer late-flowering varieties that do not produce seeds which may develop into weeds in the subsequent year's crop rotation. Early vigor is important to cover the soil quickly to suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion. In rotations with sugar beets, suppression of the sugar beet nematode (SBCN) is an important trait. Since white mustard is a SBCN-resistant crop, it is able to reduce nematode populations by preventing growth of young nematodes.[18]

Additionally, white mustard can be used in biodiesel production as feedstock and is used as alternative fuel. More applications of white mustard include being used as a binding agent in meat processing, a lubricant for lighting, and in traditional medicine for its antiviral properties.[19]

Gallery

See also

References

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External links

Template:Herbs & spices Template:Taxonbar

  1. ↑ Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press Ltd., Dundalk. Template:ISBN
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  9. ↑ Beesley, S. and Wilde, J. 1997. Urban Flora of Belfast. The Institute of Irish Studies and The Queen's University of Belfast. Template:ISBN.
  10. ↑ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968 Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  17. ↑ Netherlands
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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